Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents
We examined modifications of behavioral indices evoked in rodents by introduction of an alcohol extract from leafs of Calophyllum inophyllum (С.i.) under conditions of four neurobehavioral tests. Intraperitoneal injections of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of the concentrated extract were used; the effect...
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Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України
2015
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irk-123456789-1481402019-02-18T01:24:31Z Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents Ibironke, G.F. Ugege, O.G. We examined modifications of behavioral indices evoked in rodents by introduction of an alcohol extract from leafs of Calophyllum inophyllum (С.i.) under conditions of four neurobehavioral tests. Intraperitoneal injections of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of the concentrated extract were used; the effects observed were compared with the action of 1 mg/kg diazepam. In the hole-board test, injections of the C.i. extract significantly suppressed the manifestations of research behavior (decreased the number of head dips into openings) in a dose-dependent manner. In the light/dark box test, considerable increases of the time of stay of mice in the dark compartment were observed after extract injections. In the open field test on mice, injections of the C.i. extract resulted in noticeable, while statistically insignificant, decreases in the general intensity of locomotion (number of crossed squares). In this test, the number of manifestations of research behavior (rearings) decreased rather considerably; the number of grooming episodes also became smaller, but suppression of this type of behavior was weaker. Testing of rats in the elevated plus-maze showed that the numbers of entries of the animals into open arms of the labyrinth significantly decreased at all doses of the extract, and the duration of stay in these arms was also smaller. Thus, the extract from the C.i. leafs containing significant amounts of biologically active compounds demonstrates rather considerable sedative effects, but these effects are combined with some anxiogenic action. The results obtained also show that anxiolythic/anxiogenic effects of a given test agent observed in different behavioral tests (considered specific from this aspect) are not fully identical and should be compared with reservations. Ми досліджували модифікації поведінки, що викликались у гризунів уведенням екстракту з листя Calophyllum inophyllum (С.i.), в умовах чотирьох нейроповедінкових тестів. Використовували внутрішньоочеревинні ін’єкції концентрованого екстракту в дозах 50, 100 та 200 мг/кг; спостережувані ефекти порівнювали з дією 1 мг/кг діазепаму. В тесті «дошка з отворами» введення екстракту C.i. мишам дозозалежно істотно пригнічували прояви дослідницької поведінки (кількість зазирань в отвори), тоді як у камері з темним та освітленим відсіками після ін’єкцій екстракту спостерігалося значне збільшення тривалості перебування цих тварин у темному компартменті. В тесті відкритого поля на мишах ін’єкції екстракту C.i. призводили до помітного, хоча й статистично невірогідного зменшення загальної інтенсивності локомоції (кількості перетнутих квадратів), причому кількість проявів дослідницької поведінки («стійок») зменшувалася дуже істотно. Кількість епізодів грумінгу також ставала меншою, але пригнічення поведінки даного виду було слабшим. Результати тестування щурів у піднятому лабіринті показали, що тривалість перебування тварин у закритих рукавах лабіринту була при всіх дозах екстракту вірогідно більшою, ніж у контролі. Отже, екстракт із листя C.i., котрий вміщує істотну кількість біологічно активних сполук, демонструє значну седативну активність. Ця активність поєднується з певною анксіогенною дією. Отримані результати також свідчать про те, що анксіолітичні/анксіогенні впливи певного тест-агента, виявлені в різних поведінкових тестах, не є цілком ідентичними. 2015 Article Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents / G.F. Ibironke, O.G. Ugege // Нейрофизиология. — 2015. — Т. 47, № 1. — С. 49-54. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. 0028-2561 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/148140 57.024:615.038 en Нейрофизиология Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| description |
We examined modifications of behavioral indices evoked in rodents by introduction of
an alcohol extract from leafs of Calophyllum inophyllum (С.i.) under conditions of four
neurobehavioral tests. Intraperitoneal injections of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of the concentrated
extract were used; the effects observed were compared with the action of 1 mg/kg diazepam.
In the hole-board test, injections of the C.i. extract significantly suppressed the manifestations
of research behavior (decreased the number of head dips into openings) in a dose-dependent
manner. In the light/dark box test, considerable increases of the time of stay of mice in the
dark compartment were observed after extract injections. In the open field test on mice,
injections of the C.i. extract resulted in noticeable, while statistically insignificant, decreases
in the general intensity of locomotion (number of crossed squares). In this test, the number
of manifestations of research behavior (rearings) decreased rather considerably; the number
of grooming episodes also became smaller, but suppression of this type of behavior was
weaker. Testing of rats in the elevated plus-maze showed that the numbers of entries of the
animals into open arms of the labyrinth significantly decreased at all doses of the extract,
and the duration of stay in these arms was also smaller. Thus, the extract from the C.i.
leafs containing significant amounts of biologically active compounds demonstrates rather
considerable sedative effects, but these effects are combined with some anxiogenic action.
The results obtained also show that anxiolythic/anxiogenic effects of a given test agent
observed in different behavioral tests (considered specific from this aspect) are not fully
identical and should be compared with reservations. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Ibironke, G.F. Ugege, O.G. |
| spellingShingle |
Ibironke, G.F. Ugege, O.G. Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents Нейрофизиология |
| author_facet |
Ibironke, G.F. Ugege, O.G. |
| author_sort |
Ibironke, G.F. |
| title |
Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents |
| title_short |
Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents |
| title_full |
Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents |
| title_fullStr |
Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents |
| title_sort |
effects of the extract of calophyllum inophyllum on behavioral indices in rodents |
| publisher |
Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/148140 |
| citation_txt |
Effects of the Extract of Calophyllum Inophyllum on Behavioral Indices in Rodents / G.F. Ibironke, O.G. Ugege // Нейрофизиология. — 2015. — Т. 47, № 1. — С. 49-54. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. |
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Нейрофизиология |
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2025-07-12T18:26:18Z |
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2025-07-12T18:26:18Z |
| _version_ |
1837466681835782144 |
| fulltext |
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2015.—T. 47, № 1 49
UDC 57.024:615.038
G. F. IBIRONKE1 and O. G. UGEGE1
EFFECTS OF THE EXTRACT OF CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM
ON BEHAVIORAL INDICES IN RODENTS
Received December 10, 2013
We examined modifications of behavioral indices evoked in rodents by introduction of
an alcohol extract from leafs of Calophyllum inophyllum (С.i.) under conditions of four
neurobehavioral tests. Intraperitoneal injections of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of the concentrated
extract were used; the effects observed were compared with the action of 1 mg/kg diazepam.
In the hole-board test, injections of the C.i. extract significantly suppressed the manifestations
of research behavior (decreased the number of head dips into openings) in a dose-dependent
manner. In the light/dark box test, considerable increases of the time of stay of mice in the
dark compartment were observed after extract injections. In the open field test on mice,
injections of the C.i. extract resulted in noticeable, while statistically insignificant, decreases
in the general intensity of locomotion (number of crossed squares). In this test, the number
of manifestations of research behavior (rearings) decreased rather considerably; the number
of grooming episodes also became smaller, but suppression of this type of behavior was
weaker. Testing of rats in the elevated plus-maze showed that the numbers of entries of the
animals into open arms of the labyrinth significantly decreased at all doses of the extract,
and the duration of stay in these arms was also smaller. Thus, the extract from the C.i.
leafs containing significant amounts of biologically active compounds demonstrates rather
considerable sedative effects, but these effects are combined with some anxiogenic action.
The results obtained also show that anxiolythic/anxiogenic effects of a given test agent
observed in different behavioral tests (considered specific from this aspect) are not fully
identical and should be compared with reservations.
Keywords: sedation, anxiogenics/anxiolytics, exploratory behavior, locomotion.
1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan,
Nigeria.
Correspondence should be addressed to G. F. Ibironke
(e-mail: gibironk@yahoo.com).
INTRODUCTION
Calophyllum inophyllum (C.i.) belongs to the family
Clusiaceae. It is an evergreen tree found in the
tropical areas of Africa, America, and Asia [1]. The
tree is medium-sized (8 to 20 m in height), with a
broad crown formed by irregular branches. Its wood
is used in carving, cabinet making, and boat building.
The leaves are dark green, shiny, and hairless, with
bold elliptical blades.
Phytochemical analysis of the material obtained
from this plant revealed that it contains polyunsaturated
fatty acids, lipoproteins, coumarins, flavonoids,
tocopherols, tocotrienols, and xanthones [2]. In earlier
reports, it was mentioned that the fresh bark of C.i. is
used for the treatment of diabetes [3], while its fresh
fruits are used in the case of rheumatism [4]. It was
also reported that the respective remedies have anti-
neuralgic activities [5]. Based on the ethnobotanical
and pharmacological reports mentioned above, we
hypothesized that an extract obtained from C.i. could
exert certain effects on the CNS, and administration
of this extract could result in some behavioral
modifications. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated
the CNS-controlled behavioral activities in mice and
rats subjected to injections of the C.i. extract, using
several behavioral tests.
METHODS
Plant Material and Preparation of the Extract.
The leaves of the plant were collected from the
Botanical Garden of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Preliminary identification and authentication of the
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2015.—T. 47, № 150
G. F. IBIRONKE and O. G. UGEGE
plant were performed according to the herbarium of the
Department where a voucher specimen with reference
No. FHI 106877 was deposited for future reference.
The leaves were shade-dried at room temperature
for about 2 weeks and then ground in an electric mill
(to obtain particles below 4 mm in diameter). This
material (3 kg) was extracted by maceration in 60%
ethanol at 50°C for 2 h. The extraction procedure was
repeated once again under the same conditions with a
new portion of the solvent. Extracts were then filtered
through a Wattman No. 1 filter paper and concentrated
using a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure.
The yield of the extract was quantified (14.45%),
and the material obtained was stored in darkness in a
refrigerator at 4°C until its using in the experiments.
Diazepam (F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland)
was used as a reference drug (positive control) for
estimation of the intensity of anxiolytic activities.
Animals. Male albino Swiss mice (25-30 g) and
albino rats (220-250 g) were used for the study.
Animals were obtained from the Pre-clinical Animal
House of the College of Medicine, University of
Ibadan, Nigeria. Animals of both species were housed
six per cage and kept during at least 7 days prior to
the pharmacological experiments, with free access
to water and standard rodent pellet food, at a 12/12
h light/dark cycle and room temperature [6]. Each
experimental group consisted of at least six animals.
Behavioral observations took place in a soundproof
room, at the same period of the day (to reduce the
influence of diurnal variations on spontaneous
behavior). Each animal was tested only once.
Treatment. The C.i. extract was freshly dissolved
in distilled water before administration. Doses of
the extract and time intervals were determined in
preliminary tests. Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was dissolved
in 40% propylene glycol. After i.p. administrations
were performed, animals were subjected to behavioral
tests after a 30-min-long interval.
Behavioral Tests. Hole-board test. A hole-board
apparatus (35×35×15 cm) with 16 evenly spaced
holes [7] was used for tests on mice; the number of
examinations of the holes within the observation
period was considered a correlate of the intensity of
exploratory behavior. Mice were grouped (n = 6) and
treated with saline (10 ml/kg), or extract (50, 100,
and 200 mg/kg), or diazepam (1 mg/kg). Thirty min
later, the mice were placed singly on the board and the
number of events where the mouse dipped its head into
the hole within a 5-min-long interval was counted [8].
Light/Dark Box Test. The box included two
compartments, a small dark “safe” one (one third) of
the entire volume of the box, and a large illuminated
aversive compartment (two thirds). Experimental
mice were grouped (n = 6) and treated with saline
(10 ml/kg), C.i. extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg),
or diazepam (1 mg/kg). Thirty min later, the mice
were placed in the lit compartment and allowed to
move freely through the opening between the two
compartments. The number of transitions between
these compartments and total time spent in each
compartment were recorded for 5 min.
Open Field Test. A standard set was used for the
open field test on mice. A rectangular arena with a
hard floor (36×36×26 cm with 26-сm walls) was made
up of white painted wood. The arena was divided
by permanent red markings into 16 equal squares.
Spontaneous motor activity was monitored for 30 min
[9]. After various treatments explained earlier, each
mouse was put into the field, and the total locomotion
index (number of squares crossed with four limbs),
rearing frequency (number of times the animal stood
on its hindlimbs, with four limbs against the walls of
the observation chamber or free in air), and frequency
of grooming (number of body cleanings with the paws,
picking of the body and pubis with the mouth and face
washing episodes) were recorded within 10-min-long
observation periods. The arena was then cleaned with
70% alcohol to eliminate olfactory bias and allowed
to dry before introduction before placing of another
animal.
Elevated Plus-Maze Test. This test has been
widely used to measure the anxiety level in rodents
[10, 11]. For tests on rats, the apparatus constructed
from Plexiglass consisted of two open arms (50×10
cm each), two enclosed arms (50×10×40 cm each),
and a central platform (10×10 cm), arranged in such a
way that two arms of each type were opposite to each
other. The maze was elevated 70 cm above the floor.
Thirty min after the i.p. treatment with the C.i. extract
(50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), or diazepam (1 mg/kg), or
saline (10 ml/kg), each rat (n = 6) was placed at the
centre of the maze facing one of the enclosed arms.
During the 5-min-long test period, the number of open
and closed arm entries and the time spent in each of
these arms were measured. An entry into the arm was
defined as the event where the rat placed all four paws
into this arm. After the test, the maze was carefully
cleaned with 70% alcohol solution to eliminate
olfactory bias.
Statistical Analysis. The numerical data were
analyzed and expressed as means ± s.e.m. for the
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2015.—T. 47, № 1 51
EFFECTS OF THE EXTRACT OF CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM ON BEHAVIORAL INDICES
mentioned five animal groups. Statistical comparison
was done using the Student’s t-test. Intergroup
differences with P < 0.05 were considered significant.
RESULTS
Hole-Board Test. Introduction of the C.i. extract
induced decreases in the number of head dips
performed by experimental mice within the 5-min-
long observation period of this test. The effects
demonstrated the clear dose dependence. At a
50 mg/kg dose, the drop was obvious but did not reach
the significance level (P > 0.05). At higher doses
of the extract, changes in the number of head dips
(i.e., manifestations of exploratory behavior) were
highly significant. At 100 and 200 mg/kg doses, the
respective indices were only about 41 and 26% of the
control value (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively).
Introductions of the reference drug diazepam also
resulted in more than threefold decrease in the mean
number of head dips (P < 0.01) (Fig. 1).
Light/Dark Box Test. Mice subjected to injections
of the C.i. extract demonstrated significantly greater
values of the time spent in the dark compartment of
the chamber. The respective normalized increments,
as compared with the control, were 61, 81, and
108% at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses of the extract
(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively).
Diazepam injections also resulted in significant
prolongation of the “dark compartment” stay
(P < 0.001) (Fig. 2).
Open Field Test. All doses of the C.i. extract
suppressed somewhat the locomotion component
of behavior observed under conditions of this test.
At the highest dose of the extract, the decrement in
the mean number of crossed squares was about 40%,
as compared with the control value. Nonetheless,
all these shifts did not reach the significance level
(P > 0.05; perhaps, mostly because of high dispersions
of the individual values). There was some trend toward
the dose dependence of the effects observed, but it was
much less clear than that observed in the two former
tests. Injections of diazepam exerted practically
no influence on the intensity of locomotor activity
(Fig. 3A).
In mice injected with the C.i. extract, intense
suppression of the orientation/research behavior
(manifested in drops in the frequency of rearings) was
observed. The respective decreases were significant at
all doses of the extract tested (at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg,
P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively).
Certain trend toward the dose dependence of the effect
on this index could be also noted. After injections of
diazepam, the mean number of rearings within the
observation period of the open field test was more than
two times smaller than that in the control (Fig. 3B).
0
50
100
150
200
250 ** ***
***
*
300
0 1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
10
15
20
25
***
**
**
30
F i g. 1. Diagram of the effects of graded doses of the ethanol leaf
extract of Calophyllum inophyllum (C.i.) on the number of head
dips in the hole board test on mice. 1) Control, 2–4) injections of
the extract, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively, 5) injections of
1.0 mg/kg diazepam. ** and ***, differences from the control are
significant whith P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively.
Р и с. 1. Впливи екстракту з листя калофілума на дослідницьку
поведінку мишей в умовах тесту з дошкою з отворами.
F i g 2: Diagram of the effects of the extract of Calophyllum
inophyllum on the time spent in the dark compartment of the
light/dark box in mice. *P < 0.05 compared with the control. Other
designations are the same as in Fig. 1.
Р и с. 2. Впливи екстракту з листя калофілума на поведінку
мишей в умовах тесту з камерою з освітленим та темним
відсіками.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2015.—T. 47, № 152
G. F. IBIRONKE and O. G. UGEGE
difference did not reach the significance level
(P > 0.05) because of high interindividual variability
of the respective values (Fig. 3C).
Elevated Plus-Maze Test. All doses of the extract
used provided noticeable decreases in the number
of entries of rats into the open arms and time spent
in these arms. At a 50 mg/kg dose, the drop in the
number of entries was about 35%, but the difference
was insignificant. At higher doses (100 and
200 mg/kg), the decrements were 38 and 70%
(P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Injections of
diazepam resulted in a noticeable increase in the
number of entries into the open arms (about 28%),
but the difference did not reach the significance level
because of high individual variability of the values.
DISCUSSION
Our study provided evidence that the ethanol
extract of C.i. leaves contains significant amounts
of psychoactive substances mostly sedative in their
nature. Though the extract insignificantly (P > 0.05)
0
0
10
20
20
40
30
60
40
80
50
100
120
140
160
180
200
*
*
**
**
**
***
60
70
F i g 3: Diagram of the effects of graded doses of ethanol leaf the
extract of Calophyllum inophyllum on behavioral indices in the open
field test. A) Intensity of locomotion (numbers of crossed squares);
B) frequency of rearings; C) grooming frequency. Designations are
similar to those in Figs. 1 and 2.
Р и с. 3. Впливи екстракту з листя калофілума на локомоторну
активність (А), частоту вертикальних стійок (В) та частоту
епізодів грумінгу (С) у мишей в умовах тесту відкритого поля.
BA
C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
The number of grooming episodes was also
affected by treatment with the C.i. extract. In general,
the frequency of grooming episodes decreased.
At low and medium doses of the extract (50 and
100 mg/kg), the decrements did not reach the
significance level (P > 0.05). At the 200 mg/
kg dose, however, a more than twofold drop in
this index was observed, and the difference was
significant. Injections of diazepam suppressed
somewhat (by about 30%, on average) the grooming
component of behavior in the open field, but the
F i g. 4. Diagram of the effects of the C.i. extract on rats in the
elevated plus-maze test. Vertical scale) Number of entries into the
open arms within the observation period. Other designations are
similar to those in Figs. 1-3.
Р и с. 4. Впливи екстракту з листя калофілума на поведінку
щурів у тесті з піднятим лабіринтом.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2 3 4 5
*
**
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2015.—T. 47, № 1 53
EFFECTS OF THE EXTRACT OF CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM ON BEHAVIORAL INDICES
decreased locomotion activity in the open field
test, decreases observed in the rearing frequencies
(orientation/research behavior) were significant at
all dose levels (P < 0.01 at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses,
and P < 0.001 at 200 mg/kg). These observations
taken together with the fact that there was significant
(P < 0.05) reduction in the grooming frequency (a
correlate of the level of emotionally) at the 200 mg/kg
dose of the C.i. extract points towards a noticeable
central sedative effect. According to Masur et al.
[12] and Morais et al. [13], locomotion and rearing
activities in the open field test are functions of the
general CNS excitability, while grooming activity is
related to the state of the emotional sphere. Because
the C.i. extract demonstrated certain selectivity of
its effects on research behavior and emotion-related
manifestations, these effects should be considered
sedative.
The results of the hole-board test are considered a
measure of the intensity of exploratory behavior. An
agent that decreases this parameter can be classified
as a sedative mean [10]. Certain doses of anxiolytics
were shown to increase the number of head dips in the
hole-board test [14]. This is a further confirmation of
the sedative nature of the extract under study, but the
respective effects are combined with some anxiogenic
action, since a decrease was observed in the number of
head dips. The extract diminished in a dose-dependent
mode the exploratory behavior in mice, thereby
suggesting that the extract possesses a more clearly
expressed sedative potential rather than an anxiolytic
one. A probable explanation of this observation is
based on the results of phytochemical studies of
C.i. showing the presence of significant amounts of
xanthones which has been shown to have a sedative
effect [15].
The light/dark box test is based on the innate
aversion of certain rodents to brightly illuminated
areas and also demonstrates changes in spontaneous
exploratory behavior. The test is useful to predict
anxiolytic-like or anxiogenic-like activity of the
tested animals. This test demonstrated more clearly
that the extract has some anxiogenic-like activity.
After injections of the extract, the animals preferred
to spend more time in the dark zone compared with
the lit areas confirming their higher aversion for
brightly illuminated areas. It should be mentioned that
the reference drug (diazepam) showed no anxiolytic
influence in this test.
The elevated plus-maze represents one of the
most widely used animal models for screening
anxiogenics [16]. It is based on the natural aversion
of most rodents to height and open spaces, and the
observed results are sensitive to both anxiolytics and
anxiogenics. The anxiogenic effect of the C.i. extract
in our study was confirmed by the fact by a clear dose-
dependent decrease in the time spent in the open arms
of the elevated plus-maze compared with the control.
It should be emphasized that a classic anxiolytic,
diazepam, somewhat increased the above-mentioned
indices in the described test.
Therefore, treatment with the ethanol extract
from leafs of C.i. significantly modified behavioral
indices observed in the four tests used. In general,
the respective effects can be classified as sedative but
combined, to a certain extent, with some anxiogenic
influence. The latter effect is especially clearly
manifested in the elevated plus-maze test. The extract
significantly decreased the time spent by rats in open
arms of the labyrinth and number of entries into these
arms. Correspondingly, the injected rats demonstrated
greater preference to spent time into closed (dark)
arms. These findings are quite comparable with the
results obtained in the light/dark box test on mice.
Such mixed effects of the extract are probably related
to a variety of the active compounds contained in the
examined plant.
All tests used in our study are supposed to give
certain information on anxiolytic/anxiogenic effects
of one tested agent or another. At the same time, it
seems probable that the obtained results cannot be
interpreted in a simplified “direct” manner. Sedative
effects observed in these tests can be, with some
reservations, considered close to anxiolytic ones. The
observations obtained in the light/dark box test look,
from this aspect, contradictory. Increases in the time
spent in the dark compartment of the experimental
chamber seem to confirm the anxiogenic effect of the
extract. A “classic” anxiolytic, diazepam, however,
provided significant prolongation of the time spent in
the dark, but not in the illuminated, compartment (in
other words, the level of anxiety in this case seemed
to increase?). At the same time, this drug demonstrated
a clear (while not very intense) anxiolytic effect in
the elevated plus-maze. Therefore, the results of
different behavioral tests, which are supposed as clear
manifestations of the anxiolytic or anxiogenic effect
of one agent or another, should be interpreted with
caution and certain reservations.
All experiments were conducted in accordance with the
internationally accepted standards [6].The experimental
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2015.—T. 47, № 154
G. F. IBIRONKE and O. G. UGEGE
protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the
Neuroscience Research Unit of the College of Medicine,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The regulations on the minimum
number of animals and duration of observations required to
obtain consistent data were strictly adhered to.
The authors, G. F. Ibironke and O. G. Ugege, confirm that
the research and publication of the results were not associated
with any conflicts regarding commercial or financial relations,
relations with organizations and/or individuals who may have
been related to the study, and interrelations of co-authors of the
communication.
Г. Ф. Ібіронке1, О. Г. Угеге1
ВПЛИВИ ЕКСТРАКТУ CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM НА
ПОВЕДІНКОВІ ПОКАЗНИКИ У ГРИЗУНІВ
1 Медичний коледж Ібаданського університету (Нігерія).
Р е з ю м е
Ми досліджували модифікації поведінки, що виклика-
лись у гризунів уведенням екстракту з листя Calophyllum
inophyllum (С.i.), в умовах чотирьох нейроповедінкових
т е с т і в . Використовували внутр ішньоочеревинн і
ін’єкції концентрованого екстракту в дозах 50, 100 та
200 мг/кг; спостережувані ефекти порівнювали з дією
1 мг/кг діазепаму. В тесті «дошка з отворами» введення
екстракту C.i. мишам дозозалежно істотно пригнічували
прояви дослідницької поведінки (кількість зазирань
в отвори), тоді як у камері з темним та освітленим
відсіками після ін’єкцій екстракту спостерігалося значне
збільшення тривалості перебування цих тварин у темному
компартменті. В тесті відкритого поля на мишах ін’єкції ек-
стракту C.i. призводили до помітного, хоча й статистично
невірогідного зменшення загальної інтенсивності локомоції
(кількості перетнутих квадратів), причому кількість проявів
дослідницької поведінки («стійок») зменшувалася дуже
істотно. Кількість епізодів грумінгу також ставала меншою,
але пригнічення поведінки даного виду було слабшим. Ре-
зультати тестування щурів у піднятому лабіринті показа-
ли, що тривалість перебування тварин у закритих рукавах
лабіринту була при всіх дозах екстракту вірогідно більшою,
ніж у контролі. Отже, екстракт із листя C.i., котрий вміщує
істотну кількість біологічно активних сполук, демонструє
значну седативну активність. Ця активність поєднується
з певною анксіогенною дією. Отримані результати також
свідчать про те, що анксіолітичні/анксіогенні впливи пев-
ного тест-агента, виявлені в різних поведінкових тестах, не
є цілком ідентичними.
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