Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models
This study examined how judging whether the poses of two figures are the same in tasks with delayed and simultaneous image presentation affects the participants’ reaction times and electroencephalograms (EEGs). Eighteen university students performed a delayed task, in which an image of a doll was...
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Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України
2016
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| Цитувати: | Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models / T. Ishikura // Нейрофизиология. — 2016. — Т. 48, № 4. — С. 298-304. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1483342019-02-19T01:30:38Z Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models Ishikura, T. This study examined how judging whether the poses of two figures are the same in tasks with delayed and simultaneous image presentation affects the participants’ reaction times and electroencephalograms (EEGs). Eighteen university students performed a delayed task, in which an image of a doll was first presented for 3 sec followed by a second image of the doll, and a simultaneous task, in which images of two dolls were presented on the left and right sides of the monitor at the same time. The dolls were shown from the front and rear angles. The participants were instructed to judge whether the images were the same as accurately and quickly as possible, and the reaction times were recorded. EEG signals were recorded from Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, and P4. The reaction times in the delayed task were found to be shorter those in the simultaneous task, and that these times for the 0° condition were shorter than for the 180° condition. The amplitudes of EEG responses at Fp1 and Fp2 were larger than those at other electrodes, and that responses in the right hemisphere during the 180° condition and the delayed task within the α1 frequency band were smaller than the responses at other electrodes. These results indicate that cerebral activity in the frontal region of the right hemisphere is associated with the judgment of correspondence or non-correspondence in spatial compatibility tasks. Ми досліджували, яким чином вирішення питання про ідентичність/неідентичність поз тест-фігур, зображення яких представлялись одночасно або з часовою затримкою, впливає на латентний період реакції тестованого суб’єкта та параметри ЕЕГ. 18 студентам університету пропонували «затримане» тест-завдання, в якому тест-об’єкт (зображення антропоморфної фігури, ляльки) пред’являвся на 3 с, після чого із затримкою пред’являлося друге зображення, або «одночасне» завдання, в якому два зображення ляльок пред’являлись одночасно на двох половинах екрану монітора. Тест-зображення ляльок показувалося спереду або ззаду (кути 0 або 180 град). Тестованим пропонувалося максимально точно та швидко вирішити, чи ідентичні дані зображення; при цьому вимірювали час реакції. Сигнали ЕЕГ відводили від локусів Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3 та P4. Виявилося, що час реакції при реалізації «затриманого» завдання був коротшим, ніж такий для «одночасного» завдання, і що цей показник для умови 0 град був меншим, ніж відповідне значення для умови 180 град. Амплітуди ЕЕГ у відведеннях Fp1 і Fp2 були вищими, ніж такі в інших відведеннях. ЕЕГ-відповіді в альфа1-субдіапазоні в правій півкулі в «затриманому» тесті для умови 180 град були меншими, ніж аналогічні відповіді в інших відведеннях. Подібні результати вказують на те, що активність у фронтальній зоні правої півкулі асоційована з прийняттям рішення щодо відповідності або невідповідності зображень у завданнях, пов’язаних із встановленням просторового збігу. 2016 Article Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models / T. Ishikura // Нейрофизиология. — 2016. — Т. 48, № 4. — С. 298-304. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 0028-2561 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/148334 159.953.3:612.825 en Нейрофизиология Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| description |
This study examined how judging whether the poses of two figures are the same in tasks
with delayed and simultaneous image presentation affects the participants’ reaction times and
electroencephalograms (EEGs). Eighteen university students performed a delayed task, in
which an image of a doll was first presented for 3 sec followed by a second image of the doll,
and a simultaneous task, in which images of two dolls were presented on the left and right
sides of the monitor at the same time. The dolls were shown from the front and rear angles.
The participants were instructed to judge whether the images were the same as accurately and
quickly as possible, and the reaction times were recorded. EEG signals were recorded from
Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, and P4. The reaction times in the delayed task were found to be
shorter those in the simultaneous task, and that these times for the 0° condition were shorter
than for the 180° condition. The amplitudes of EEG responses at Fp1 and Fp2 were larger
than those at other electrodes, and that responses in the right hemisphere during the 180°
condition and the delayed task within the α1 frequency band were smaller than the responses
at other electrodes. These results indicate that cerebral activity in the frontal region of the
right hemisphere is associated with the judgment of correspondence or non-correspondence
in spatial compatibility tasks. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Ishikura, T. |
| spellingShingle |
Ishikura, T. Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models Нейрофизиология |
| author_facet |
Ishikura, T. |
| author_sort |
Ishikura, T. |
| title |
Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models |
| title_short |
Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models |
| title_full |
Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models |
| title_fullStr |
Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models |
| title_sort |
relationship between the reaction time and eeg parameters during judgments on the correspondence of delayed or simultaneously presented images of two models |
| publisher |
Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/148334 |
| citation_txt |
Relationship Between the Reaction Time and EEG Parameters During Judgments on the Correspondence of Delayed or Simultaneously Presented Images of Two Models / T. Ishikura // Нейрофизиология. — 2016. — Т. 48, № 4. — С. 298-304. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Нейрофизиология |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT ishikurat relationshipbetweenthereactiontimeandeegparametersduringjudgmentsonthecorrespondenceofdelayedorsimultaneouslypresentedimagesoftwomodels |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-12T19:10:24Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-12T19:10:24Z |
| _version_ |
1837469459934085120 |
| fulltext |
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2016.—T. 48, № 4298
UDC 159.953.3:612.825
T. ISHIKURA1
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REACTION TIME AND EEG PARAMETERS
DURING JUDGMENTS ON THE CORRESPONDENCE OF DELAYED OR
SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENTED IMAGES OF TWO MODELS
Received November 12, 2014
This study examined how judging whether the poses of two figures are the same in tasks
with delayed and simultaneous image presentation affects the participants’ reaction times and
electroencephalograms (EEGs). Eighteen university students performed a delayed task, in
which an image of a doll was first presented for 3 sec followed by a second image of the doll,
and a simultaneous task, in which images of two dolls were presented on the left and right
sides of the monitor at the same time. The dolls were shown from the front and rear angles.
The participants were instructed to judge whether the images were the same as accurately and
quickly as possible, and the reaction times were recorded. EEG signals were recorded from
Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, and P4. The reaction times in the delayed task were found to be
shorter those in the simultaneous task, and that these times for the 0° condition were shorter
than for the 180° condition. The amplitudes of EEG responses at Fp1 and Fp2 were larger
than those at other electrodes, and that responses in the right hemisphere during the 180°
condition and the delayed task within the α1 frequency band were smaller than the responses
at other electrodes. These results indicate that cerebral activity in the frontal region of the
right hemisphere is associated with the judgment of correspondence or non-correspondence
in spatial compatibility tasks.
Keywords: visual perception, spatial correspondence, judgment, viewing angle, electro-
encephalography.
Faculty of Sports Science and Health, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe,
Kyoto, Japan.
Correspondence should be addressed to T. Ishikura
(e-mail: tishikur@mail.doshisha.ac.jp).
INTRODUCTION
When a learner attempts to imitate the movement of
a 3D image of the demonstrator, the extent of spatial
compatibility between the bodies of a demonstrator
and learner and the timing of observations affects
the speed at which the response movement can be
reproduced [1]. Ishikura and Inomata [2] reported
that, compared to viewing a model from the front,
viewing an observed model from the rear increased
the speed with which the demonstrator’s movement
could be reproduced. They also proposed [2] that
the reason for such results was that the learner who
observes the demonstrator from the front angle has
to process the rotation of the demonstrator’s image
because there was a difference of 180˚ between the
physical position of the demonstrator and that of the
learner. Shepard and Metzler [3] reported that when
participants are required to judge the correspondence
or non-correspondence of two 3D objects presented
at several different orientations, the reaction time
for these judgments became greater as the degree of
difference between the two objects increased. This
phenomenon has been called mental rotation, and it
was assumed that the representation of the character
(e.g., letter, geometrical figure, etc.) is rotated
mentally in a continuous way [4].
On the other hand, timing of presentation of the
movement for the learner, with regards to whether
they observe the demonstration before, during, or
after reproducing the performance, contains elements
that affect the rate of reproduction upon imitation of
the demonstrator’s movements (e.g., [5, 6]). Weeks et
al. [5] reported that the participants performed better
the respective operations at delayed observation than
at simultaneous one, because the delayed observation
condit ion required a cognit ive effort during
acquisition, compared to the simultaneous condition.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2016.—T. 48, № 4 299
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REACTION TIME AND EEG PARAMETERS DURING JUDGMENTS
These reports might suggest that the correspondence
between the body locations of the learner and
demonstrator and timing of observation during
imitation affect the learner’s cognitive loading and
the efficiency of movement reproduction. In studies
examining the relationship between the cognitive
loading of visual imagery and brain activation, it was
reported that the frontal and parietal regions of the
brain were activated when participants had to mentally
rotate or invert from left to right the direction of a
visual object [7]. Additionally, it was shown that
different parts of the brain were activated when the
participants observed the movement before or while
performing the movement (e.g., [8, 9]).
The aim of our study was to examine the timing
of observation and the congruence judgments of
participants when observing the poses of two 3D
models. This study sought to investigate the effects
these judgments might have on the cognitive load by
measuring the relationship between the reaction times
of the judgments and the EEG waves occurring at
different cortical sites during the judgment (cortical
responses). The hypotheses were based on results of
the previous study. Specifically, it was hypothesized
that the reaction times at a zero angle of the difference
condition would be shorter than these times for 180°
condition. Furthermore, it was predicted that the
reaction times during delayed presentation would be
shorter than those during simultaneous presentation.
Because processing of spatial manipulations (e.g.,
mental rotation) and retaining an image (e.g., a doll’s
posture) are related to brain activation, it was predicted
that the amplitudes of responses recorded over the
frontal (Fp1, Fp2, F3, and F4) and parietal (P3 and
P4) regions to judgments under 180° conditions would
be higher than those recorded to judgments under 0°
condition.
METHODS
Participants. Eighteen healthy university students,
9 man and 9 women, age 20.3 ± 1.1 years (mean ±s.d.)
participated in this experiment.
Tasks, Materials, and Design. First, all participants
closed their eyes for 3 min (the eye-closing phase).
Next, half of the participants performed the delayed
task first and then performed the simultaneous task,
while the other half first performed the simultaneous
task followed by the delayed one. In the delayed task,
images of a front or back view (rotated at 0° and 180°,
respectively) of a wooden jointed doll were presented
on a computer monitor for 3 sec as the base stimulus,
and then a second image of the doll was presented in
the same or a different pose at either the same or a
different angle. In the simultaneous task, the front or
back view (rotated 0° and 180°, respectively) of a doll
was presented on the left side of a computer monitor.
The respective image was simultaneously presented
in the same or different pose on the right side of the
monitor at either the same or different angle. The
participants were required to judge as quickly as
possible whether the poses were the same in both tasks
(Fig. 1). Each participant judged 72 trials for each task
(delayed and simultaneous), and the poses matched in
half of the trials.
EEG Recordings. EEG leads were placed according
to the international 10–20 electrode system. Signals
were recorded from sites Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3,
and P4 with referential derivation using an electrode
cap (Electro-Cap International, USA). The reference
electrode was placed on the earlobe (auricular). EEGs
were sampled at 500 sec–1 using an EEG-1200 system
(Nihon Kohden, Japan), and data were subjected to
0.15–60-Hz band-pass filtering. The impedance of all
F i g. 1. Examples of the poses of the test object used in the
experiment. A) Samples of the poses and angle differences;
B) samples of the simltaneous and delayed tasks.
Р и с. 1. Приклади поз тест-фігури, використані в експерименті.
A
1
2
3
B
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2016.—T. 48, № 4300
T. ISHIKURA
electrodes was 10 kΩ or less.
Data Processing. The reaction times and EEG data
were compared when the angle of difference between
the two doll images was 0° and 180°. The data
were subjected to frequency analysis by conducting
256-point fast Fourier transforms using ATAMAP II
(Kissei Comtec, Japan). For the eye-closing phase, the
raw data were analyzed at a resolution of 1.95-sec–
1; three 0.51-sec units were averaged to yield a 1.54-
sec epoch for analysis. Data acquired during judgment
were also analyzed at a resolution of 1.95-sec–1, but
only single 0.51-sec units were analyzed. Moreover,
since the time for judgment was short, the raw data
were acquired three times during each phase, from the
stimulus presentation to response. For analysis of the
EEG data, we compared the averages of three raw data
sets.
The potential remainders were found for each EEG
frequency range during the eye-closing phases and
the judgment phase. The frequency bands were α1
(8–10 Hz), α2 (10–13 Hz), β1 (13–20 Hz), and β2
(20–30 Hz). That is, the remainders were positive
values if the potentials during the judgment phase
were greater than they were during the eye-closing
phase. If the potentials during the judgment phase
were lower than those during the eye-closing phase,
then the remainder was a negative value.
Dependent Variables and Statistical Analyses.
The reaction time for judgment and the remainders of
the EEG potentials between the eye-closing and the
judgment phases in the delayed task or simultaneous
one (μV) at the Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, and P4
electrodes were used as dependent variables.
A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
three-way ANOVA were used in the study. All
significant effects are reported at P < 0.05 with the
effect sizes reported as η2 and the statistical power
reported as ϕ. Posthoc comparisons of the means
were performed using the Tukey HSD techniques. The
Pearson correlation analysis with a two-tail test was
used to examine the relationships between the reaction
time and brain waves. IBM SPSS Version 22 J (IBM
SPSS Japan, Japan) statistical software was used for
all statistical analyses.
RESULTS
Percentage of Correct Responses. Participants were
instructed to respond as quickly as possible and with
minimum keeping errors. On average, only 3.2% of
the responses were incorrect (ranging from 0.6 to
5.7% for individual participants).
Reaction Times. A task (delayed or simultaneous) ×
× angle of difference (0° or 180°) two-way ANOVA
was performed. Figure 2 shows the means and s.d. of
the reaction times in both tasks. The results showed
that the main effect of the task was significant (F1,17 =
= 42.07, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.71, ϕ = 1.00), and that the
reaction time in the delayed task was shorter than
that in the simultaneous task. In addition, the main
effect for the angle of difference was significant
(F1,17 = 66.71, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.80, ϕ = 1.00). Tests for
multiple comparisons showed that the reaction times
for the 0° condition were shorter than those for the
180° condition. A significant interaction effect also
emerged (F1,17 = 18.41, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.52, ϕ = 0.98).
Specifically, the reaction times for the 0° condition
were smaller than those for the 180° condition in both
tasks, and the reaction times in the delayed task were
shorter than those in the simultaneous task for both
angles of difference (0° and 180°).
EEG During the Judgment Phase. A task (delayed
or simultaneous) × angle of difference (0° or 180°) ×
× electrode site (Fp1, F3, C3, P3, Fp2, F4, C4, or
P4) three-way ANOVA was performed for each
F i g. 2. The response times for the delayed (1) and simultaneous (2)
tasks. *P < 0.05 in the comparisons shown.
Р и с. 2. Значення часу відповіді в «затриманому» та «одно-
часному» завданнях.
msec
deg
1
2
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2016.—T. 48, № 4 301
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REACTION TIME AND EEG PARAMETERS DURING JUDGMENTS
above-mentioned frequency band (α1, α2, β1,
and β2). Figure 3 shows the means and s.d. of
the amplitudes for each frequency band. Within
the α1 range, there was a significant main effect
for the angle of difference (F1,17 = 11.15, P =
= 0.01, η2 = 0.40, ϕ = 0.88), with the responses for
the 0° condition being larger than those for the 180°
condition (0° > 180°). There was also a significant
main effect of the electrode location (F7,119 = 6.45,
P = 0.01, η2 = 0.28, ϕ = 1.00). Posthoc tests (P <
< 0.05) showed that the amplitudes of the responses
at Fp2 were higher than those at Fp1, F3, C3, and F4
(Fp2 > Fp1, F3, C3, and F4), and that the response
amplitudes at F3 were smaller than those at F4 and
P4 (F3 < F4 and P4). The task × electrode interaction
was significant (F7,119 = 6.91, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.29, ϕ
F i g. 3. Potential remainders, μV, for each electrode at the difference of angle for each frequency band. Electrodes were Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4,
C3, C4, P3, and P4; frequency bands were α1 (8–10 Hz), α2 (10–13 Hz), β1 (13–20 Hz), and β2 (20–30 Hz). Open and filled columns, for
the delayed and simultaneouse task, respectively.
Р и с. 3. Різниці амплітуд (мкВ), котрі пов’язані з різницями кута представлення зображень, для аналізованих ЕЕГ-субритмів,
відведених кожним із електродів.
μV
μV
μV
μV
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2016.—T. 48, № 4302
T. ISHIKURA
= 1.00). Multiple comparison tests showed that the
amplitudes of the responses recorded in the delayed
task were longer than those of the responses recorded
in the simultaneous task at F4, C4, and P4 (delayed <
< simultaneous at F4, C4, and P4). In the delayed
task, the response amplitudes at Fp2 were larger than
those at F3, C3, and F4 (Fp2 > F3, C3, and F4 in the
delayed task). In the simultaneous task, the response
amplitudes at Fp2 were higher than the amplitudes at
Fp1, F3, and C3 (Fp2 > Fp1 and F3 in the simultaneous
task), and the respective amplitudes at F4 and C4
were greater than those at F3 (F4 and C4 > F3 in the
simultaneous task). The angle of difference × electrode
interaction was significant (F7,119 = 6.91, P = 0.01, η2 =
= 0.29, ϕ = 1.00). The amplitudes of the responses
under 0° condition were higher than the respective
indices of the responses under 180° condition at
Fp2, F4, C4, and P4 (0° > 180° at Fp2, F4, C4, and
P4). Multiple comparisons tests for the 0° condition
showed that the response amplitudes at Fp2 were
greater than the amplitudes at Fp1, F3, C3, P3, and P4
(Fp2 > Fp1, F3, C3, P3 and P4 for the 0° condition),
and that the amplitudes at F4 were higher than those
at F3 (F4 > F3 at 0˚). For the 180° condition, the
response amplitudes at Fp2 exceeded the amplitudes
at F3 and F4 (Fp2 > F3 and F4 for the 180° condition).
The task × angle of difference × electrode interaction
was significant (F7,119 = 6.74, P = 0.01, η2 =
= 0.28, ϕ = 1.00). Under 0° condition, the response
amplitudes in the delayed task were smaller than the
amplitudes during the simultaneous task at F4, C4,
and P4 (delayed < simultaneous at F4, C4, and P4 for
the 0° condition). The response amplitudes under 0°
condition at Fp2 in the delayed task were greater than
the respective indices for the 180° condition (0° >
180° at Fp2 in the delayed task). For the simultaneous
task, the response amplitudes for the 0° condition
were greater than the amplitudes under 180° condition
at Fp2, F4, and C4 (0° > 180° at Fp2, F4, and C4
during the simultaneous task). For the delayed task,
the amplitudes of the responses at Fp2 for the 0° and
180° conditions were higher than those at F3 and
F4 (Fp2 > F3 and F4 for the 0° and 180° conditions
during the delayed task). Under 0° condition in the
simultaneous task, the amplitudes at Fp2 were greater
than those at Fp1, F3, C3, and P3 (Fp2 > Fp1, F3, C3,
and P3 for the 0° condition in the simultaneous task).
The response amplitudes at F4 were higher than the
respective values at F3 and P3 (F4 > F3 and P3 for the
0° condition during the simultaneous task).
For the α2 subrhythm, the main effect of the
electrode position was significant (F7,119 = 6.20,
P = 0.01, η2 = 0.27, ϕ = 1.00), with the amplitudes of
the responses at Fp2 being greater than the respective
amplitudes at F3, P3, and P4 (Fp2 > F3, P3, and P4).
The angle of difference × electrode interaction was
significant (F7,119 = 2.66, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.14, ϕ = .89).
The response amplitudes at Fp2 under 0° condition
were higher than the amplitudes for the 180° condition
(0° > 180° at Fp2), and the amplitudes at Fp2 for the
0° condition were higher than the response amplitudes
at Fp1, F3, P3, and P4 (Fp2 > Fp1, F3, P3, and P4 for
the 0° condition).
The main effect of the electrode location in the β1
band was significant (F7,119 = 6.70, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.28,
ϕ = 1.00), with the amplitudes of the responses at Fp2
being larger than the respective values at P3 (Fp2 >
> P3).
For the β2 subrange, the main effect of the electrode
site was significant (F7,119 = 8.94, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.35,
ϕ = 1.00). The response amplitudes at P3 were smaller
than the amplitudes at Fp1, F3, and F4 (P3 < Fp1,
F3, and F4), and the amplitudes at P4 were smaller
than those at C4 (P4 < C4). The angle of difference ×
× electrode interaction was significant (F7,119 = 3.57,
P = 0.01, η2 = 0.17, ϕ = 0.97). Under 0° condition, the
response amplitudes at P3 were smaller than those at
Fp1 and F3 (P3 < Fp1 and F3 for the 0° condition), and
the amplitudes at P4 were smaller than the respective
indices at C4 (P4 < C4 for the 0° condition). Under
Fp1 Fp2 -.01 -.06 .05 .07 .31 .20 .52* .49*
F3 F4 .05 .05 .12 .13 .30 .25 .39 .40
C3 C4 .09 .06 .21 .19 .29 .22 .37 .32
P3 P4 -.04 .13 .02 .29 .03 -.04 .11 .15
Fp1 Fp2 -.23 -.38 -.27 -.31 .16 -.07 .22 .12
F3 F4 -.40 -.43 -.31 -.26 -.11 -.26 -.18 -.16
C3 C4 -.38 -.27 -.18 -.14 -.14 -.26 -.10 -.28
P3 P4 -.27 -.04 -.06 .11 -.11 -.44 -.07 -.16
Fp1 Fp2 -.19 -.11 -.06 .01 .17 .03 .37 .36
F3 F4 -.06 .03 -.01 .12 -.03 -.18 .19 .19
C3 C4 .11 -.17 .14 .01 -.22 -.39 -.08 .10
P3 P4 .12 -.10 .09 .07 -.06 -.39 .05 .07
Fp1 Fp2 -.03 .10 -.12 .08 .08 -.01 .28 .31
F3 F4 .04 .08 -.03 .04 -.16 -.26 -.10 .03
C3 C4 .21 .15 .14 .01 -.27 -.47* -.36 -.06
P3 P4 .11 .24 -.05 .03 -.30 -.61** -.31 -.04
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
Electrode
df = 18 ** p < .01 * p < .05
Delayed task Simultaneous task
0˚ 180˚ 0˚ 180˚
Table 1. Pearson correlation coefficients between the reaction
times and EEG response ampletudes for four frequency bands
at each electrode.
Коефіціети кореляції Пірсона для значень часу реакції
та амплітуди ЕЕГ-відповідей у кожному з відведень для
чотирьох частотних діапазонах.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2016.—T. 48, № 4 303
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REACTION TIME AND EEG PARAMETERS DURING JUDGMENTS
180° condition, the response amplitudes at P3 were
smaller than those at Fp1, F3, F4, and C4 (P3 <
< Fp1, F3, F4, and C4 for the 180° condition), and the
amplitudes at P4 were smaller than the amplitudes at
C4 (P4 < C4 for the 180° condition).
Correlation between the Reaction Time and
Parameters of EEG waves. The reaction times and
response amplitudes for each EEG electrode were
analyzed separately for the four frequency ranges
(α1, α2, β1, and β2) using a Pearson correlation
approach (Table 1). The results for the simultaneous
task indicated that C4 (r[18] = –0.47, P = 0.05) and
P4 (r[18] = –0.61, P = 0.01) were characterized by
lower response amplitudes within the β2 band for the
0° condition within the β2 band for the 0° condition
associated with shorter reaction times. In contrast,
Fp1 (r[18] = 0.49, P = 0.03) and Fp2 (r[18] = 0.49,
P = 0.04) demonstrated higher response amplitudes
within the α1 band for the 180° condition significantly
associated with shorter reaction times.
DISCUSSION
We examined the effects of observation timing
(delayed or simultaneous) and of the cognitive loading
of congruence judgments of two poses of an image
of a 3D object by measuring the judgment reaction
time and parameters of EEG waves. Results of the
reaction time analysis showed that when the angle
of difference between the two poses was 0° (front-
front or back-back), participants responded noticeably
faster compared to the situation where the angle
was 180°. In addition, the reaction times during the
delayed observation task were shorter than those in
the simultaneous task. These results are comparable
to those found in studies on mental rotation [e.g., 3,
4], although when the angle of difference between
the two poses was 0°, participants were able to make
their judgments without a necessity to mentally
rotate the image. In contrast, judgments made under
180° condition required participants to compare the
images by reversing the right vs. left or rotating the
image by 180°. Assuming that mental rotation was
involved [e.g., 3, 4], it seemed that the existence or
nonexistence of the process of mental rotation induced
the reaction time differences between the judgments
for the two angle conditions. On the other hand, there
were also reaction time differences between the two
observation tasks. This might be obvious because
certaing processing of different visual information
was required depending on the task type (delayed or
simultaneous). Judging the simultaneous task might
require participants to perform on-line processing
or dual-processing, which combines encoding the
imagery to a representation and comparing the two
poses. At the same time, judging the delayed task
might require participants to encode the imagery to a
representation when observing the first pose and then
using this memorized image for comparison when
observing the second pose.
The EEG wave analysis indicated that the right
hemisphere (that is involved in spatial manipulation of
visual information) was activated under 180° condition
and the delayed task. This could occur because
activation of the decision-making processes decayed
the response amplitude within the α band, and because
the frontal lobe, functioning of which is related to
working memory, was activated during the congruence
judgments of the two poses. Furthermore, the results
of correlation analysis between the reaction times and
EEG waves indicated that, if the participant responded
faster during the simultaneous task, the amplitudes of
the responses at C4 and P4 within the β2 band became
greater when the angle of difference of the two poses
was 0°. On the other hand, if the response time was
smaller when the angle of difference of the two poses
was 180°, the amplitudes of the responses at Fp1 and
Fp2 in the α1 band became smaller. These results
support the statement that the frontal region (Fp1 and
Fp2) becomes active when processing of rotation of an
object is performed or when the direction of an object
is inverted from left to right [7]. The right hemisphere
becomes active when observing images are presented
in a delayed manner [8, 9]. One feature of our results
showing that the response amplitudes at C4 and P4
became higher if the response was faster and when
the two poses were presented in the same direction
may be related to the use of egocentric or allocentric
images. The mental rotation abilities in individuals
with time-space synesthesia suggest that the parietal
lobe areas that process the representations of temporal
sequences and visuo-spatial imagery are connected
with each other [10]. Additionally, egocentric sensory
representations are formated in the parietal region
[11]. Reports by Brang et al. [10] and Dhindsa et
al. [11] may indicate that observing two postures at
the same angle leads to the occurrence of egocentric
sensory representations, thus activating the parietal
region.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2016.—T. 48, № 4304
A limitation of our study is that our tasks were
recognition ones. Other essential knowledge might be
gained by examining the compatibility between the
model and the participant using anatomical matching
tasks in future studies.
All test procedures were in accordance with the institutional
and national ethical standards mentioned by the responsible
Committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki
Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5).
This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the
Doshisha University Ethics Committee for Scientific Research
Involving Human Subjects. In addition, all participants
provided informed consent by signing a consent form.
The author, T. Ishikura, confirms the absence of any conflict
related to the commercial or financial problems and to the
relations with organizations or persons, which could in any way
be associated with the investigation.
Т. Ішикура1
ЗВ’ЯЗОК МІЖ ЧАСОМ РЕАКЦІЇ ТА ПАРАМЕТРА-
МИ ЕЕГ У ПЕРЕБІГУ ВИРІШЕННЯ ПИТАННЯ ПРО
ВІДПОВІДНІСТЬ ДВОХ ЗОБРАЖЕНЬ ТЕСТ-МОДЕЛІ,
ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИХ ОДНОЧАСНО АБО З ЗАТРИМКОЮ
1 Університет Дошіша, Кіотанабе, Кіото (Японія).
Р е з ю м е
Ми досліджували, яким чином вирішення питання про
ідентичність/неідентичність поз тест-фігур, зображення
яких представлялись одночасно або з часовою затримкою,
впливає на латентний період реакції тестованого суб’єкта
та параметри ЕЕГ. 18 студентам університету пропонува-
ли «затримане» тест-завдання, в якому тест-об’єкт (зобра-
ження антропоморфної фігури, ляльки) пред’являвся на 3 с,
після чого із затримкою пред’являлося друге зображення,
або «одночасне» завдання, в якому два зображення ляльок
пред’являлись одночасно на двох половинах екрану моніто-
ра. Тест-зображення ляльок показувалося спереду або зза-
ду (кути 0 або 180 град). Тестованим пропонувалося мак-
симально точно та швидко вирішити, чи ідентичні дані
зображення; при цьому вимірювали час реакції. Сигнали
ЕЕГ відводили від локусів Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3 та
P4. Виявилося, що час реакції при реалізації «затримано-
го» завдання був коротшим, ніж такий для «одночасного»
завдання, і що цей показник для умови 0 град був меншим,
ніж відповідне значення для умови 180 град. Амплітуди ЕЕГ
у відведеннях Fp1 і Fp2 були вищими, ніж такі в інших від-
веденнях. ЕЕГ-відповіді в альфа1-субдіапазоні в правій пів-
кулі в «затриманому» тесті для умови 180 град були менши-
ми, ніж аналогічні відповіді в інших відведеннях. Подібні
результати вказують на те, що активність у фронтальній
зоні правої півкулі асоційована з прийняттям рішення щодо
відповідності або невідповідності зображень у завданнях,
пов’язаних із встановленням просторового збігу.
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T. ISHIKURA
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