Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth

Analytical method to solve differential diffusion equations describing the growth of the phase wedge during the intermetallic-compound formation with a narrow concentration range of homogeneity in bicrystals is proposed. A model describing the diffusion phase growth from point source inside the poly...

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Автор: Yarmolenko, M.V.
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Опубліковано: Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України 2018
Назва видання:Металлофизика и новейшие технологии
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Цитувати:Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth / M.V. Yarmolenko // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2018. — Т. 40, № 9. — С. 1201-1207. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ.

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spelling irk-123456789-1518602019-05-25T01:25:44Z Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth Yarmolenko, M.V. Дефекты кристаллической решётки Analytical method to solve differential diffusion equations describing the growth of the phase wedge during the intermetallic-compound formation with a narrow concentration range of homogeneity in bicrystals is proposed. A model describing the diffusion phase growth from point source inside the polycrystal grains is regarded. Analytical method to solve differential diffusion equations for such a model is suggested. Parabolic, cubic, and fourth power diffusion regimes for different scales from nanometers to micrometers and millimeters are analysed. Предлагается аналитический метод решения дифференциального уравнения, которое описывает кинетику образования интерметаллического соединения вдоль границы между зёрнами с одновременным проникновением в сами зёрна. Рассматривается модель, которая описывает кинетику образования интерметаллического соединения из точечного источника внутри поликристаллических зёрен. Предлагается соответствующий аналитический метод решения дифференциального уравнения такой модели. Анализируются диффузионные режимы (параболический, кубический, четвёртой степени) для разных масштабов — от нанометрового до микрометрового и миллиметрового. Запропоновано аналітичну методу розв’язування диференційного рівняння, що описує кінетику утворення інтерметалевої фази вздовж межі між зернами з одночасним проникненням у самі зерна. Розглянуто модель, який описує кінетику утворення інтерметалевої фази з точкового джерела всередині полікристалічних зерен. Запропоновано відповідну аналітичну методу розв’язування диференційного рівняння такого моделю. Проаналізовано дифузійні режими (параболічний, кубічний, четвертого степеня) для різних масштабів — від нанометрового до мікрометрового та міліметрового. 2018 Article Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth / M.V. Yarmolenko // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2018. — Т. 40, № 9. — С. 1201-1207. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 1024-1809 PACS: 61.72.Cc, 64.75.Op, 66.30.Dn, 66.30.Ny, 66.30.Pa, 68.35.Fx, 68.35.Rh DOI: 10.15407/mfint.40.09.1201 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/151860 en Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
topic Дефекты кристаллической решётки
Дефекты кристаллической решётки
spellingShingle Дефекты кристаллической решётки
Дефекты кристаллической решётки
Yarmolenko, M.V.
Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth
Металлофизика и новейшие технологии
description Analytical method to solve differential diffusion equations describing the growth of the phase wedge during the intermetallic-compound formation with a narrow concentration range of homogeneity in bicrystals is proposed. A model describing the diffusion phase growth from point source inside the polycrystal grains is regarded. Analytical method to solve differential diffusion equations for such a model is suggested. Parabolic, cubic, and fourth power diffusion regimes for different scales from nanometers to micrometers and millimeters are analysed.
format Article
author Yarmolenko, M.V.
author_facet Yarmolenko, M.V.
author_sort Yarmolenko, M.V.
title Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth
title_short Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth
title_full Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth
title_fullStr Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth
title_full_unstemmed Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth
title_sort analytically solvable differential diffusion equations describing the intermediate phase growth
publisher Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
publishDate 2018
topic_facet Дефекты кристаллической решётки
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/151860
citation_txt Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth / M.V. Yarmolenko // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2018. — Т. 40, № 9. — С. 1201-1207. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ.
series Металлофизика и новейшие технологии
work_keys_str_mv AT yarmolenkomv analyticallysolvabledifferentialdiffusionequationsdescribingtheintermediatephasegrowth
first_indexed 2025-07-13T01:42:11Z
last_indexed 2025-07-13T01:42:11Z
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fulltext ДЕФЕКТЫ КРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКОЙ РЕШЁТКИ PACS numbers: 61.72.Cc, 64.75.Op, 66.30.Dn, 66.30.Ny, 66.30.Pa, 68.35.Fx, 68.35.Rh Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth M. V. Yarmolenko Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Cherkasy Branch, Faculty of Market, Information and Innovation Technologies, 241/2 V. Chornovola Str., UA-18028 Cherkasy, Ukraine Analytical method to solve differential diffusion equations describing the growth of the phase wedge during the intermetallic-compound formation with a narrow concentration range of homogeneity in bicrystals is proposed. A model describing the diffusion phase growth from point source inside the polycrystal grains is regarded. Analytical method to solve differential diffu- sion equations for such a model is suggested. Parabolic, cubic, and fourth power diffusion regimes for different scales from nanometers to micrometers and millimeters are analysed. Key words: diffusion, reaction, phase-growth law, intermetallic compounds, grain boundaries. Запропоновано аналітичну методу розв’язування диференційного рів- няння, що описує кінетику утворення інтерметалевої фази вздовж межі між зернами з одночасним проникненням у самі зерна. Розглянуто мо- дель, який описує кінетику утворення інтерметалевої фази з точкового джерела всередині полікристалічних зерен. Запропоновано відповідну аналітичну методу розв’язування диференційного рівняння такого моде- лю. Проаналізовано дифузійні режими (параболічний, кубічний, четвер- того степеня) для різних масштабів — від нанометрового до мікрометро- вого та міліметрового. Ключові слова: дифузія, реакції, закон зростання фази, інтерметалеві сполуки, міжфазні межі. Corresponding author: Mykhaylo Viktorovych Yarmolenko E-mail: yarmolenko.mv@knutd.edu.ua Citation: M. V. Yarmolenko, Analytically Solvable Differential Diffusion Equations Describing the Intermediate Phase Growth, Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol., 40, No. 9: 1201–1207 (2018), DOI: 10.15407/mfint.40.09.1201. Ìåòàëëîôèç. íîâåéøèå òåõíîë. / Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol. 2018, т. 40, № 9, сс. 1201–1207 / DOI: 10.15407/mfint.40.09.1201 Îттиски доступнû непосредственно от издателя Ôотокопирование разрешено только в соответствии с лицензией  2018 ÈÌÔ (Èнститут металлофизики им. Ã. Â. Êурдюмова ÍÀÍ Óкраинû) Íапечатано в Óкраине. 1201 http://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/Interfaces https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.40.09.1201 https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.40.09.1201 1202 M. V. YARMOLENKO Предлагается аналитический метод решения дифференциального урав- нения, которое описûвает кинетику образования интерметаллического соединения вдоль границû между зёрнами с одновременнûм проникнове- нием в сами зёрна. Рассматривается модель, которая описûвает кинетику образования интерметаллического соединения из точечного источника внутри поликристаллических зёрен. Предлагается соответствующий ана- литический метод решения дифференциального уравнения такой модели. Àнализируются диффузионнûе режимû (параболический, кубический, четвёртой степени) для разнûх масштабов — от нанометрового до микро- метрового и миллиметрового. Ключевые слова: диффузия, реакции, закон роста фазû, интерметалли- ческие соединения, межфазнûе границû. (Received March 12, 2018) 1. INTRODUCTION Analytical method of interdiffusion problems was presented in [1]. The researchers analysed concentration profile of Zn in the diffusion re- gion of Zn–Cu alloy (α-brass, solid-state solution, concentration of Zn was less than 30%). This system has several intermediate phases too (β-brass, concentration of Zn is about 50%, γ-brass, concentration of Zn is about 68%, ε-brass, concentration of Zn is about 84%). These phases are formed between α-brass and Zn during diffusion. Approxi- mation of constant diffusion flux along the diffusion direction within the width of each phase is used (so-called constant flux method) for de- scribing the growth kinetics of the phases which was theoretically grounded in [2]. This technique necessitates no allowance for the con- centration dependence of D(C). Deviations from the parabolic law of phase growth in cylindrical and spherical samples were analysed in [3] using this method. This method was applied for describing the growth kinetics of thin γ-brass and ε-brass layers in a cylindrical sample at 400°C (Cu was in the centre of the cylindrical specimens). The γ-brass layer grew slower and the ε-brass layer grew more rapidly than in the planar sample [4]. Model of the growth of an intermediate phase be- tween low-soluble components on diffusion at grain boundaries involv- ing outflow was suggested in [5] and criteria for a transition from the Fisher regime t 1/4 to a parabolic one were established. It was proved in [6] that perpendicular grain boundaries do not influence phase growth kinetics in B-regime. This result allows us to use the well-known model of a polycrystal as a 3D array of grain boundaries to be perpendicular to the interface for describing the phase growth. There were no expla- nations in [5, 6] how one can solve differential diffusion equations be- cause of a very complicated method. The formalism suggested was ex- tended to the case of the growth of a solid-state solution with an expo- ANALYTICALLY SOLVABLE DIFFERENTIAL DIFFUSION EQUATIONS 1203 nential concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient. Analyt- ical solution and Monte Carlo modelling of the Kirkendall effect were suggested in [7]. Grain boundary (GB) diffusion parameters determi- nation using A-kinetics of intermetallic layer formation was proposed in [8]. Experimental data on Cu5Zn8 (γ-brass) diffusion growth kinetics were used for separate determination of the volume diffusion activa- tion enthalpy and the GB activation enthalpy. Alternative models of competition of voiding and Kirkendall shift during compound growth in reactive diffusion were analysed in [9]. One can improve the meth- ods to solve the diffusion equations for the growth of intermediate phase in bicrystals, polycrystals and inside grains. 2. MODELS AND METHODS Model 1. The model of the phase layer growth during the intermetallic compound formation with a narrow concentration range of homogenei- ty, DC1, in bicrystals is based on the following assumptions [5, 6]: 1. An intermediate phase forms at first on the base of the grain boundary; the latter, transforming from the boundary A–A to the boundary 1–1, remains, due to easy influx with a diffusion coefficient Db and having a thickness of δ ≈ 1 nm (i.e., the GB is not overgrown with a new phase and does not bifurcate). 2. Formed phase 1 broadens normally to the GB due to volume diffu- sion with a diffusion coefficient D << Db. 3. At all the points of the formed 1–A phase boundary between the broadening phase 1 and the matrix A the concentration of the compo- nent B is C1 on the side of phase 1 and is zero on the side of phase A (solubility of B in A is ignored). 4. Outflow from the GB is the same at all GB points: 1 1 1 2( ) , ( ,0) . ( , ) ( ,0) C D CC C x x t t x x t y x t C D D∂ D = = = ∂ (1) 5. A flow in the volume of a phase wedge normal to the GB is con- stant along x (a corresponding property is proved in [2]) in a reference system associated with the moving nose of the wedge, y(t). The equation for y(t) has such a form [5, 6]: ( ) ( ) , ( ) dy t A y t B dt y t t = − (2) where 1 1 1 1/ , (1 / ) 2 / .bA D C C B D C C= D = δ D There were no explanations in [5, 6] how equation (2) can be solved as a very complicated method was used. A simpler method can be point- ed out. 1204 M. V. YARMOLENKO Method 1. One can simplify equation (2) by the following way ( ) 2 2 ( ), dz t B A z t dt t = − (3) where 2 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).z t u t v t y t= = One can transform equation (3) into ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 . du t dv t B v t u t v t A dt dt t   + + =    (4) Assumption ( ) 2 ( ) 0 dv t B v t dt t + = leads to ( ) exp( 4 ).v t B t= − Next step gives: 4 4 4 02 ( ) 2 . 4 B t B t B tA A A u t A e dt te e C B BB = = − +∫ (5) General solution of Eq. (3) is as follows: 4 02 ( ) . 4 B tA A A z t t C e B BB −= − + (6) Using initial conditions z(t = 0) = 0 one can obtain finally: 2 ( ) (1 exp( 4 )) 4 A A z t t B t B B = − − − (7) or 2 ( ) (1 exp( 4 )). 4 A A y t t B t B B = − − − (8) Equation (8) shows the Fisher diffusion regime: 2 2 14 1 ( ) 2 bD C y t t DC δ D = (9) for ( ) . 2 2 b bD D y t D D δ < < δ Model 2. A model of the phase layer growth during the intermetallic ANALYTICALLY SOLVABLE DIFFERENTIAL DIFFUSION EQUATIONS 1205 compound formation with a narrow concentration range of homogenei- ty inside grains is based on the following assumptions: 1. An intermediate phase 1 forms inside grains from a point source of substance A that is surrounded by substance B. The point source has a diameter of δ ≈ 1 nm. The dislocations steps can be the point sources in nanometers scale. 2. Dislocation pipe is easy path for A-atoms to go from substance A to the dislocations steps with a diffusion coefficient Dd ≈ Db and a di- ameter of δ ≈ 1 nm. 3. Formed spherical phases 1 broadens in 3D space from the disloca- tions steps due to diffusion with a diffusion coefficient D1 (D < D1 < Dd). Method 2. One can use constant flux method [3] to get differential equation for intermetallic compound growing inside polycrystals grains from a point source and forming small spherical particles (which form the polycrystals [10] and 3-dimensional integrated cir- cuits [11]): 21 1 sph 1 4 ( ) ( ) 4 ( ) , ( ) 2 ( ) 2 R t D C dR t J R t C R t R t dt pδ D δ = = p >> − δ (10) or 2 1 1 1 ( ) ( ) 2 D CdR t R t dt C D = δ , (11) and the solution 1 1 3 1 3 ( ) . 2 D C R t t C D δ = (12) 3. ANALYSIS It was proved in [6] that perpendicular grain boundaries do not influ- ence phase growth kinetics in B-regime. This result allows us to use the well-known model of a polycrystal as a 3D array of grain boundaries to be perpendicular to the interface for describing the phase growth. The growth phase layer law in polycrystals for diffusion time 2 2 1 1 1 3 14 2 8 bD C t D C→ δ > D (13) is parabolic because volume diffusion is more pronounced than GB dif- fusion. Parabolic diffusion regime is valid (in micrometers and millimetres 1206 M. V. YARMOLENKO scales [4]) for y(t) > (Dbδ)/2D [5, 6]: 1 1 2 ( ) . D C y t t C D = (14) Parabolic diffusion regime is valid in nanometres scale and the growth phase layer law is as follows: 1 1 2 ( ) .bD C y t t C D = (15) A comparison of Eqs. (12) and (15) show that 2 3 1 1 1 5 12 3 . 2 bC D t C D→ δ ≈ D (16) One can find: 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 13 4 6 bD C t D C→ δ ≈ D and 2 3 1 1 13 4 . 2 bD y t D→     ≈ δ       (17) 4. SUMMARY The growth law of the phase layer during the intermetallic compound formation with a narrow concentration range of homogeneity is para- bolic for diffusion time 2 3 1 5 1 . 2 bC D t C D δ < D The growth phase layer law inside polycrystals grains is proportion- al to 3 t in about 100 nanometres scale for diffusion time 2 3 2 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 . 2 6 b bC D D C t C D D C δ δ < < D D The growth phase layer law in bicrystals in B-regime is the same as the Fisher solution: the phase wedge is proportional to 4 t for diffusion time: ANALYTICALLY SOLVABLE DIFFERENTIAL DIFFUSION EQUATIONS 1207 δ δ < < D D 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 . 6 8 b bD C D C t D C D C The phase wedges and roughness are smoothed during phase growth [4, 6]. Smoothing rate is the more pronounced, the smaller the rough- ness radius [3]. The growth phase layer law in polycrystals in microme- ters and millimetres scales for diffusion time 2 2 1 3 18 bD C t D C δ > D is parabolic because volume diffusion is more pronounced than GB dif- fusion. REFERENCES 1. H. Cho, K.-M. Yamada, and T. Okino, J. Mod. Phys., 9, No. 2: 130 (2018). 2. K. P. Gurov, A. M. Gusak, and M. V. Yarmolenko, Metallofizika, 10, No. 3: 91 (1988) (in Russian). 3. A. M. Gusak and M. V. Yarmolenko, J. Appl. Phys., 73, No. 10: 4881 (1993). 4. V. V. Bogdanov, A. M. Gusak, L. N. Paritskaya, and M. V. Yarmolenko, Metallofizika, 12, No. 3: 60 (1990) (in Russian). 5. M. V. Yarmolenko, A. M. Gusak, and K. P. Gurov, J. Eng. Phys. Thermophys., 65, Iss. 3: 876 (1993). 6. M. V. Yarmolenko, Defect Diffusion Forum, 143–147: 1567 (1997). 7. M. V. Yarmolenko, Defect Diffusion Forum, 143–147: 509 (1997). 8. M. V. Yarmolenko, Solid State Phenom., 72: 251 (2000). 9. T. V. Zaporozhets, N. V. Storozhuk, and A. M. Gusak, Metallofiz. 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