Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP
Aim. To study frequency and spectrum of chromosome aberrations in the cells of Triticum aestivum L. root meristem under a prolonged effect of radionuclide contamination of water reser-voirs in the near alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP (ChNPP). Methods. The seeds of two soft winter wheat varieties we...
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Інститут молекулярної біології і генетики НАН України
2018
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| Цитувати: | Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP / R.A. Yakymchuk // Вiopolymers and Cell. — 2018. — Т. 34, № 2. — С. 97-106. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1542792019-07-07T12:22:48Z Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP Yakymchuk, R.A. Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics Aim. To study frequency and spectrum of chromosome aberrations in the cells of Triticum aestivum L. root meristem under a prolonged effect of radionuclide contamination of water reser-voirs in the near alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP (ChNPP). Methods. The seeds of two soft winter wheat varieties were treated with samples from water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP. Anatelophase analysis of chromosome aberrations in crushed cytological prepa-rations of apical meristem of primary rootlets was used. Results. Radionuclide contamination of water reservoirs in the near alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP causes an increase in the aberrant cell frequency and mitosis disorders by 1.6-4.2 times. The highest level of cytogenetic activity is typical for radionuclide contamination of reservoir-cooler of ChNPP, Semyhodskyi backwater, drainage-way № 3 of ChNPP and Lake Hlyboke. Their spectrum type is mostly represented by single and paired acentric fragments, bridges and lagging chromosomes. Conclusion. A prolonged effect of ionizing radiation of radionuclide contaminations of water reservoirs of the near alien-ation zone of ChNPP is characterized by a high cytogenetic activity. The correlation between the chromosome aberration level and the scope of specific radionuclide activity of water reservoirs was not found, which may prove the induction of cytogenetic disorders under the radiation effect in the low-rate range. The increased level of aneuploid cells and those with multiple chromosome aberrations confirms a genetic danger for the organisms in water reservoirs even with a low spe-cific activity of radionuclide contamination. Мета. Вивчити частоту та спектр хромосомних аберацій в клітинах кореневої меристеми Triticum aestivum L. за пролонгованої дії радіонуклідних забруднень водойм ближньої зони відчуження Чорнобильської АЕС. Методи. Спосіб впливу водними розчинами мутагенів на насіння і проростки. Ана-телофазний метод аналізу хромосомних аберацій на давлених цитологічних препаратах апікальної меристеми первинних корінців. Результати. Радіонуклі-дне забруднення водойм ближньої зони відчуження ЧАЕС викликає зростання в 1,6-4,2 рази частоти аберантних клітин та порушень мітозу. Найвищий рівень цитогенетичної активності характерний для радіонуклідного забруд-нення водойми-охолоджувача ЧАЕС, Семиходського затону, відвідного каналу № 3 ЧАЕС та оз. Глибоке. Спектр їх типів переважно представлений одиничними і парними ацентричними фрагментами, мостами й відстаючими хромосомами. Висновки. Пролонгована дія іонізуючих випромінювань радіонуклідних забруднень водойм ближ-ньої зони відчуження ЧАЕС характеризується високою цитогенетичною активністю. Залежності між рівнем хро-мосомних аберацій та величиною питомої активності радіонуклідів водойм не виявлено, що може свідчити про індукування цитогенетичних порушень за дії опромінення в діапазоні низьких доз. Підвищений рівень анеуплоїд-них клітин та клітин з множинними хромосомними абераціями свідчить про генетичну небезпеку для організмів навіть водойм з низькою питомою активністю радіонуклідного забруднення. Цель. Изучить частоту и спектр хромосомных аберраций в клетках корневой меристемы Triticum aestivum L. при пролонгированном действии радионуклидных загрязнений водоемов ближней зоны отчуждения Чернобыльской АЭС. Методы. Способ влияния водными растворами мутагенов на семена и проростки. Ана-телофазный метод анализа хромосомных аберраций на давленных цитологических препаратах апикальной меристемы первичных корешков. Результаты. Радионуклидное загрязнение водоемов ближней зоны отчуждения ЧАЭС вызывает возрас-тание в 1,6-4,2 раза частоты аберрантных клеток и нарушений митоза. Самый высокий уровень цитогенетической активности характерный для радионуклидного загрязнения водоема-охладителя ЧАЭС, Семиходской заводи, от-водящего канала № 3 ЧАЭС и оз. Глубокое. Спектр их типов преимущественно представлен единичными и пар-ными ацентрическими фрагментами, мостами и отстающими хромосомами. Выводы. Пролон-ги-ро-ван-ное дейст-вие ионизирующих излучений радионуклидных загрязнений водоемов ближней зоны отчуждения ЧАЭС характе-ризуется высокой цитогенетической активностью. Зависимости между уровнем хромосомных аберраций и значе-нием удельной активности радионуклидов водоемов не выявлено, что может свидетельствовать о индуцировании цитогенетических нарушений при действии облучения в диапазоне низких доз. Повышенный уровень анеуплоид-ных клеток и клеток с множественными хромосомными аберрациями свидетельствует о генетической опасности для организмов даже водоемов с низкой удельной активностью радионуклидного загрязнения. 2018 Article Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP / R.A. Yakymchuk // Вiopolymers and Cell. — 2018. — Т. 34, № 2. — С. 97-106. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. 0233-7657 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.000974 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/154279 575.224.4 : 633.111 en Вiopolymers and Cell Інститут молекулярної біології і генетики НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics |
| spellingShingle |
Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics Yakymchuk, R.A. Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP Вiopolymers and Cell |
| description |
Aim. To study frequency and spectrum of chromosome aberrations in the cells of Triticum aestivum L. root meristem under a prolonged effect of radionuclide contamination of water reser-voirs in the near alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP (ChNPP). Methods. The seeds of two soft winter wheat varieties were treated with samples from water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP. Anatelophase analysis of chromosome aberrations in crushed cytological prepa-rations of apical meristem of primary rootlets was used. Results. Radionuclide contamination of water reservoirs in the near alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP causes an increase in the aberrant cell frequency and mitosis disorders by 1.6-4.2 times. The highest level of cytogenetic activity is typical for radionuclide contamination of reservoir-cooler of ChNPP, Semyhodskyi backwater, drainage-way № 3 of ChNPP and Lake Hlyboke. Their spectrum type is mostly represented by single and paired acentric fragments, bridges and lagging chromosomes. Conclusion. A prolonged effect of ionizing radiation of radionuclide contaminations of water reservoirs of the near alien-ation zone of ChNPP is characterized by a high cytogenetic activity. The correlation between the chromosome aberration level and the scope of specific radionuclide activity of water reservoirs was not found, which may prove the induction of cytogenetic disorders under the radiation effect in the low-rate range. The increased level of aneuploid cells and those with multiple chromosome aberrations confirms a genetic danger for the organisms in water reservoirs even with a low spe-cific activity of radionuclide contamination. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Yakymchuk, R.A. |
| author_facet |
Yakymchuk, R.A. |
| author_sort |
Yakymchuk, R.A. |
| title |
Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP |
| title_short |
Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP |
| title_full |
Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP |
| title_fullStr |
Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP |
| title_sort |
cytogenetic disorders in triticum aestivum l. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of chornobyl npp |
| publisher |
Інститут молекулярної біології і генетики НАН України |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| topic_facet |
Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/154279 |
| citation_txt |
Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected by radionu-clide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP / R.A. Yakymchuk // Вiopolymers and Cell. — 2018. — Т. 34, № 2. — С. 97-106. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
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Вiopolymers and Cell |
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2025-07-14T05:56:00Z |
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| fulltext |
97
R. A. Yakymchuk
© 2018 R. A. Yakymchuk; Published by the Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine on behalf of Bio-
polymers and Cell. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited
UDC 575.224.4 : 633.111
Cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. cells affected
by radionuclide contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation
zone of Chornobyl NPP
R. A. Yakymchuk
Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine
31/17, Vasylkivska, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03022
peoplenature16@gmail.com
Aim. To study frequency and spectrum of chromosome aberrations in the cells of Triticum
aestivum L. root meristem under a prolonged effect of radionuclides from water reservoirs in
the proximal alienation zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant NPP. Methods. The seeds
of two soft winter wheat varieties were treated with samples from water reservoirs in the al-
ienation zone of the Chernobyl NPP. Ana-telophase analysis of chromosome aberrations in
crushed cytological preparations of apical meristem of primary rootlets was carried out.
Results. Radionuclides from water reservoirs in the proximal alienation zone of the Chornobyl
NPP cause an increase in the occurrence of aberrant cells and mitoses by 1.6–4.2 times. The high-
est level of cytogenetic activity is typical for the radionuclides from the reservoir-cooler of the
Chernobyl NPP, Semyhodskyi backwater, drainage N 3 of the NPP and Lake Hlyboke. The ob-
seved aberrations are mostly represented by single and paired acentric fragments, bridges and
lagging chromosomes. Conclusion. A prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation by radionuclides
from the water reservoirs of the proximal alienation zone of the Chernobyl NPP produces leads
to high cytogenetic activity. No correlation between the chromosome aberration level and the
scope of specific radionuclides from water reservoirs was found; this may prove the induction
of cytogenetic disorders under the radiation effect in the low-rate range. The increased level of
aneuploid cells and those with multiple chromosome aberrations confirms genetic сonsequences
for the organisms in water reservoirs even with a low specific activity of radionuclides.
K e y w o r d s: Aberrations, cytogenetic disorders, radionuclide, low-rate radiation.
Introduction
The genetic changes in the organism are among
the most dangerous consequences of radionu-
clide contamination of the environment re-
sulted from the accident at Chornobyl NPP.
They appear in various forms of pathologies,
development and growth delay, intelligence
decrease, shorter life expectancy and death of
an individual [1]. All the time, beginning from
ISSN 1993-6842 (on-line); ISSN 0233-7657 (print)
Biopolymers and Cell. 2018. Vol. 34. N 2. P 97–106
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.000974
98
R. A. Yakymchuk
the accident till present day, mutagenic activ-
ity of low-rate prolonged and chronic radia-
tions and their genetic after-effects in combina-
tion with chemical anthropogenic factors of
the environment have been the most crucial
issue for discussion. Numerous researches of
radionuclide contaminations in the alienation
zone of ChNPP with the use of plant test-ob-
jects enabled the solution of the issue. Most of
them are carried out in the dry land or in lab-
oratories using soil samples [2–4]. However,
insufficient attention is paid to studying the
genetic consequences of radionuclide con-
taminations of superficial waters of Chornobyl
alienation zone, the radio-ecological situation
in which is determined by the quantity of ra-
dioactive substances on the water surface and
a complicated complex of continuous interac-
tions of adjacent environments [5]. Several
hydro-biological studies of the alienation zone
of Chornobyl NNP [6–8] identified a high
level of chromosome aberrations in embry-
onic tissues of fish, shellfish and root meristem
of higher water plants, uncharacteristic patho-
logical branching of reed, abnormal formations
near racemes, fluctuating asymmetries of shell-
fish shucks, abnormalities in reproductive sys-
tems and fish organs, cancer genesis of ani-
mals, reduced resistance to pests and diseases,
increased mortality. Mutations in hydro bion-
ites are mostly induced by chronic effect of
incorporated α- and β-radiated radio nuclides,
which, when located in cell nucleus and DNA-
protein complexes, cause a relatively high
biological effect of internal radiation. The role
of the external γ-radiation share in the forma-
tion of total mutagenicity of water reservoirs
at later dates after the accident at ChNPP re-
quires further studying.
It is a known fact that the most informative
and sensitive markers of mutagen contamina-
tion, in particular a chronic low-rate radiation
impact, are cytogenetic indicators, namely
chromosome aberrations in plant cells [9, 10].
The calculations, based on the studies of ra-
diation after-effects, showed that the probabil-
ity to identify chromosome aberrations is
103–104 times higher than that of the identifi-
cation of individual locus mutation [11], and
the evaluation of a mutative process with the
help of cytogenetic analysis gives the results
which match those, received by the method of
electrophoretic analysis of isoenzymes [12, 13].
The purpose of the work was to study the
frequency and spectrum of chromosome aber-
rations in the root meristem cells of Triticum
aestivum L. affected by prolonged radionuclide
contamination of water reservoirs in the near
alienation zone of Chornobyl NPP.
Materials and Methods
Seeds of two soft winter wheat varieties
(T. aestivum L.) Al’batros odes’kyi and
Zymoiarka were treated with water samples
from the Prypiat River (Chornobyl city), the
Brahinka River (dike N 39), a reservoir-coo ler
of ChNPP (a coastal pump station), Semyhod-
skyi backwater, drainage-way N 3 of ChNPP,
Lakes Hlyboke and Azbuchyn. Specific acti-
vity of 137Cs and 90Sr was 0.17 kBq/m3,
2.53 kBq/m3, 2.1 kBq/m3, 7.76 kBq/m3,
91.99 kBq/m3, 70.08 kBq/m3, 52.99 kBq/m3,
respectively. Water samples from tentatively
clean Holosiivske Lake in Kyiv were taken as
the control, specific activity of 137Cs and 90Sr
in it was 0.02 kBq/м3. Water samples were
taken in 2015 according to the standard tech-
niques [14, 15]. Specific activity of 137Cs and
99
Cytogenetic disorders in T. aestivum L. cells affected by radionuclide contamination in Chornobyl
90Sr in water was measured in state-run spe-
cialized company “Chornobyl specialized
complex” using γ-spectrometric complex and
low-background β-radiometer.
50 seeds per variant of the trial were kept
in the above-mentioned samples for 18 h, then
they were sown in Petri dishes on filtered pa-
per, wetted with the water of the mentioned
samples at temperature 24–26 ºС. Primary
rootlets, 0.8–1.0 cm long, were fixed during
4 h in Clark device which contained 96 %
solution of ethanol and acetic acid in propor-
tion 3:1. Chemical maceration of rootlets was
done during 1 min in 1N solution of hydro-
chloric acid. After maceration, the rootlets
were placed in aceto-orcein solution for 24 h
at 23–25 ºС to analyze chromosome aberra-
tions and disorders of cell mitosis.
For microscopic analysis, the temporary
crushed cytological preparations were made in
accordance with generally accepted tech-
niques [16]. Meristemic zone of rootlets was
studied with the use of microscope “JENAVAL”
(Carl Zeiss Jena) at magnification 900 x. When
determining frequency of chromosome aber-
rations and mitosis disorders, the cells at an
anaphase and an early telophase were taken
into consideration. Sampling for each variant
was at least 1000 cells which were studied in
20 and more primary rootlets. Frequency of
aberrant cells was considered as the percentage
of cells at an anaphase and an early telophase
which had chromosome disorders. When aver-
age number of aberrations per an aberrant cell
(NAperAC) was calculated, the cells from 0,
1, 2 and those with multiple chromosome ab-
errations (“> 2” aberrations) were taken into
account. Statistic processing of experimental
data was carried out according to generally
accepted techniques [17], the variation valid-
ity was estimated by Student’s t-criterion.
Percent shares of chromosome aberrations and
errors are given in the tables.
Results and Discussions
An increase in frequency of chromosome aber-
rations and mitosis disorders by 1.6–4.2 times
was recorded in meristemic cells of primary
rootlets of wheat affected by radiation in water
reservoirs and watercourses in the alienation
zone of ChNPP. The highest level of cytoge-
netic activity is typical for water samples taken
from a reservoir-cooler of ChNPP and
Semyhodskyi backwater. The frequency of chro-
mosome aberrations exceeds the control by
2.8–4.2 times and it is 1.77 ± 0.32 % and
1.90 ± 0.36 % in rootlet meristemic cells of
variety Al’batros odes’kyi and 2.21 ± 0.40 %
and 2.28 ± 0.43 % in variety Zymoiarka
(Table 1). The contamination effect with the
highest specific activity of 137Cs and 90Sr in
drainage-way N 3, Lake Hlyboke and Lake
Azbuchyn on root meristem of wheat rootlets
did not lead to a rapid increase in aberrant cell
frequency. Under the effect of radionuclide con-
tamination of water in drainage-way N 3 and
Lake Hlyboke, the frequency of cells with chro-
mosome aberrations of variety Zymoiarka was
1.96 ± 0.41 % and 1.53 ± 0.38 %, which exceeds
considerably a spontaneous level by 2.8 and 3.6
times, respectively. Statistically reliable fre-
quency increase of cells with chromosome aber-
rations of variety Al’batros odes’kyi, under the
effect of radionuclide contamination of the men-
tioned water reservoirs, was not observed, how-
ever, their level exceeded the control by 1.9 and
2.0 times. An increase in the aberrant cell fre-
quency of varieties Al’batros odes’kyi and
100
R. A. Yakymchuk
Zymoiarka by 1.6 and 2.2 times was recorded
in the conditions of the effect of radionuclide
water contamination of Lake Azbuchyn, when
the statistically reliable variation with spontane-
ous indicators was not observed.
Other researchers recorded a complicated
non-linear dependence of dose-effect in a low-
rate area under chronic radiation in the alien-
ation zones of ChNPP and Easter-Ural radia-
tion areas; and it concerned covering crepis
(Crepis tectorum L.) [18], barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.) of waxy line, brown frogs (Rana
temporaria L.), red voles (Сlethrionomys
glareolus L.) [19], Chinese hamster (Cricetulus
griseus L.), human cells [20]. The lack of cor-
relation between the genetic disorders and
radiation doses is associated, under some con-
ditions of cell damage, with the onset of func-
tioning of inducible reparation and cyto-pro-
tector processes which increase the radio-re-
sistance of cell population [1].
The correlation between the frequency of
chromosome disorders and the scope of spe-
cific activity of 137Cs contamination of water and
soil was found out in other studies. This con-
cerned reed (Phragmites australis L.), lymnaea
(Lymnaea stagnalis L.) [6], pine (Pinus sylves-
tris L.) [13, 21], thin bluegrass (Koeleria graci-
lis L.) [22], biennial goat’s-rue (Oenothe rabien-
nis L.), and they all were affected by chronic
high-dose external and internal ionizing radia-
tion. Accordingly, the real dose load on meristem
cells can exceed by an order the doses calcu-
lated for steady irradiation of plant cells [6, 19].
The levels of cytogenetic disorders under
the effect of radio nuclides in water of the
Prypiat River (Chornobyl city) are
1.06 ± 0.29 % for meristem cells of variety
Al’batros odes’kyi and for variety Zymoiarka –
1.18 ± 0.33 %, exceeding the indicators of
spontaneous chromosome disorders by 1.7 and
2.2 times, respectively. An increase in the
Table 1. The frequency of chromosome aberrations in winter wheat under the effect of radionuclide
contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of ChNPP
Place where samples were taken
Studied
ana-telophases
of mitosis, pcs
Mitosis with
velydisorders
and chromosome
aberrations
Studied
ana-telophases
of mitosis, pcs
Mitosis with disorders
and chromosome
aberrations
pcs % pcs %
Al’batros odes’kyi Zymoiarka
Lake Holosiivske (the control) 1277 8 0.63 ± 0.22 1088 6 0.55 ± 0.22
the Prypiat River, Chornobyl city 1230 13 1.06 ± 0.29 1103 13 1.18 ± 0.33
the Brahinka River, dike N 39 1067 13 1.22 ± 0.34 1317 15 1.14 ± 0.29
a reservoir-cooler of ChNPP 1693 30 1.77 ± 0.32* 1358 30 2.21 ± 0.40*
Semyhodskyi backwater 1473 28 1.90 ± 0.36* 1187 27 2.28 ± 0.43*
drainage-way N 3 ChNPP 1490 19 1.28 ± 0.29 1173 23 1.96 ± 0.41*
Lake Hlyboke 1424 17 1.19 ± 0.29 1049 16 1.53 ± 0.38*
Lake Azbuchyn 1599 16 1.00 ± 0.25 1070 13 1.22 ± 0.34
Note: * variation with the control is statistically reliable at Р < 0.05
101
Cytogenetic disorders in T. aestivum L. cells affected by radionuclide contamination in Chornobyl
frequency of aberrant cells by 1.9 and 2.1 times
(1.22 ± 0.34 % in variety Al’batros odes’kyi
and 1.14 ± 0.29 % in variety Zymoiarka) was
also found in meristem of primary rootlets
which were affected by radionuclide contami-
nation of water in the Brahinka River. The lack
of statistically reliable variation between the
aberrant cell frequency of wheat root meri-
stem, affected by prolonged ionizing radiation
of radionuclide contamination of water reser-
voirs in the alienation zone of ChNPP (Lake
Azbuchyh, the Prypiat River and the Brahinka
River), and the control confirm the fact that
the indicators of cytogenetic activity of some
watercourses and water reservoirs of the alien-
ation zone of ChNPP are closer to a spontane-
ous level. However, an increase in chromo-
some aberration frequency by two times com-
pared with the level of spontaneous cytoge-
netic disorders proves the after-effects of
double-dose irradiation of meristem cells and
mutagenic danger of existing low-rate radio-
nuclide contamination of the mentioned water
reservoirs and watercourses in the near alien-
ation zone of ChNPP.
The control of the correlation of chromo-
some disorders of various types is very impor-
tant when radio ecological studies are carried
out. Under a relatively low stress effect, the
change of mitosis disorder spectrum occurs,
only after which the pathology cases increa-
ses [9]. A spectrum of the chromosome aber-
ration types and mitosis disorders in the condi-
tions of radionuclide contamination of water
reservoirs in the alienation zone of ChNPP is
mostly presented by acentric fragments, brid ges
and lagging chromosomes (Fig. 1A-D). There
is an opinion that the increased level of acentric
fragments is the indicator of prolonged low-rate
radiation. It has been shown that the radiation-
induced in G2-period chromatide breaks de-
velop at the moment of chromatin condensation
and chromatine fiber formation [23]. Bridges
appear as the result of both breach and con-
solidation of broken chromosome ends and
agglutination (chromosome conglutina-
tion) [24]. The level of acentric fragments and
bridges in meristemic cells of variety Al’batros
odes’kyi, caused by radionuclide contamination
of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of
ChNPP, exceeds the control by 1.4–4.4 and
1.2–2.5 times, respectively (Table 2). The larg-
est number of acentric fragments which ex-
ceeded their spontaneous induction by 2.9 and
4.4 times was recorded in the conditions of
radioactive contamination of a reservoir-cool-
er of ChNPP and Semyhodskyi backwater
(Fig. 2). The number of acentric fragments and
bridges in meristemic cells of variety
Zymoiarka, induced by radiation of radionu-
A B C D E
Fig. 1. Types of aberrations and mitosis disorders, induced by radionuclide contamination of water reservoirs of the
near alienation zone of ChNNP: A – singular acentric fragment, B – double acentric fragments, C – bridge, D – ring
chromosome, E – lagging chromosome.
102
R. A. Yakymchuk
clide contamination of water reservoirs in the
alienation zone of ChNPP, increases by 1.4–2.1
and 1.7–16.9 times, respectively. Based on the
level of bridge induction, including double
ones, in the cells of variety Zymoiarka, the
highest mutagenic activity was characteristic
of radioactive contamination of a reservoir-
cooler of ChNPP, drainage-way N 3 of ChNNP,
Lake Azbuchyn and Semyhodskyi backwater.
The connection between the areas with ra-
dioactive contamination and the formation of
double and multiple dicentrics is underlined in
the works of other researchers [25].
Spectrum of chromosome aberration types in
root meristem of wheat under the effect of radio-
nuclide contamination of a reservoir-cooler of
ChNPP and drainage-way N 3 of ChNPP extends
due to the induction of ring chromosomes, which,
together with paired fragments and bridges, are
markers of a radioactive effect (Fig. 1E) [25, 26].
The formation of ring chromosomes is consid-
ered to be connected with the place exchange of
two arms of the same chromosome with conglu-
tination of its proximal ends [26].
Single micrоnuclei, which develop mostly
from acentric fragments and are sensitive
Table 2. Spectrum of chromosome aberration types in winter wheat under the effect of radionuclide
contamination of water reservoirs in the alienation zone of ChNPP
Sampling places
Spectrum of mitosis disorders and chromosome aberrations, %
NAperAC
F B B+F MC LCh RCh
Al’batros odes’kyi
Lake Holosiivske (the control) 50.0 37.5 0.00 0.0 12.5 0.0 1.00
the Prypiat River, Chornobyl city 53.8 23.1 0.00 0.0 23.1 0.0 1.23
the Brahinka River, dike N 39 53.8 23.1 7.7 0.0 15.4 0.0 1.15
a reservoir-cooler of ChNPP 50.0 30.0 0.0 3.3 13.4 3.3 1.20*
Semyhodskyi backwater 71.4* 14.3 3.6 3.6 7.1 0.0 1.32*
drainage-way N 3 ChNPP 42.1 47.3 5.3 5.3 0.0 0.0 1.21*
Lake Hlyboke 35.3 23.5 0.0 11.8 29.4 0.0 1.12
Lake Azbuchyn 50.0 31.2 0.0 0.0 18.8 0.0 1.19
Zymoiarka
Lake Holosiivske (the control) 83.3 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.17
the Prypiat River, Chornobyl city 53.8 38.5 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 1.31
the Brahinka River, dike N 39 60.0 13.3 0.0 0.0 26.7* 0.0 1.13
a reservoir-cooler of ChNPP 43.3 46.7* 0.0 3.3 6.7 0.0 1.13
Semyhodskyi backwater 33.3 66.7* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.11
drainage-way N 3 ChNPP 43.5 34.8* 4.3 0.0 13.1 4.3 1.09
Lake Hlyboke 62.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 25.0* 0.0 1.31
Lake Azbuchyn 38.5 53.8* 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 1.15
Note: F – acentric fragments, B – bridges, F+B – acentric fragments and bridges, МC – micrоnuclei, LCh – lagging
chromosomes, RCh – ring chromosomes;
* variation with the control is statistically reliable at Р < 0.05
103
Cytogenetic disorders in T. aestivum L. cells affected by radionuclide contamination in Chornobyl
markers of the environment mutagenicity, oc-
cur in spectrum of cytogenetic disorders, in-
duced by radioactive contamination of a res-
ervoir-cooler of ChNPP, drainage-way N 3 of
ChNPP and Semyhodskyi backwater [27].
The chromosome non-disjunction is of spe-
cial interest, as the process consists of initial
damages of spindle protein of cell division
rather than DNA. The highest share of aneu-
ploid cells – 29.4 % – was recorded in variety
Al’batros odes’kyi under the effect of radio-
nuclide contamination of water in Lake
Hlyboke, and 25.0 % and 26.7 % – in variety
Zymoiarka under the effect of radionuclide
contamination of water in Lake Hlyboke and
the Brahinka River, respectively. A consider-
able share of cytogenetic disorders – 23.1 % –
belongs to lagging chromosomes in meristem
cells of variety Al’batros odes’kyi which were
affected by water mutagens of the Prypiat
River. According to the data of some au-
thors [28], the revealed type of chromosome
apparatus disorder occurs rarely in the popula-
tions, not affected by mutagen factors, which
confirms that the disorders of cell division
processes resulted from chromosome non-
disjunction when the spindle division is
blocked. Minor frequency of cells with lagging
chromosomes, induced by the contamination
of other water reservoirs in the alienation zone
of ChNPP, allows assuming a low content of
aneugenes in them – substances, which influ-
ence the cell division apparatus, and increase
a content of clastogenes – substances, which
affect chromosomes directly.
The indicator NAperAC is not in direct
correlation with the aberrant cell frequency
and it is a different quantitative feature of
cytogenetic activity of radioactive environ-
mental contamination [29]. It has been estab-
lished that NAperAC is the highest for variety
Al’batros odes’kyi under the effect of water
contamination of Semyhodskyi backwater
(1.32), the Prypiat River (1.23), reservoir-
cooler of ChNPP (1.20) and drainage-way N 3
of ChNPP (1.21), and for variety Zymoiarka –
Fig. 2. Induction of acentric frag-
ments and bridges with radionuclide
contamination of water reservoirs in
the near alienation zone of ChNPP:
1 – Lake Holosiivske (the control);
2 – the Prypiat River, Chornobyl
city; 3 – the Brahinka River, dike
N 39; 4 – a reservoir-cooler of
ChNPP; 5 – Semyhodskyi backwa-
ter; 6 – drainage-way N 3 of ChNPP;
7 – Lake Hlyboke; 8 – Lake Azbu-
chyn.
104
R. A. Yakymchuk
under the effect of water contamination of the
Prypiat River and Lake Hlyboke (1.31). Hence,
natural water reservoirs of the alienation zone
of ChNNP, the radionuclide contamination
level of which is characterized by high cyto-
genetic activity, induce, with high frequency,
the cells with complex chromosome recon-
structions, which is considered to be a spe-
cific biological effect of ionizing radiation.
Despite low frequency of the cells with chro-
mosome aberrations, the activity of radionuc-
lides in water of the Prypiat River causes an
increase of the cells with multiple aberrations
in meristem of wheat rootlets.
Conclusions
A prolonged effect of ionizing radiation of
radionuclide contamination of water reservoirs
of the near alienation zone of ChNPP is char-
acterized by a high cytogenetic activity, which
exceeds a spontaneous level by 1.6–4.2 times.
Based on the indicators of aberrant cell fre-
quency, spectrum of chromosome aberration
types and the number of aberrations per an
aberrant cell, it is the highest for radionuclide
contamination of the reservoir-cooler of
ChNPP, Semyhodskyi backwater, drainage-
way N 3 of ChNPP and Lake Hlyboke. The
correlation between the level of chromosome
aberrations and the scope of specific activity
of radionuclides in water reservoirs was not
observed, which can prove the induction of
cytogenetic disorders in root meristem cells of
wheat affected by low-rate radiation. Despite
slight variation between spontaneous frequen-
cy of aberrant cells, induced by radionuclide
contamination, the increased level of aneuploid
cells and those with multiple chromosome
aberrations confirms genetic danger for the
organisms in the Prypiat River near Chornobyl
city and Brahinka River. Taking into account
high mutagenic efficiency of chronic low-rate
radiation, the current radionuclide contamina-
tion of water reservoirs in the near alienation
zone of ChNPP presents a serious genetic
threat for the organisms.
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Цитогенетичні порушення в клітинах Triticum
aestivum L. за дії радіонуклідних забруднень
водойм зони відчуження Чорнобильської АЕС
Р. А. Якимчук
Мета. Вивчити частоту та спектр хромосомних аберацій
в клітинах кореневої меристеми Triticum aestivum L. за
пролонгованої дії радіонуклідного забруднення водойм
ближньої зони відчуження Чорнобильської АЕС.
Методи. Вплив водними розчинами мутагенів на на-
106
R. A. Yakymchuk
сіння й проростки рослин. Ана-телофазний метод ана-
лізу хромосомних аберацій на давлених цитологічних
препаратах апікальної меристеми первинних корінців.
Результати. Радіонуклідне забруднення водойм ближ-
ньої зони відчуження ЧАЕС викликає зростання в
1,6–4,2 рази частоту аберантних клітин та порушень
мітозу. Найвищий рівень цитогенетичної активності
характерний для радіонуклідного забруднення водойми-
охолоджувача ЧАЕС, Семиходського затону, відвідного
каналу № 3 ЧАЕС та озера Глибоке. Спектр типів пред-
ставлений переважно одиничними та парними ацен-
тричними фрагментами, мостами й відстаючими хро-
мосомами. Висновки. Пролонгована дія іонізуючого
випромінювання радіонуклідних забруднень водойм
ближньої зони відчуження ЧАЕС характеризується ви-
сокою цитогенетичною активністю. Залежності між
рівнем хромосомних аберацій та величиною питомої
активності радіонуклідів водойм не виявлено, що може
свідчити про індукування цитогенетичних порушень
опроміненням в діапазоні низьких доз. Підвищений
рівень анеуплоїдних клітин та клітин з множинними
хромосомними абераціями свідчить про генетичну не-
безпеку для організмів водойм навіть з низькою пито-
мою активністю радіонуклідного забруднення.
К л юч ов і с л ов а: аберації, цитогенетичні порушен-
ня, радіонукліди, низькодозове опромінення.
Цитогенетические нарушения в клетках
Triticumaestivum L. при действии
радионуклидных загрязнений водоемов зоны
отчуждения Чернобыльской АЭС
Р. А. Якимчук
Цель. Изучить частоту и спектр хромосомных абер-
раций в клетках корневой меристемы Triticum
aestivum L. при пролонгированном действии радиону-
клидного загрязнения водоемов ближней зоны отчуж-
дения Чернобыльской АЭС. Методы. Влияние водны-
ми растворами мутагенов на семена и проростки рас-
тений. Ана-телофазный метод анализа хромосомных
аберраций на давленных цитологических препаратах
апикальной меристемы первичных корешков.
Результаты. Радионуклидное загрязнение водоемов
ближней зоны отчуждения ЧАЭС вызывает возраста-
ние в 1,6–4,2 раза частоту аберрантных клеток и нару-
шений митоза. Самый высокий уровень цитогенети-
ческой активности характерный для радионуклидного
загрязнения водоема-охладителя ЧАЭС, Семиходской
заводи, отводящего канала № 3 ЧАЭС и озера Глубокое.
Спектр типов преимущественно представлен единич-
ными и парными ацентрическими фрагментами, мо-
стами и отстающими хромосомами. Выводы. Пролон-
ги рованное действие ионизирующих излучений ради-
онуклидных загрязнений водоемов ближней зоны
отчуждения ЧАЭС характеризуется высокой цитоге-
нетической активностью. Зависимости между уровнем
хромосомных аберраций и значением удельной актив-
ности радионуклидов водоемов не выявлено, что мо-
жет свидетельствовать о индуцировании цитогенети-
ческих нарушений облучением в диапазоне низких
доз. Повышенный уровень анеуплоидных клеток и
клеток с множественными хромосомными аберраци-
ями свидетельствует о генетической опасности для
организмов водоемов даже с низкой удельной актив-
ностью радионуклидного загрязнения.
К л юч е в ы е с л ов а: аберрации, цитогенетические
нарушения, радионуклиды, низкодозовое облучение.
Received 03.09.2017
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