Representations of nodal algebras of type E
We define representation types of nodal algebras of type E.
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Цитувати: | Representations of nodal algebras of type E / Y.A. Drozd, N.S. Golovashchuk, V.V. Zembyk // Algebra and Discrete Mathematics. — 2017. — Vol. 23, № 1. — С. 16-34. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1559282019-06-18T01:29:20Z Representations of nodal algebras of type E Drozd, Y.A. Golovashchuk, N.S. Zembyk, V.V. We define representation types of nodal algebras of type E. 2017 Article Representations of nodal algebras of type E / Y.A. Drozd, N.S. Golovashchuk, V.V. Zembyk // Algebra and Discrete Mathematics. — 2017. — Vol. 23, № 1. — С. 16-34. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1726-3255 2010 MSC:16G60, 16G10, 16G20. http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/155928 en Algebra and Discrete Mathematics Інститут прикладної математики і механіки НАН України |
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We define representation types of nodal algebras of type E. |
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Drozd, Y.A. Golovashchuk, N.S. Zembyk, V.V. |
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Drozd, Y.A. Golovashchuk, N.S. Zembyk, V.V. Representations of nodal algebras of type E Algebra and Discrete Mathematics |
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Drozd, Y.A. Golovashchuk, N.S. Zembyk, V.V. |
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Drozd, Y.A. |
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Representations of nodal algebras of type E |
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Representations of nodal algebras of type E |
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Representations of nodal algebras of type E |
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Representations of nodal algebras of type E |
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Representations of nodal algebras of type E |
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representations of nodal algebras of type e |
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Інститут прикладної математики і механіки НАН України |
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2017 |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/155928 |
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Representations of nodal algebras of type E / Y.A. Drozd, N.S. Golovashchuk, V.V. Zembyk // Algebra and Discrete Mathematics. — 2017. — Vol. 23, № 1. — С. 16-34. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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Algebra and Discrete Mathematics |
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AT drozdya representationsofnodalalgebrasoftypee AT golovashchukns representationsofnodalalgebrasoftypee AT zembykvv representationsofnodalalgebrasoftypee |
first_indexed |
2025-07-14T08:08:17Z |
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2025-07-14T08:08:17Z |
_version_ |
1837608990603739136 |
fulltext |
Algebra and Discrete Mathematics RESEARCH ARTICLE
Volume 23 (2017). Number 1, pp. 16–34
c© Journal “Algebra and Discrete Mathematics”
Representations of nodal algebras of type E
Yuriy A. Drozd, Natalia S. Golovashchuk
and Vasyl V. Zembyk
Abstract. We define representation types of nodal algebras
of type E.
Introduction
Finite dimesional nodal algebras were introduced in [7] as finite dime-
sional analogues of nodal orders considered in [2, 4]. In this paper and in
papers [8, 12] their represention types (finite, tame or wild) were studied.
Unfortunately, as the second author noticed, some results of [12] were
incorrect. In this paper we improve them using the technique of coverings
from the papers [3, 6] and a lemma on representations of quivers with
relations which seems to be of independent interest. Namely, in each
considered case we construct a Galois covering à of the algebra A (in
the sence of [3, 6]) with Galois group Z. Then, according to [6], A and
à are of the same representation type. In most cases Lemma 2 reduces
the description of representations of à to those of some quiver, which
gives the answer. Moreover, this Lemma implies that the supports of
indecomposable representations of à are bounded. Hence, according to [3],
in finite or tame case all representations of A are just the natural images
of those of Ã. Therefore, in these cases we also obtain a description of all
representations of A.
2010 MSC: 16G60, 16G10, 16G20.
Key words and phrases: nodal algebras, representation type, quivers.
Yu. Drozd, N. Golovashchuk, V. Zembyk 17
1. Definitions and results
We consider finite dimensional algebras over an algebraically closed
field k. Recall the definition of nodal algebras [7].
Definition 1. An algebra A is called nodal if there is a hereditary
algebra H such that
1) H ⊃ A ⊃ rad H = rad A
2) lengthA(H ⊗A U) 6 2 for any simple left A-module U .
We say that the nodal algebra A is related to the hereditary algebra H.
As any finite dimensional algebra is Morita equivalent to its basic alge-
bra [1,5] and, moreover, an algebra is nodal if and only if its basic algebra
is nodal, we only consider basic algebras A, i.e. such that A/radA ≃ k
m
for some m. We present such algebras by quivers with relations as in [1,5].
A basic nodal algebra can be obtained from
We say that a nodal algebra A is of type E if it is related to a hereditary
algebra which is Morita equivalent to the path algebra H of a Dynkin
quiver of type E or of a Euclidean quiver of type Ẽ. If A is basic, it can be
obtained from H by a sequence of glueing and blowing up vertices [7, 11].
Recall that glueing vertices i and j is said to be inessential if one of these
vertices is a sink, while the other is a source. It is known that inessential
glueing does not imply representation type [7].
We use the following numeration of the vertices and arrows of quivers
of types E and Ẽ (independently of their orientations):
E6 : 4
1
α
2
β
3
γ
5
δ ε
6
E7 : 4
1
α
2
β
3
γ
5
δ ε
6
ξ
7
E8 : 4
1
α
2
β
3
γ
5
δ ε
6
ξ
7
η
8
18 Nodal algebras
Ẽ6 : 6′
4
θ
1
α
2
β
3
γ
5
δ ε
6
Ẽ7 : 4
7′ σ
1
α
2
β
3
γ
5
δ ε
6
ξ
7
Ẽ8 : 4
1
α
2
β
3
γ
5
δ ε
6
ξ
7
η
8
µ
8′
The following theorems describe representations types of nodal al-
gebras of type E. If the orientaions of arrows are not prescribed on the
pictures, they are arbitrary and do not imply the reprsentations type.
Theorem 1.1. Let a nodal algebgra A be isomorphic or anti-isomorphic
to an algebra obtained from a quiver of type E with one of the following
operations and some inessential glueings:
1) glueing verices 1 and 3 in the quiver E6 of the form
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
OO
5
δoo ε
6
or
4
γ
��
1
α // 2
β // 3
δ // 5
ε
6
2) glueing vertices 1 and 5 in the quiver E6 of the form
4
1
α // 2
β
3
γ
δ // 5
ε // 6
Yu. Drozd, N. Golovashchuk, V. Zembyk 19
3) glueing vertices 2 and 6 in the quiver E6 of the form
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
5
δ ε // 6
4) glueing vertices 2 and 7 in the quiver E7 of the form
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
5
δ ε
6
ξ // 7
5) glueing vertices 3 and 7 in the quiver E7 of the form
4
γ
��
1
α
2 3
βoo δ // 5
ε
6
ξ // 7
Then A is reresentation finite.
Theorem 1.2. Let a nodal algebgra A be isomorphic or anti-isomorphic
to an algebra obtained from a quiver of type E with one of the following
operations and some inessential glueings:
1) glueing vertices 1 and 3 in the quiver E7 of the form
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
OO
5
δoo ε
6
ξ
7
2) glueing vertices 1 and 6 in the quiver E7 of the form
4
1
α // 2
β
3
γ
δ
5
ε // 6
ξ // 7
3) glueing vertices 2 and 4 in the quiver E6 of the form
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
OO
5
δ ε
6
20 Nodal algebras
4) glueing vertices 2 and 5 in the quiver E6 of the form
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
δ // 5
ε // 6
5) glueing vertices 2 and 8 in the quiver E8 of the form
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
5
δ ε
6
ξ
7
η // 8
6) glueing vertices 3 and 7 in the quiver E7 of the form
4
1
α
2
β // 3
γ
OO
δ // 5
ε
6
ξ // 7
7) glueing vertices 3 and 8 in the quiver E8 of the form
4
γ
��
1
α
2 3
βoo δ // 5
ε
6
ξ
7
η // 8
Then A is tame (of infinite representation type).
Theorem 1.3. If a nodal algebra A of type E is neither isomorphic nor
anti-isomorphic to an algebra occuring in Theorems 1.1 or 1.2, it is wild.
2. Main lemma
The proof of the theorems from Section 1 is substantially based upon
the following result.
Lemma 2. Let the quiver Γ of an algebra A be a union of three parts
Γ+, Γ− and L such that:
1) Every intersection Γ+ ∩ Γ−, Γ+ ∩ L and Γ− ∩ L consists of a unique
vertex o which is a sink in the quiver Γ+ and the source in the
quiver Γ−.
Yu. Drozd, N. Golovashchuk, V. Zembyk 21
2) L is a chain (a quiver of type Ak) and has at most one arrow starting
at o and at most one arrow ending at o (for instance, o is a source
or a sink in L).
3) If α is an arrow of Γ+ ending at o and β is an arrow of Γ− starting
at o, then βα = 0 in A.
4) If λ+ is an arrow of L ending at o and λ− is an arrow of L starting
at o, then λ−λ+ = 0 in A.
If M be an indecomposable representation of A, then either M(α) = 0 for
every arrow α from Γ+ ending at o or M(β) = 0 for every arrow β from
Γ− starting at o.
Proof. Note that L is of the shape
a · · · o+
λ+ // o
λ
− // o− · · · b
Let M(o) = M1 ⊕ M0, where M1 =
∑
α Im α, where α runs through all
arrows of Γ+ ending at o. Then β(M1) = 0 for all arrows β of Γ− starting
at o. With respect to this decomposition λ+ =
(
λ1
+
λ0
+
)
and λ− = ( λ1
−
λ0
−
)
so that λ1
−
λ1
+ + λ0
−
λ0
+ = 0. If we decompose the restrictions of M onto
the parts of L between a and o+ and between o− and b, the columns of
λ+ and the rows of λ− split onto several blocks:
λ+ = λ− =
The number of columns in λ+ and the number of rows in λ− equal
the lengths of the corresponding parts of L. The horizontal subdivision
of λ+ and the vertical subdivision of λ− correspond, as above, to the
decomposition M(o) = M1 ⊕ M0. As one can replace any vector v from a
basis of M0 by v + u, where u ∈ M1, one can replace any row (say, i-th)
from the upper part of λ+ by a sum of this row and a multiple of some
row (say, j-th) from the lower part. Doing it, one also has to subtract the
same multiple of the i-th column of the matrix λ− from its j-th column.
Moreover, one can arrange the columns of λ+ (and the rows of λ−) so
that one can add a multiple of any column from a vertical block to any
column of the block which is on the right (respectively, add a multiple of
any row from a horizontal block to any row from a block below). Using
these transformations and the condition λ−λ+ = 0, one can decompose
22 Nodal algebras
M1 = M11 ⊕ M10 and M0 = M01 ⊕ M11 so that the matrices λ+ and λ−
become of the form:
λ+ =
λ11
+
0
λ01
+
0
λ− =
(
0 λ10
−
| 0 λ00
−
)
,
where the subdivision of the rows of λ+ is the same as the subdivision
of the columns of λ− and the first two rows (columns) are from λ1
+
(respectively, from λ1
−
), while the other two are from λ0
+ (respectively,
from λ0
−
). Evidently, if M is indecomposable, at most one of the spaces
Mij can be non-zero. It implies the claim of the lemma.
3. Proofs
We prove Theorems 1.1–1.3 simultaneously, considering all sorts of
glueing vertices in quivers of types E and Ẽ. One can easily see that any
blowing up vertices in these quivers gives a wild algebra.
Recall that a Galois covering [3, 6] of an algebra A given by a quiver
with relations (Q, R) consists of an algebra à given by a quiver with
relations (Q̃, R̃), a homomorphism of algebras à → A given by a homo-
morphism of quivers φ : Q̃ → Q preserving relations and a free action of
a group G (the Galois group of this covering) on the quiver Q̃ such that
the preimages of vertices and arrows of the quiver Q under the map φ
coincide with the orbits of this action. For any representation M of the
algebra à one can consider the induced representation φ∗M = A ⊗à M
of the algebra the A. The Galois group G also acts on the category of
representations of à and φ∗M ≃ φ∗N if and only if N ≃ Mg for some
g ∈ G. Note that usually the algebra à is infinite dimensional and the
quiver Q̃ is infinite. They say that à is representation support bounded if
there is a number C such that #{v ∈ Ver Q̃ | M(v) 6= 0} 6 C for every
finite dimensional representation M of the algebra Ã.
Recall the main results about representation types of Galois coverings
from [3,6].
Theorem 3.1. Let à is a Galois covering of an algebra A with Galois
group G
1) If à is representation finite, so is A and vice versa. Moreover, in
this case every indecomposable representation of A is isomorphic to
φ∗M for some indecomposable representation M of Ã.
Yu. Drozd, N. Golovashchuk, V. Zembyk 23
2) Let the group G be torsion free. If à is tame, so is A and vice versa.
Moreover, if à is tame and representation support bounded, every
indecomposable finite dimensional representation of A is isomorphic
to φ∗M for some indecomposable representation M of Ã.
We only consider several typical cases of glueings including one which
seems the most complicated. All other cases are similar (as a rule, simpler).
Case 1. Glueing vertices 1 and 3.
We can suppose that the arrow α starts at the vertex 1. Depending
on the orientation, we have several possibilities of essential glueings which
do not give an algebra that is evidently wild. They are (for E6):
1.1.
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
OO
5
δoo ε
6
Then A is given by the quiver with relations
4
2
β
66 3
α
vv
γ
OO
5
δoo ε
6 αβ = 0, αδ = 0.
There is a Galois covering à of A with Galois group Z given by the quiver
4
2
β // 3
α
��
γ
OO
5
δoo ε
6
4
2
β // 3
α
��
γ
OO
5
δoo ε
6
4
2
β // 3
γ
OO
5
δoo ε
6
24 Nodal algebras
with the same relations αβ = 0, αδ = 0 for all α, β, δ. Here and later on
we denote vertices and arrows of Q̃ by the same letters as their images in
Q and suppose that the described quiver repeats infinitely up and down.
Using Lemma 2 in two subsequent vertices 3, we can make zero the
arrows β, δ, then α. We obtain the quiver of type E7 which is representation
finite. Hence, Ã is representation finite and so is A.
The same observations for the quiver E7 leads to a quiver of type
Ẽ7 which is tame. Moreover, they show that à is representation support
bounded.
In case of the quiver Ẽ6, Q̃ has a wild subquiver without relations
•
•
• • • • • •
Therefore, in this case à and A are wild. The same is the case of other
Dynkin and Euclidean quivers.
1.2.
4
γ
��
1
α // 2
β // 3
δ // 5
ε
6
Then A is given by the quiver with relations
4
γ
��
2
β
66 3
α
vv δ // 5
ε
6 αβ = 0, αγ = 0.
Yu. Drozd, N. Golovashchuk, V. Zembyk 25
There is a Galois covering à of A with Galois group Z given by the quiver
4
γ
��
2
β // 3
δ //
α
��
5
ε
6
4
γ
��
2
β // 3
δ //
α
��
5
ε
6
4
γ
��
2
β // 3
δ // 5
ε
6
with relations αβ = 0, αγ = 0.
Using Lemma 2 in two subsequent vertices 3, we can make zero the
arrows β, γ, then α. We obtain the quiver of type E8 which is representation
finite. Hence, Ã is representation finite and so is A.
In case of the quiver E7 we obtain, as a subquiber of Q̃ the wild quiver
without relations.
•
• • • • • • • • •
Therefore, in this case à and A are wild. The same is the case of other
Dynkin and Euclidean quivers.
1.3.
4
γ
��
1
α // 2 3
βoo δ // 5
ε
6
Then A is given by the quiver with relations
4
γ
��
2 3
β
hh
α
vv δ // 5
ε
6 αγ = 0, αδ = 0.
26 Nodal algebras
There is a Galois covering à of A with Galois group Z given by the quiver
4
γ
��
2 3
βoo
α
��
5
δoo ε
6
4
γ
��
2 3
βoo
α
��
5
δoo ε
6
4
γ
��
2 3
α
��
βoo 5
δoo ε
6
2
with relations αγ = 0, αδ = 0. It contiains a wild subquiver without
relations
•
• • • • · · · • •
with arbitrary long branch to the right.
1.4.
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
OO
δ // 5
ε
6
Then A is given by the quiver with relations
4
2
β
66 3
α
vv
γ
OO
δ // 5
ε
6 αβ = 0.
Yu. Drozd, N. Golovashchuk, V. Zembyk 27
One esaily sees that Q̃ also has a wild subquiver without relations, so Ã
and A are wild. All the more so they are in other Dynkin and Euclidean
cases.
Thus we see that all cases of glueing vertices 1 and 3 which are
representation finite or tame are listed in Theorems 1.1 and 1.2, while all
other cases give wild algebras, as claimed in Theorem 1.3. One can also
easily verify that any additional essential glueing leads to a wild algebra.
Case 2. Glueing vertices 2 and 5.
If both arrows α and β end at the vertex 2 and the glueing is essential,
it gives an algebra which is evidently wild. So we can suppose that they
have the orientation 1
α // 2
β // 3 . Then there are two possibilities
of essential glueings which do not give an algebra that is evidently wild.
They are (for E6):
2.1. (Perhaps, the most complicated case.)
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
δ // 5
ε // 6
Then A is given by the quiver with relations
6 4
1
α // 2
ε
OO
β
((
3
γ
δ
hh εα = 0, βδ = 0.
28 Nodal algebras
There is a Galois covering à of A with Galois group Z given by the quiver
6 4
1
α // 2
ε
OO
β // 3
γ
6 4
1
α // 2
ε
OO
β // 3
δ
WW
γ
6 4
1
α // 2
ε
OO
β // 3
δ
WW
γ
with relations εα = 0, βδ = 0.
Using Lemma 2 in two subsequent vertices 2, we can make zero the
arrow β, then δ. It gives the quiver
• • •
•
ε
__
•
βoo
γ
δ // •
ε
??
•
α
??
•
α
__
with relations εα = 0. If we reduce the matrices corresponding to α, ε
and γ, the rows of the matrices corresponding to β and δ subdivide into 3
parts and their columns subdivide into 2 parts. Moreover, one can make
elementary transformations in every horizontal stripe (independently)
and in every vertical stripe simultaneously in β and δ. Moreover, one
can also add columns and rows from one part tp those of another part
according to the following picture:
β :
δ :
//
��
��
Yu. Drozd, N. Golovashchuk, V. Zembyk 29
It is the problem of representations of a pair of posets (2) and (3, 3)
in the sense of [9, 10], which is tame. Therefore, Ã and A are tame and Ã
is representation support bounded.
If we start with the quiver Ẽ6, we obtain in the same way representation
of the pair of posets (3) and (3, 3), which is a wild problem. Hence Ã
and A are wild. Analogously, in all other Dynkin and Euclidean cases we
obtain wild algebras.
2.2.
4
1
α // 2
β // 3
γ
δ // 5 6
εoo
Then A is given by the quiver with relations
6
ε
��
4
1
α // 2
β
((
3
γ
δ
hh βε = 0, βδ = 0.
There is a Galois covering à of A with Galois group Z given by the quiver
6
ε
��
4
1
α // 2
β
��
3
δoo
γ
6
ε
��
4
1
α // 2
β
��
3
δoo
γ
6
ε
��
4
1
α // 2 3
δoo
γ
30 Nodal algebras
with relations βε = 0, βδ = 0. It contains a wild subquiver without
relations
• •
• • • • •
Hence à and A are wild. All the more, it is so for all other Dynkin and
Euclidean quivers.
Thus, the only case when glueing 2 and 5 is not wild is case 4 from
Theorem 1.2 and all other cases are wild. One can also easily verify that
any additional essential glueing leads to a wild algebra.
Case 3. Glueing vertices 3 and 7.
We consider the quiver E7 and suppose that the arrow ξ ends at 7.
There are the following variants of essential glueing which do not give an
algebra that is evidently wild:
3.1.
4
γ
��
1
α
2 3
βoo δ // 5 6
ε ξ // 7
Then A is given by the quiver with relations
4
γ
��
1
α
2 3
βoo δ // 5 6
ε
ξ
hh βξ = 0, δξ = 0.
Yu. Drozd, N. Golovashchuk, V. Zembyk 31
There is a Galois covering à of A with Galois group Z given by the quiver
4
γ
��
1
α
2 3
βoo δ // 5 6
ε
4
γ
��
1
α
2 3
βoo δ // 5 6
ε
ξ
^^
4
γ
��
1
α
2 3
βoo δ // 5 6
ε
ξ
^^
with relations βξ = 0, δξ = 0.
Using Lemma 2 in two subsequent vertices 3, we can make zero the
arrows β, δ, then ξ. We obtain the quiver of type E8 which is representation
finite. Hence, Ã is representation finite and so is A. One easily sees that
for all other Dynkin and Euclidean quivers the same consideration gives
a wild quiver.
3.2.
4
1
α
2
β // 3
γ
OO
δ // 5 6
ε ξ // 7
Then A is given by the quiver with relations
4
1
α
2
β // 3
γ
OO
δ // 5 6
ε
ξ
hh γξ = 0, δξ = 0.
32 Nodal algebras
There is a Galois covering à of A with Galois group Z given by the quiver
4
1
α
2
β // 3
γ
OO
δ // 5 6
ε
4
1
α
2
β // 3
γ
OO
δ // 5 6
ε
ξ
^^
4
1
α
2
β // 3
γ
OO
δ // 5 6
ε
ξ
^^
with relations γξ = 0, δξ = 0.
Using Lemma 2 in two subsequent vertices 3, we can make zero the
arrows γ, δ, then ξ. We obtain the quiver of type Ẽ8 which is tame. Hence,
à is tame and so is A. Moreover, à is representation support bounded.
One easily sees that for all other Dynkin and Euclidean quivers the same
consideration gives a wild quiver.
3.3.
4
1
α
2 3
βoo
γ
OO
5
δoo 6
ε ξ // 7
Then A is given by the quiver with relations
4
1
α
2 3
βoo
γ
OO
5
δoo 6
ε
ξ
hh βξ = 0, γξ = 0.
Yu. Drozd, N. Golovashchuk, V. Zembyk 33
There is a Galois covering à of A with Galois group Z given by the quiver
4
1
α
2 3
βoo
γ
OO
5
δoo 6
ε
4
1
α
2 3
βoo
γ
OO
5
δoo 6
ε
ξ
^^
4
1
α
2 3
βoo
γ
OO
5
δoo 6
ε
ξ
^^
with relations βξ = 0, γξ = 0. It contiains a wild subquiver without
relations
•
• • • • · · · • •
with arbitrary long branch to the right. Hence the algebras à and A are
wild. The same is if we start from another Dynkin or Euclidean quiver.
Thus we see that all cases of glueing vertices 3 and 7 which are
representation finite or tame are listed in Theorems 1.1 and 1.2, while all
other cases give wild algebras, as claimed in Theorem 1.3. One can also
easily verify that any additional essential glueing leads to a wild algebra.
Just in the same way we check all other cases of gluing, which accom-
plishes the proof of Theorems 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3.
References
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34 Nodal algebras
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Contact information
Yu. Drozd,
V. Zembyk
Institute of Mathematics of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Tereschenkivska 3, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-Mail(s): y.a.drozd@gmail.com,
drozd@imath.kiev.ua,
vaszem@rambler.ru
Web-page(s): www.imath.kiev.ua/∼drozd
N. Golovashchuk Department of Mathematics, Kyiv National
Taras Shevchenko University, Prosp. Acad.
Glushkov 4e, Kyiv 03127, Ukraine
E-Mail(s): golova@univ.kiev.ua
Received by the editors: 12.03.2017
and in final form 17.03.2017.
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