Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools
Coolant supplied by high pressure into the cutting zone has shown the lower thermal loads on the tool when machining difficult-to-cut materials as the Alloy 718. In this study, we investigate how the combination of high-pressure cooling and tool-surface modifications can lead to further improvements...
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Інститут надтвердих матеріалів ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України
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| Цитувати: | Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools / P. Hoier, U. Klement, N. Tamil Alagan, T. Beno, A. Wretland // Сверхтвердые материалы. — 2017. — № 3. — С. 39-47. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1601182019-10-24T01:25:40Z Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools Hoier, P. Klement, U. Tamil Alagan, N. Beno, T. Wretland, A. Исследование процессов обработки Coolant supplied by high pressure into the cutting zone has shown the lower thermal loads on the tool when machining difficult-to-cut materials as the Alloy 718. In this study, we investigate how the combination of high-pressure cooling and tool-surface modifications can lead to further improvements regarding tool life. The general approach is to enhance the coolant-tool interaction by increasing the contact area. Therefore, we machined cooling features into flank and rake faces of commercially available cemented tungsten carbide inserts. In this way, the surface area was increased by ~ 12 %. After the cutting tests, the tools were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Compared with conventional tools, the tool modifications reduced the flank wear by 45 % for the investigated cutting parameters. Furthermore, we were able to significantly increase the cutting speed and feed rate without failure of the tool. The investigated surface modifications have great potential to enhance the productivity of metal cutting processes. 2017 Article Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools / P. Hoier, U. Klement, N. Tamil Alagan, T. Beno, A. Wretland // Сверхтвердые материалы. — 2017. — № 3. — С. 39-47. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. 0203-3119 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/160118 621.9.015.079:621.892 en Сверхтвердые материалы Інститут надтвердих матеріалів ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України |
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English |
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Исследование процессов обработки Исследование процессов обработки |
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Исследование процессов обработки Исследование процессов обработки Hoier, P. Klement, U. Tamil Alagan, N. Beno, T. Wretland, A. Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools Сверхтвердые материалы |
| description |
Coolant supplied by high pressure into the cutting zone has shown the lower thermal loads on the tool when machining difficult-to-cut materials as the Alloy 718. In this study, we investigate how the combination of high-pressure cooling and tool-surface modifications can lead to further improvements regarding tool life. The general approach is to enhance the coolant-tool interaction by increasing the contact area. Therefore, we machined cooling features into flank and rake faces of commercially available cemented tungsten carbide inserts. In this way, the surface area was increased by ~ 12 %. After the cutting tests, the tools were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Compared with conventional tools, the tool modifications reduced the flank wear by 45 % for the investigated cutting parameters. Furthermore, we were able to significantly increase the cutting speed and feed rate without failure of the tool. The investigated surface modifications have great potential to enhance the productivity of metal cutting processes. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Hoier, P. Klement, U. Tamil Alagan, N. Beno, T. Wretland, A. |
| author_facet |
Hoier, P. Klement, U. Tamil Alagan, N. Beno, T. Wretland, A. |
| author_sort |
Hoier, P. |
| title |
Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools |
| title_short |
Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools |
| title_full |
Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools |
| title_fullStr |
Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools |
| title_sort |
characterization of tool wear when machining alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified wc–co tools |
| publisher |
Інститут надтвердих матеріалів ім. В.М. Бакуля НАН України |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| topic_facet |
Исследование процессов обработки |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/160118 |
| citation_txt |
Characterization of tool wear when machining Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using conventional and surface-modified WC–Co tools / P. Hoier, U. Klement, N. Tamil Alagan, T. Beno, A. Wretland // Сверхтвердые материалы. — 2017. — № 3. — С. 39-47. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
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Сверхтвердые материалы |
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2025-07-14T12:44:38Z |
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| fulltext |
ISSN 0203-3119. Сверхтвердые материалы, 2017, № 3 39
Исследование процессов обработки
UDC 621.9.015.079:621.892
P. Hoier1, *, U. Klement1, N. Tamil Alagan2, T. Beno2,
A. Wretland3
1Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Materials
and Manufacturing Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
2University West, Department of Engineering Science,
Trollhättan, Sweden
3GKN Aerospace Engine Systems AB, Trollhättan, Sweden
*hoierp@chalmers.se
Characterization of tool wear when machining
Alloy 718 with high pressure cooling using
conventional and surface-modified WC–Co
tools
Coolant supplied by high pressure into the cutting zone has shown
the lower thermal loads on the tool when machining difficult-to-cut materials as the
Alloy 718. In this study, we investigate how the combination of high-pressure cooling
and tool-surface modifications can lead to further improvements regarding tool life.
The general approach is to enhance the coolant-tool interaction by increasing the
contact area. Therefore, we machined cooling features into flank and rake faces of
commercially available cemented tungsten carbide inserts. In this way, the surface
area was increased by ~ 12 %. After the cutting tests, the tools were analyzed by
scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Compared with conventional tools, the tool modifications reduced the flank wear by
45 % for the investigated cutting parameters. Furthermore, we were able to
significantly increase the cutting speed and feed rate without failure of the tool. The
investigated surface modifications have great potential to enhance the productivity of
metal cutting processes.
Keywords: superalloy, high pressure jet assisted machining, tool
modification, wear characterization.
INTRODUCTION
During machining of Ni-based superalloys, the cutting tools are
subjected to high temperatures and stresses. The consequence is a rapid wear by
the simultaneous actions of abrasive, adhesive, and diffusion wear. Therefore,
cutting speed and feed rate are usually low, which leads to low overall productivity
© P. HOIER, U. KLEMENT, N. TAMIL ALAGAN, T. BENO, A. WRETLAND, 2017
www.ism.kiev.ua/stm 40
when these alloys are machined [1]. Productivity becomes especially relevant when
considering that up to 80 % of an initial forging’s volume is removed by machining
before the final shape of the component is attained [2]. In this context, the
development of new, more advanced alloys will further increase the challenges in
metal cutting [3]. Given the importance of superalloys, it is of utmost importance
to improve tool life in today’s machining technologies in order to produce jet
engine components in a more effective and economical way.
Traditionally, in order to lower the thermo-mechanical loads on the tool during
the cutting operation, flood cooling is applied. However, the uncontrolled flooding
of the chip top-side does not provide effective cooling of the cutting zone. The high
temperatures cause the coolant to vaporize and the zones where highest
temperatures occur are not reached and cooled [4]. One effective way to reduce
cutting temperatures is directing high pressure jets precisely into the cutting zone.
Thus, the coolant is able to reach closer to the cutting edge and forms a liquid
wedge between chip and tool rake. Several studies have shown that this leads to
better chip breakability, improved tool life, and the possibility to apply higher
cutting speeds and feed rates [4–7]. For example, Krämer et al. [5] have
investigated how an increased coolant supply pressure and flow rate influence the
cutting tool temperature when Alloy 718 is turned. A temperature reduction up to
30 % for the highest pressure and flow rate was reported. As a consequence, the
uniform flank wear was reduced up to 50 %. Hence, high pressure jet assisted
machining shows great potential to increase process productivity and stability.
However, the required coolant supply pressures are often very high and need
implementation of more powerful high pressure pumps. Alongside the initial
investment for a new pump, additional energy consumption during production has
to be taken into account. As shown by Klocke et al. [8], this additional energy
outweighs under certain conditions the benefit gained from shorter machining
times. It is therefore desirable to find ways to improve the productivity without
increasing the energy input for higher coolant supply pressures. One possible way
is the use of textured cutting tools. Several studies have shown that application of
certain textures on rake and flank-side improves tool life when steel and aluminum
were machined with conventional coolant supply pressures [9–11]. This was
mainly attributed to the fact that the textures act as micro-reservoirs for cutting
fluid, and thus increase the cooling and lubricating effect. As shown by N. Tamil
Alagan et al. [12, 13], the combination of tool surface texturing and high pressure
cooling is highly promising in achieving an increased heat dissipation from the
cutting zone and improved the tool life.
This paper is a continuation of the previous work [13] regarding the initial
cutting tests of Alloy 718 using surface-modified metal cutting inserts combined
with high-pressure coolant supply. The influence of the tool modifications on the
wear behavior is investigated. Focus is put on the flank wear behavior, which is
often the most relevant tool-life criterion in production as it directly influences the
dimensional accuracy of machined components.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
Alloy 718 (cast with average hardness of 381±21.8 HV10) was used as a
workpiece material as it is the most used Ni-based superalloy [14]. The material
was supplied in the form of rings with an outer and inner diameter of 742 and
672 mm, respectively. The height was 22.30 mm. Uncoated cemented tungsten
carbide inserts (RCMX 12 04 00 H13A) were used as tools in the conventional
ISSN 0203-3119. Сверхтвердые материалы, 2017, № 3 41
state and after surface modification. For the modification, on both rake and flank
sides features were machined into the tool surface as seen in Fig. 1. In that way, the
surface area was increased by about 12 % [13].
a b
Fig. 1. Cutting tools used in this study: conventional (a), surface-modified with rake and flank
patterns at higher magnification (b).
Turning tests
Experiments were conducted with a 5-axis CNC machine equipped with a high-
pressure pump. Coolant (5 % emulsion) was supplied to both rake and flank faces.
At the rake, three nozzles of orifice diameter 0.8 mm and a pressure of 160 bars
were used, while at the flank two nozzles of orifice diameter 1.0 mm and a pressure
of 80 bars were applied. The table below summarizes the three cutting tests. Two
tests were done with the same cutting parameters but with and without the tool
modifications. A third test was performed with twice the cutting speed and with
tripled feed rate in order to push the tool towards its thermo-mechanical load limit.
The cutting parameters in this test were the maximum cutting speed and feed rate,
the surface-modified tool was able to withstand without immediate failure. The
high wear rate in this test was the reason for decreasing the spiral cutting length. It
is noteworthy that the conventional tool failed upon entering the workpiece at
cutting speed and feed rate of 90 m/min and 0.1 mm/rev, respectively.
Summary of the investigated cutting conditions
Test
abbreviations
Tool
conditions
Cutting
speed,
m/min
Feed rate,
mm/rev
Spiral cutting
length (SCL), m
Machining
time, min
A1 Conventional 60 0.1 ~ 565 ~ 9.4
A2 Surface-modified 60 0.1 ~ 565 ~ 9.4
B Surface-modified 120 0.3 ~ 70 ~ 0.5
Note. Depth of cut was kept constant at ap = 1 mm; coolant supply pressure to rake and flank
were kept constant at 160 and 80 bars, respectively.
Removal of layers of adhering workpiece from flank
In order to analyze the wear patterns, the adhering layer of the Alloy 718 was
etched away in 50 % HCl at 80 °C for 45 min. This was done with a conventional
tool, which was used for the same machining conditions as in test A1.
Tool wear characterization
The resulting tool wear was characterized by LEO 1550 Gemini scanning
electron microscope with field emission gun (FEG-SEM). Backscattered electrons
www.ism.kiev.ua/stm 42
(BSE) and secondary electrons (SE) were used for imaging and energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was applied for qualitative chemical analysis of the tool
surfaces.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Overview of cutting edge
Figure 2 shows the cutting edges of (a) the conventional tool and (b) the
surface-modified tool after machining 565 m spiral cutting length (tests A1 and
A2). Neither of the tools shows signs of a crater wear on the rake side.
Furthermore, no chipping or plastic deformation of the cutting edges occurred.
a b
Fig. 2. BSE images showing the appearance of the cutting edge after the tests with vc = 60 m/min
and f = 0.1 mm/rev with conventional insert (a) and surface-modified insert (b).
In Fig. 3 the cutting edge after test B is shown. The surface-modified tool was
able to withstand higher cutting speeds and feed rates. Despite the fact that the
applied cutting parameters were above the recommended values, no failure due to
fracture or severe chipping occurred after 70 m of spiral cutting length. It is,
however, difficult to assess changes in the geometry of the cutting edge since it is
entirely covered by adhered workpiece material. Doubling the cutting speed and
tripling the feed rate resulted in a much higher wear at lower spiral cutting length.
a b
Fig. 3. BSE images of the cutting edge of the surface-modified insert after test with vc =
120 m/min and f = 0.3 mm/rev.
ISSN 0203-3119. Сверхтвердые материалы, 2017, № 3 43
Flank wear characterization
With the used cutting conditions, the surface-modified tool showed a clear
reduction of flank wear. Figure 4 shows SEM micrographs of the corresponding
flank faces of the three tools used in the experiments. The BSE images are
complemented by EDX elemental maps taken at the same location. The worn areas
are easily distinguishable from the unworn areas by the adhered layers of Alloy
718 (dark zones in the BSE images and presence of Ni in the EDX maps). Adhered
workpiece material can be found on all inserts, irrespective of the cutting
parameters. After cutting of 565 m, the surface-modified tool (see Figs. 4, c and
4, d) shows a reduction of the maximum flank wear from 354 µm to 196 µm when
compared with the conventional cutting tool (see Figs. 4, a and 4, b). Furthermore,
the shape of the flank wear land has changed from non-uniform to uniform (c) with
constant wear along the cutting edge. Figures 4, e and 4, f show the flank wear after
machining with increased cutting speed and feed rate for about 70 m spiral cutting
length (test B). The resulting flank wear is 990 µm.
a b
c d
e f
Fig. 4. BSE images of the tool flank faces in the region of VBmax: conventional tool after test A1
(a), surface modified tools after tests A2 (c) and B (e); the corresponding EDX maps are (b, d, f).
The reduction in flank wear and the ability to withstand higher cutting parame-
ters can be attributed to more efficient cooling of the tool due to the larger tool-
coolant contact area and the use of the high-pressure coolant jets. Several studies
have shown that texturing of cutting tools on the rake and flank face results in
www.ism.kiev.ua/stm 44
reduction of cutting forces and wear [9, 10]. For milling of medium carbon steel,
Sugihara et al. [9] investigated periodical arrangements of 5 µm deep grooves per-
pendicular to the chip/workpiece flow direction on the rake/flank of WC–Co
cutting tools. They reported that without application of cutting fluid, only a slight
reduction of wear was obtained, which was attributed to the reduced chip-tool
contact area and the resulting decrease of friction. However, in presence of cutting
fluid, the positive effect of the texturing was much more pronounced (up to 60 %
reduction of crater depth on rake face and up to 30 % reduced maximum flank
wear). The reason for this is the ability of the grooves to act as reservoirs for the
coolant, which in turn increases the coolant’s lubrication and cooling effects. In the
present study, the increased cooling effect also enabled the tool to operate at higher
cutting speed (test B) as thermal softening of the binder is suppressed, and the tool
maintains its bulk strength up to higher cutting speeds.
Figure 5 shows the flank wear land of a tool after machining with the same
parameters as used in test A1. Additionally, the adhering workpiece layer has been
etched away. At low magnification, the worn area appears smooth with wear tracks
parallel to workpiece movement (see arrow in Fig. 5, a). The higher magnified
view of one of the wear tracks in Fig. 5, b shows cracks and fragmentation of
individual WC grains. These wear tracks are probably caused by hard precipitates
in Alloy 718, which cause abrasion while they slide along the WC–Co tool during
machining.
a b
Fig. 5. SE images after removal of adhering workpiece layer from a tool tested at the parameters
of test A1: overview of flank face with wear tracks parallel to workpiece movement (indicated by
arrow) (a); wear track at higher magnification (b) (location indicated in (a)).
Below the flank wear lands, it can be seen that cobalt was removed from the
cutting tool surfaces (see Fig. 4). During cutting, the tool in these areas is not in
contact with the freshly generated workpiece surface. Nevertheless, all EDX maps
show reduced cobalt signals just beneath the flank wear land when compared to the
unaffected tool surface. This is especially pronounced for tools in Figs. 4, d and
4, e. In all cases, these zones stretch along the whole width of the flank wear.
When investigating these zones at higher magnification (Fig. 6), it can be observed
that the cobalt is missing at the surface of the tool, while the WC particles seem
unaffected. For comparison, a new, unused tool is shown in Fig. 6 as well. The
removal of cobalt from the tool surface is likely to be caused by the impingement
of the high-pressure coolant jets during the cutting process. The relatively soft
ISSN 0203-3119. Сверхтвердые материалы, 2017, № 3 45
binder is eroded by the mechanical action of the jets. The erosive capability of
water jets has been studied extensively. For example, Oka et al. [15] claimed that
erosion is caused by water-droplet impingement on the substrate surface. They
reported erosion damage of an Al alloy (HV = 71) impinged by a pure water jet at
10 MPa (100 bar) supplied through a 0.4 mm orifice at distances of 30 to 500 mm
from the specimen. With these studies in mind, it is likely that the conditions in the
present investigation can cause erosion of the cobalt binder.
Fig. 6. BSE images of the tool flank face of conventional and surface modified tools in new,
unused state (left) and after the machining tests with high pressure cooling (right), taken in the
zone of depleted cobalt signal just below the flank wear land. The dark phase is the cobalt-binder
and the bright particles are WC.
As a complement, a separate set of experiments was done in order to investigate
the ability of the high-pressure coolant jets to erode the surface of the tools. Inserts
of the conventional type without surface modifications were subjected to cooling at
the same coolant supply pressures (160 bar rake cooling and 80 bar flank cooling)
for 10 min without performing any machining. The test duration was set according
to the machining times of tests A1 and A2. The resulting tool surfaces can be seen
in Fig. 7. A clear difference in appearance can be observed when comparing the
tool surface after erosion test with the unused conventional tool (see Fig. 6). The
cobalt phase in the surface shows signs of erosion in the form of small pits.
Nevertheless, the effect is not as pronounced as in the tools from the machining
tests (right column in Fig. 6), where almost no cobalt phase remained at the
surface.
To explain this difference, one has to bear in mind that during the cutting
process heat is generated in the primary, secondary, and tertiary shearing zones.
This heat partially dissipates into the tool, and the whole tool is subjected to
elevated temperatures. As a direct consequence, the cobalt binder phase loses some
of its strength, and is eroded more easily by the impact of the coolant jets. Figure 8
shows a range of reported hardness and tensile strength values of pure cobalt as a
function of the temperature [16]. As can be seen, at room temperature cobalt has
www.ism.kiev.ua/stm 46
hardness in the range of 140 to 210 HV and a tensile strength of 800 MNm–2. Both
decrease steadily as temperature rises. At 500 °C, about half of the hardness and
one third of the room temperature tensile strength is retained. However, the cobalt
binder phase also contains some tungsten and carbon [17]. This is a consequence of
WC dissolution into the liquid binder in the sintering step during production [18].
Hence, due to the solid solution strengthening, the cobalt binder phase is expected
to have slightly higher hardness and tensile strength than provided in the graph in
Fig. 8. Nevertheless, the coolant jets were able to erode the cobalt during
machining.
a b
Fig. 7. Surface of the conventional tool after erosion test, i.e., after impact of the high-pressure
coolant jets for 10 min without performing any machining: rake, 160 bar (a), flank, 80 bar (b).
0 200 400 600 800
100
200
300
T, °C
H
ar
dn
es
s
(H
V
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
T
en
si
le
s
tr
en
gt
h
, M
N
m
–
2
1
2
3
Fig. 8. Hardness and tensile strength of pure cobalt as a function of temperature; adapted from
[16]: tensile strength (1), maximum (2) and minimum (3) hardness.
CONCLUSIONS
A combination of tool surface modifications with high-pressure coolant supply
for machining of Alloy 718 has been investigated. The 12 % larger coolant–tool
contact area leads to:
– 45 % reduced flank wear;
– possibility to operate tool at higher cutting speed and feed rate (120 m/min
and 0.3 mm/rev, respectively) as compared to a conventional tool.
Furthermore, irrespectively of the tool type, the following observations were
made:
– the adhesion of workpiece material to flank and rake wear lands;
ISSN 0203-3119. Сверхтвердые материалы, 2017, № 3 47
– the removal of cobalt from tool surfaces due to erosion by the coolant jets
during cutting.
We like to thank the Region Västragötaland for funding in association with the
PROSAM project. Sandvik Coromant is acknowledged for the support in
manufacturing of inserts. Special thanks go to Andreas Gustafsson at the
University West for helping with the insert design and Andreas Lindberg at GKN
Aerospace Engine Systems AB for helping with experiments. Furthermore, Peter
Sotkovszki at Chalmers is acknowledged for assistance in etching of the tool.
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Received 06.03.17
<<
/ASCII85EncodePages false
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/CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
/CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
/sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Warning
/CompatibilityLevel 1.4
/CompressObjects /Off
/CompressPages true
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/EndPage -1
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/StartPage 1
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/TransferFunctionInfo /Remove
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/ColorSettingsFile ()
/AlwaysEmbed [ true
]
/NeverEmbed [ true
]
/AntiAliasColorImages false
/CropColorImages true
/ColorImageMinResolution 300
/ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
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/ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/ColorImageResolution 300
/ColorImageDepth 8
/ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
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/EncodeColorImages true
/ColorImageFilter /FlateEncode
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/ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/ColorACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/ColorImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
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>>
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
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>>
/AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true
/GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
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/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
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/GrayACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/GrayImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
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>>
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
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>>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false
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/MonoImageMinResolution 1200
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/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
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/MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict <<
/K -1
>>
/AllowPSXObjects false
/CheckCompliance [
/None
]
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0.00000
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]
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0.00000
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]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None)
/PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition ()
/PDFXRegistryName ()
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken voor kwaliteitsafdrukken op desktopprinters en proofers. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/SVE <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>
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents for quality printing on desktop printers and proofers. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
/RUS ()
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /NoConversion
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /NA
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure true
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles true
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /NA
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|