Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building
Technology for complex modification of casting from low-alloy ferrite-pearlite steels by titanium, aluminium and nitrogen was developed, which ensures increase of the lower level of yield strength in normalized (³ 380 MPa) and temper hardened (³ 450 MPa) state, the rest requirements to mechanical pr...
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| Zitieren: | Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building / A.V. Rabinovich, Yu.A. Bublikov, G.N. Tregubenko, G.A. Polyakov, A.V. Puchikov, Zh.A. Dementieva// Современная электрометаллургия. — 2008. — № 1 (90). — С. 33-37. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1602812019-10-31T01:26:08Z Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building Rabinovich, A.V. Bublikov, Yu.A. Tregubenko, G.N. Polyakov, G.A. Puchikov, A.V. Dementieva, Zh.A. Общие вопросы металлургии Technology for complex modification of casting from low-alloy ferrite-pearlite steels by titanium, aluminium and nitrogen was developed, which ensures increase of the lower level of yield strength in normalized (³ 380 MPa) and temper hardened (³ 450 MPa) state, the rest requirements to mechanical properties of the 20GL steel being preserved. Разработана технология комплексного модифицирования литья из низколегированных феррито-перлитных сталей титаном, алюминием и азотом, обеспечивающая повышение нижнего уровня предела текучести в нормализованном (> 380 МПа) и закаленном после отпуска (> 450 МПа) состоянии при сохранении остальных требований к механическим свойствам стали 20ГЛ. 2008 Article Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building / A.V. Rabinovich, Yu.A. Bublikov, G.N. Tregubenko, G.A. Polyakov, A.V. Puchikov, Zh.A. Dementieva// Современная электрометаллургия. — 2008. — № 1 (90). — С. 33-37. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 0233-7681 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/160281 en Современная электрометаллургия Інститут електрозварювання ім. Є.О. Патона НАН України |
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Общие вопросы металлургии Общие вопросы металлургии |
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Общие вопросы металлургии Общие вопросы металлургии Rabinovich, A.V. Bublikov, Yu.A. Tregubenko, G.N. Polyakov, G.A. Puchikov, A.V. Dementieva, Zh.A. Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building Современная электрометаллургия |
| description |
Technology for complex modification of casting from low-alloy ferrite-pearlite steels by titanium, aluminium and nitrogen was developed, which ensures increase of the lower level of yield strength in normalized (³ 380 MPa) and temper hardened (³ 450 MPa) state, the rest requirements to mechanical properties of the 20GL steel being preserved. |
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| author |
Rabinovich, A.V. Bublikov, Yu.A. Tregubenko, G.N. Polyakov, G.A. Puchikov, A.V. Dementieva, Zh.A. |
| author_facet |
Rabinovich, A.V. Bublikov, Yu.A. Tregubenko, G.N. Polyakov, G.A. Puchikov, A.V. Dementieva, Zh.A. |
| author_sort |
Rabinovich, A.V. |
| title |
Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building |
| title_short |
Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building |
| title_full |
Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building |
| title_fullStr |
Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building |
| title_sort |
improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building |
| publisher |
Інститут електрозварювання ім. Є.О. Патона НАН України |
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2008 |
| topic_facet |
Общие вопросы металлургии |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/160281 |
| citation_txt |
Improvement of structure and properties of cast ferrite-pearlite steels for transport machine building / A.V. Rabinovich, Yu.A. Bublikov, G.N. Tregubenko, G.A. Polyakov, A.V. Puchikov, Zh.A. Dementieva// Современная электрометаллургия. — 2008. — № 1 (90). — С. 33-37. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Современная электрометаллургия |
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filler in the form of powder of the Rene-142 alloy
were developed.
2. It was shown that stable strength of BJ of the
JS26NK alloy, produced with application of the NS12
complex brazing alloy, exceeded strength of the
JS26VI joints after similar heat treatment. Difference
consisted only in the fact that in case of the NK alloy
duration of high-temperature ageing was 4--5 h, while
in case of the JS26VI alloy ---- 2 h. Maximal BJ
strength value was 1067 MPa, relative elongation ----
15--23 %.
3. Application of the complex brazing alloy, in
which simultaneously boron and silicon were used as
the depressant, allowed producing BJ, characterized
by stably high values of ultimate strength and relative
elongation in comparison with BJ, produced with ap-
plication of the #1 + 60 % Rene-142 base brazing
alloy.
4. It was found that in case of coincidence of the
dendrite growth direction with vector of the applied
load, strength of the specimens and their ductility
depended upon crystallographic orientation of growth
of dendrites in the NK alloy.
5. It was shown that BJ mechanical characteristics
of the JS26NK alloy, determined on the specimens
cut out both along and across of the dendrite growth
direction, are close at room temperature. Yield
strength of longitudinal specimens is somewhat higher
than that of the cross specimens.
6. Application of the #1 + 20 % NS12 + 60 %
Rene-142 complex brazing alloy allowed producing
high-strength flawless BJ of the JS26NK alloy with
natural gap 400--780 MPa at the brazing temperature
1225 °C (15 min).
7. The weakest place in case of extension of the
BJ specimens of the JS26NK alloy is fusion line, in
which segregations of carboboride phases and Me6C
carbides of acicular shape was detected. Heat treat-
ment (ageing at 1050 °C, 4--5 h) allows forming BJ
structure with uniformly distributed hardening γ′-
phase. In case of increase of its volume content growth
of yield strength of the BJ metal was registered.
8. Balter, M.A., Lyubchenko, A.P., Aksyonova, S.I. et al.
(1987) Fractography as a mean of diagnostics of fractured
parts. Moscow: Mashinostroenie.
9. (1982) Fractography and atlas of fractograms: Refer.
Book. Ed. by J. Fellous. Moscow: Metallurgiya.
10. Engel, L., Klingele, G. (1986) Scanning electron micros-
copy. Fracture: Refer. Book. Ed. by M.L. Bernshtejn. Mos-
cow: Metallurgiya.
11. Malashenko, I.S., Kurenkova, V.V., Belyavin, A.F. et al.
(2007) Structure and strength properties of brazed joints of
cast nickel alloy JS26NK. Part 1. Advances in Electrometal-
lurgy, 4, 31--38.
IMPROVEMENT OF STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
OF CAST FERRITE-PEARLITE STEELS
FOR TRANSPORT MACHINE BUILDING
A.V. RABINOVICH1, Yu.A. BUBLIKOV2, G.N. TREGUBENKO2, G.A. POLYAKOV2,
A.V. PUCHIKOV2 and Zh.A. DEMENTIEVA2*
1National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
2Z.I. Nekrasov Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy, NASU, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
Technology for complex modification of casting from low-alloy ferrite-pearlite steels by titanium, aluminium and nitrogen
was developed, which ensures increase of the lower level of yield strength in normalized (≥ 380 MPa) and temper
hardened (≥ 450 MPa) state, the rest requirements to mechanical properties of the 20GL steel being preserved.
K e y w o r d s : steel, casting, carbonitride hardening, tita-
nium, aluminium, nitrogen, grain index, yield strength, impact
toughness
Main task of freight railway car building is increase
of the car run before the first planned repair from
100--120 to 500 thou km, whereby guaranteed service
life of cast elements of the carriage and the car as a
whole should be not less than 16 years before the
planned repair, its full service life being up to 32
years [1].
An efficient measure for ensuring these require-
ments, in addition to new design solutions, is im-
provement 1.2--1.3 times of strength characteristics
of metal of the railway car cast elements, first of all
yield strength up to ≥ 380 MPa, the rest mechanical
properties being not lower than the normative ones
(according to the valid standards).
The simplest solution of this task is increase of
degree of steel alloying by the elements, which form
substitution solution with iron (silicon, manganese,
chromium and nickel). Application of the latter is
© A.V. RABINOVICH, Yu.A. BUBLIKOV, G.N. TREGUBENKO, G.A. POLYAKOV, A.V. PUCHIKOV and Zh.A. DEMENTIEVA, 2008
*Student of the group TsM-03 of National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine A.A. Katrich also participated in this work.
1/2008 33
connected with significant rise in price of steel and
need to make import purchases. Increase of content
of just silicon and manganese, alloys of which are
comparatively cheap and accessible in Ukraine, with-
out taking additional measures is limited because of
reduction of plasticity level, especially impact tough-
ness of steel, and worsening of weldability. As a rule,
content of silicon in these steels should not exceed
0.4--0.6 wt.%, its ratio with manganese being not
more than 1:2 [2].
For refining of the grain and suppression of its
growth during heating, including welding, modifica-
tion of steel by its microalloying with nitrogen and
elements characterized by increased affinity to it ----
mainly vanadium [3], less often niobium [4], is used.
Disadvantage of such solution, in addition to very
high cost of the microalloying elements, is relatively
low thermodynamic strength of nitrides of these ele-
ments, dissociation of which occurs during heating in
the process of heat treatment and in the near-weld
zone in welding, which reduces effect of the grain
refining.
In works of National Metallurgical Academy of
Ukraine and the Z.I. Nekrasov Institute of Ferrous
Metallurgy of the NAS of Ukraine, which concern
production of rolled stock of broad size assortment,
efficiency of replacement in steels modified by car-
bonitrides, of expensive vanadium and niobium by
relatively low-cost and less deficient nitride-forming
elements ---- titanium and aluminium [5], is shown,
whereby possibility is established of achieving re-
quired properties of hot-rolled stock by alloying the
carbonitride hardened (CNH) steel just by silicon and
manganese without using chromium and nickel.
Adaptation of these principles of microalloying to
casting in railway car building allows evaluating pos-
sibilities of ensuring requirements, established for cast
elements of freight railway cars of new generation.
At present according to OST 32.183--2001, the
20GL steel and its modifications 20GFL, 20GTL and
20KhGNFTL are used for cast components of carriages
of 1520 mm gauge double-axle freight railway cars
(side frame and the above-spring beam). For achiev-
ing maximal strength of cast components of the freight
car carriages, the 20GL steel is alloyed by chromium
and nickel, which increase solid solution hardening
of ferrite, and by vanadium and titanium, carbides of
which enable dispersion hardening, whereby regu-
lated level of the 20KhGNFTL cast steel yield
strength (σy ≥ 373 MPa) anyway remains somewhat
lower than that established in new recommendations
[1]. In addition, application of this steel is limited
by very strict requirements in regard to content of
phosphorus and sulfur (≤ 0.02 % for each element),
which causes the need of prolonging both oxidation
and reduction periods of melting, practically complete
removal of phosphorus slag prior to the refining, in-
crease of consumption of deoxidizers, lime and fluxes,
and taking other technological measures.
In a number of works [6, 7] possibility of improv-
ing properties of the cast metal by its alloying with
nitrogen in combination with titanium or aluminium
is considered. However, selected level of content of
these elements (up to 0.025; 0.150; ≥ 0.100 wt.%)
causes significant reduction of the metal plasticity
and increases inclination of steel to crack formation
in the processes of manufacturing and operation of
the castings. That’s why we carried out investigations,
directed at optimization of composition of the 20GL
cast steel, complexly modified by titanium and alu-
minium nitrides.
Experimental melts were carried out in the IST-
0.06 induction furnace with acid lining. The materials,
used in melting of the 20GL steel in arc furnaces
(wastes of the arc melted 20GL steel, the FS65 fer-
rosilicon, the MnC17 ferromanganese silicon; the
FTi35 ferrotitanium; alumocalcium wire), were used
as the charge in order to be closer to conditions of
commercial production.
For introducing into the steel required content of
nitrogen, the nitrogen-containing ALK master alloy,
produced on the basis of the FMn78 standard ferro-
manganese, was used [8]. Content of the additive
nitrogen-containing master alloy varied within 0.83--
7.50 kg/t (0.05--0.45 kg per melting). Weight share
of titanium, which is jointly with nitrogen one of the
main hardening additives, in all experimental melts
was increased in comparison with standard 20GL
steel, and in majority of cases varied within 0.008--
0.025 %. In a number of melts upper limit was in-
creased for investigation purpose up to 0.07--
0.11 wt.% [6, 7]. It should be noted that according
to valid normative-technical documentation addition
of deoxidizers and modifiers without limitation of
their kinds and residual contents is allowed in melting
of the 20GL steel for transport machine building.
Content of the rest alloying elements, carbon and
impurities was maintained within requirements of
standards on the 20GL steel. Only in two melts con-
tent of silicon was somewhat increased (up to
0.72 wt.%) for getting static dependences of silicon
content.
For getting comparable results, standard melting
of the 20GL steel without addition of nitrogen-con-
taining master alloy and ferrotitanium was carried
out in addition to the experimental one.
Charging, which consisted completely of the 20GL
steel wastes, was carried out in several stages by means
of foundering and settling down of the loaded charge.
After full melting of the charge and soaking for
the purpose of the melt preheating a sample was taken
for analysis of the metal, and the required amount of
ferromanganese silicon and ferrosilicon was consecu-
tively added into the furnace. After a short soaking
for full assimilation of the alloying elements, tem-
perature was measured by means of an immersion ther-
mocouple. Tapping temperature (approximately
1650 °C) was adjusted by means of soaking of the
metal in the switched on furnace, assuming rate of
34 1/2008
its heating was about 10 °C/min. The melt was tapped
into the preliminarily heated ladle with acid lining.
For the purpose of improving assimilation of tita-
nium and nitrogen, deoxidizing of the metal was per-
formed in two stages. Immediately before tapping,
half of the required amount of alumocalcium wire was
fed on bottom of the ladle. After approximately 1/3
of the ladle was filled, the rest aluminium, ferroti-
tanium and nitrogen-containing master alloy were
added under the jet. The metal was cast in three
standard test bars (GOST 977--88), which were sub-
jected to heat treatment (normalization at 920--
950 °C) or high-temperature temper quenching. Re-
sults of the carried out investigations are given in the
Table.
As far as it’s not chemical and phase composition
of steel, which exerts significant influence on struc-
ture and properties of the metal in heat treatment in
continuous industrial furnaces, but conditions of heat-
ing and cooling of the items of big mass, for getting
more substantiated conclusions about role of the car-
bonitride hardening, normalization of the specimens
of all experimental melts and hardening of a portion
of them were performed in parallel under workshop
and laboratory conditions.
One can see from Figure 1 and the Table that
irrespective of consumption of the nitrogen-contain-
ing master alloy and chemical composition of steel
concerning base elements and modifiers, in all melts
rather rapid cooling of the billets ensured presence of
a finer grain and, respectively, increase of the yield
strength level. Size of the grain being the same, the
20GL steel modified by titanium and aluminium ni-
trides significantly exceeds conventional steel and is
characterized by the required level of σy ≥ 380 MPa
even after heat treatment under industrial conditions.
This conclusion is confirmed by processing of the re-
sults of commercial and experimental melts concern-
Chemical composition and results of tests of commercial 20GL steel modified by nitrides of titanium and aluminium
Series Number of melts Consumption of
ALK, kg/t
Weight share of elements, %
C Si Mn Ti⋅104 Al⋅104
I 1 0.83 0.19 0.53 1.33 46 72
II 11 1.25 0.17--0.22 0.33--0.78 1.18--1.50 8--24 19--52
III 1 2.50 0.20 0.42 1.35 60 60
IV 5 5.00 0.21--0.24 0.35--0.45 1.30--1.44 22--31 21--60
V 1 7.50 0.20 0.47 1.36 110 60
VI 1 -- 0.22 0.38 1.29 2 23
Commercial melts 2314 -- 0.17--0.24 0.20--0.60 1.05--1.50 ≥4 10--82
OST 32.183--2001 0.17--0.25 0.30--0.50 1.10--1.40 -- 20--60***
Table (cont.)
Series
Mechanical properties
After normalization* After temper quenching**
σy, MPa σt, MPa KCU--60, J/cm2 Grain index σy, MPa σt, MPa KCU--60, J/cm2
I 410
380
610
580
55--63
31--37
9, 10
8, 9
560
460
740
650
44--53
53--55
II 405--460
360--440
580--660
560--640
27--67
25--63
8, 9, 10
8, 9 (7)
520--580
440--530
680--690
620--700
40--65
31--56
III 410
370
610
610
37--50
36--41
9, 10
8
650
520
750
730
37
22--28
IV 415--470
390--440
610--660
590--630
19--51
25--50
10, 9
9, 8 (7)
495--540
480--510
660--690
600--660
45--59
27--55
V 440
380
640
610
19--31
19--35
9, 10, 8
8, 9
630
540
760
710
25--37
19--22
VI 390
370
600
580
35--36
12--14
8, 9
7, 8
520
460
660
640
26
32
Commercial melts --
305--400
--
490--660
--
10--105
--
7, 8, 9 (6)
--
400--530
--
550--700
--
25--100
OST 32.183--2001 ≥ 343 ≥ 490 ≥ 24.5 ≥ 8*** -- -- --
*In numerator data after heat treatment under laboratory conditions, in denominator ---- under workshop conditions are presented.
**In brackets grain index, registered in some specimens, is shown. ***Requirements, introduced by RZhD since 01.01.2007.
1/2008 35
ing function of content of base elements ---- silicon
and carbon (Figure 2). In connection with relatively
small number of experimental melts, their processing
was carried out only proceeding from two ranges of
carbon content.
Similar dependences exist in relation to manga-
nese. That’s why for ensuring necessary level of the
commercial casting hardness it is recommended in ad-
dition to complex modifying of steel by titanium,
aluminium and nitrogen to narrow allowable ranges
of content of base elements, having increased lower
limit for carbon up to 0.2, for silicon up to 0.4 and
for manganese up to 1.2 wt.%.
In contrast to the base elements influence of tita-
nium on mechanical properties of the 20GL steel is
of extreme character (Figure 3), which fits well
change of content and size of formed titanium car-
bonitrides (Figure 4). As their content increases up
to 0.015 wt.%, share A of fine carbonitrides, which
regulate size of the primary grain, grows, and then it
starts to fall, thus reducing both dispersion and grain
boundary hardening.
Respectively, for sufficiently reliable ensuring re-
quired level of mechanical properties of the commer-
cial casting recommended content of titanium in steel
with CNH is 0.013--0.035 wt.% (outlined area in Fi-
gures 3, 5 and 6).
Extreme character is also registered in consump-
tion of ALK with optimum in the area of 2.0--3.7 kg/t
Figure 1. Influence of ferrite grain index B in 20GL steel on its
yield strength after normalization under workshop (m) and labo-
ratory (l) conditions: 5 ---- melting without CNH; figures near
points indicate number of melts; R ---- correlation factor
Figure 2. Influence of silicon and carbon on yield strength of
commercial (lower curves, 2314 melts) and modified (upper curves)
20GL steel after normalization under industrial conditions (desig-
nation of points and figures near points hear and in Figures 3--6
are the same as in Figure 1)
Figure 4. Influence of titanium content on share A of fine carboni-
trides in 20GL steel
Figure 3. Influence of titanium content on yield strength and impact
toughness of 20GL steel with CNH
Figure 5. Influence of consumption V of ALK on yield strength
and impact toughness of normalized 20GL steel
36 1/2008
both for normalized steel (Figure 5) and for high-
temperature temper quenched steel (Figure 6).
As it follows from presented in the Figures corre-
lation factors, value of ratio R/σy for all experimental
dependences exceeds 3, which corresponds to the level
of fiduciary probability of the data obtained (α ≥
≥ 0.95) and is rather high value for multifactor in-
vestigations. This allows speaking about high statistic
reliability of the data obtained and predicting their
reproducibility in melting of the 20GL steel with CNH
in industrial furnaces.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Modification of the 20GL ferrite-pearlite steel by
titanium, aluminium and nitrogen in combination
with rather narrow ranges of content of base elements
(silicon, manganese and carbon) corresponds to the
level of requirements, established for cast elements
of freight railway cars of new generation.
2. The results obtained have high statistic reliabil-
ity and are accepted for industrial application.
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sia «Zheldormashinostroenie-2004», experimental circular
railway VNIIZhT: Recommend. of Participants of Int.
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2. Pirogov, V.A., Chernenko, V.T., Martsiniv, B.F. et al.
(1994) New low-alloy silicon steels for metal structures.
Moscow: Central Research Institute of Information and
Technical-Economical Studies in Ferrous Metallurgy.
3. Shipitsyn, S.Ya., Babaskin, Yu.Z., Kirchu, I.F. (2004) Ap-
plication of steels with carbon-nitride hardening is the es-
sential increase in reliability and life of rail tracks and
trains. Metall i Litio Ukrainy, 1/2, 39--42.
4. Goldshtejn, M.I., Grin, A.V., Blum, E.E. et al. (1970)
Hardening of structural steels by nitrides. Moscow: Metal-
lurgiya.
5. Rabinovich, A.V., Tregubenko, G.N., Tarasiev, M.I. et al.
(2001) Development of composition and technology for pro-
duction of efficient structural steels with carbon-nitride
hardening. In: Transact. of NMetAU on Current Problems
of Metallurgy. Vol. 3. Dnipropetrovsk: Sistemni Teknolo-
gii.
6. Kalliopin, I.K., Gavrilin, I.V., Ershov, G.S. (1976) Modifi-
cation of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing steel by titanium.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Chiorn. Metallurgiya, 2, 64--67.
7. Lunev, V.V., Pirozhkova, V.P., Burova, N.M. (2003) Ex-
amination of structure and nonmetallic inclusions in steels
20G2L and 40G2L modified by nitrogen with different sul-
fur additions. Teoriya i Praktika Metallurgii, 1, 21--26.
8. Nizhegorodov, B.O., Ignatov, M.V., Rabinovich, O.V. et
al. Method of production of nitrogen-containing master al-
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15.10.2001.
ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF FINISH METAL PRODUCT TREATMENT
V.K. POSTIZHENKO
National Technical University of Ukraine «KPI», Kiev, Ukraine
Review of existing in the world methods of the rolled metal heat treatment and technological directions of coating
application on metal products is made. Results of technological development analysis of finish metal product treatment
are presented. The most rational technological schemes of finish metal product treatment are suggested.
K e y w o r d s : heat treatment, quality metal product, anticor-
rosion coatings, controlled rolling
Intensive development of construction and automo-
tive industry within postwar period up to nowadays
required high amount of quality metal products.
Improvement of the rolled stock quality is to a
significant degree ensured in the process of the fourth
metallurgical process stage (heat treatment, heat
hardening, and application of protective anticorrosion
coatings).
Quality metal product is rather wide idea. One of
its components is rolled stock from alloyed, low-alloy,
carbon and low-carbon steels, produced by the method
of controllable rolling, heat treated in separate units
after rolling, subjected to heat treatment in rolling
heating, with metal or non-metal coatings. Growth
of volume of production of quality steels is presented
in Figure 1.
Special attention has to be paid to wish of the
metal product consumers to get it in the form, suitable
for manufacturing of their products.
That’s why metallurgical plants try to produce
rolled stock with preset properties ---- a combination© V.K. POSTIZHENKO, 2008
Figure 6. Influence of ALK consumption V on yield strength and
impact toughness of high-temperature temper quenched 20GL steel
1/2008 37
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