Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India
The aim of this study is to assess the groundwater quality of Rangampeta area for irrigation and domestic purposes. The groundwater samples were analyzed for distribution of chemical elements Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si, HCO₃, CO₃, Cl and SO₄. It also includes pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, non...
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irk-123456789-1608632019-11-22T01:25:49Z Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India Nagaraju, A. Thejaswi, A. Sharifi, Z. Природные воды The aim of this study is to assess the groundwater quality of Rangampeta area for irrigation and domestic purposes. The groundwater samples were analyzed for distribution of chemical elements Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si, HCO₃, CO₃, Cl and SO₄. It also includes pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, non carbonate hardness and total alkalinity. The parameters like sodium absorption ratio, adjusted sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage, potential salinity, permeability index and residual sodium carbonate were calculated. The dominant hydrochemical facies of groundwater are Ca-Mg-Cl and Na-Cl Water Types. The Gibbs’s diagram plots suggest that the chemical weathering of rock forming minerals is the major driving force controlling water chemistry in this area. The positive chloro-alkaline indices revealed that the groundwater has suffered ion exchange between Na and K of water with Ca and Mg of soil during its flow. 2016 Article Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India / A. Nagaraju, A. Thejaswi, Z. Sharifi // Химия и технология воды. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 6. — С. 645-656. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. 0204-3556 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/160863 en Химия и технология воды Інститут колоїдної хімії та хімії води ім. А.В. Думанського НАН України |
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Природные воды Природные воды |
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Природные воды Природные воды Nagaraju, A. Thejaswi, A. Sharifi, Z. Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India Химия и технология воды |
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The aim of this study is to assess the groundwater quality of Rangampeta area for irrigation and domestic purposes. The groundwater samples were analyzed for distribution of chemical elements Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si, HCO₃, CO₃, Cl and SO₄. It also includes pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, non carbonate hardness and total alkalinity. The parameters like sodium absorption ratio, adjusted sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage, potential salinity, permeability index and residual sodium carbonate were calculated. The dominant hydrochemical facies of groundwater are Ca-Mg-Cl and Na-Cl Water Types. The Gibbs’s diagram plots suggest that the chemical weathering of rock forming minerals is the major driving force controlling water chemistry in this area. The positive chloro-alkaline indices revealed that the groundwater has suffered ion exchange between Na and K of water with Ca and Mg of soil during its flow. |
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Nagaraju, A. Thejaswi, A. Sharifi, Z. |
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Nagaraju, A. Thejaswi, A. Sharifi, Z. |
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Nagaraju, A. |
| title |
Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India |
| title_short |
Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India |
| title_full |
Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India |
| title_fullStr |
Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India |
| title_sort |
assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, south india |
| publisher |
Інститут колоїдної хімії та хімії води ім. А.В. Думанського НАН України |
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2016 |
| topic_facet |
Природные воды |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/160863 |
| citation_txt |
Assessment of groundwaterquality and its suitability for agricultural usage in and around rangampeta area,andhra pradesh, South India / A. Nagaraju, A. Thejaswi, Z. Sharifi // Химия и технология воды. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 6. — С. 645-656. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Химия и технология воды |
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AT nagarajua assessmentofgroundwaterqualityanditssuitabilityforagriculturalusageinandaroundrangampetaareaandhrapradeshsouthindia AT thejaswia assessmentofgroundwaterqualityanditssuitabilityforagriculturalusageinandaroundrangampetaareaandhrapradeshsouthindia AT sharifiz assessmentofgroundwaterqualityanditssuitabilityforagriculturalusageinandaroundrangampetaareaandhrapradeshsouthindia |
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ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 645
© A. Nagaraju, A. Thejaswi, Z. Sharifi, 2016
A. Nagaraju1, A. Thejaswi2, Z. Sharifi3
ASSeSSmeNT of GrouNdwATer QuAliTy ANd iTS
SuiTAbiliTy for AGriculTurAl uSAGe iN ANd ArouNd
rANGAmpeTA AreA, ANdhrA prAdeSh, SouTh iNdiA
1Department of Geology, S.V. University, Andhra Pradesh, India;
2Department of Environmental Sciences, Kakatiya University,
Talagana, India;
3Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture,
University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
huangyuanxing@usst.edu.cn
The aim of this study is to assess the groundwater quality of Rangampeta area for irrigation
and domestic purposes. The groundwater samples were analyzed for distribution of
chemical elements Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si, HCO
3
, CO
3
, Cl and SO
4
. It also includes pH,
electrical conductivity, total hardness, non carbonate hardness and total alkalinity.
The parameters like sodium absorption ratio, adjusted sodium absorption ratio, sodium
percentage, potential salinity, permeability index and residual sodium carbonate were
calculated. The dominant hydrochemical facies of groundwater are Ca-Mg-Cl and Na-
Cl Water Types. The Gibbs’s diagram plots suggest that the chemical weathering of rock
forming minerals is the major driving force controlling water chemistry in this area. The
positive chloro-alkaline indices revealed that the groundwater has suffered ion exchange
between Na and K of water with Ca and Mg of soil during its flow.
Keywords: groundwater quality, physico chemical parameters, rangampeta, south India.
introduction
Groundwater is an important natural resource especially for drinking
and irrigation uses. Water quality assessment is essential for human health
and the definition of water quality depends on the desired use of water
[1]. The variations of water quality are essentially the combination of both
anthropogenic and natural contributions [2]. Natural variations in groundwater
hydrochemistry should be considered when assessing water quality data from
groundwater monitoring programmers, as elevated concentrations for certain
parameters might be influenced by the aquifer lithology [3]. The groundwater
chemistry is subject to continuous modifications in any given hydrogeological
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6646
environment. Groundwater chemistry is largely a function of the mineral
composition of the aquifer through which it flows. As the groundwater moves
along its path from recharge to discharge areas, a variety of hydrogeochemical
processes altered its chemical composition. The hydrogeochemical processes
and hydrogeochemistry of the groundwater vary spatially and temporally,
depending on the geology and chemical characteristics of the aquifer.
Groundwater contains minerals carried in solution, the type and
concentration of which depends upon several factors like soluble products of
rock weathering and decomposition in addition to external polluting agencies
and changes in space and time. Geogenic sources are one of the causes for the
variation in chemical composition of groundwater which changes with space
and time [4, 5]. Hence, it is important to study and understand the different
hydrogeochemical characteristics of water quality parameters. The appraisal of
water chemistry attains significance, more so for a contaminated aquifer, so as to
facilitate understanding the process of pollution and ability of the groundwater to
assimilate extraneous elements [6].
Hence, the present study is undertaken to study the groundwater quality
assessment around Rangampeta area. This area is located on north latitude
from 13° 36' 05'' to 13° 37' 10'' N and east longitude from 79° 15' 00'' to 79° 17'
60'' E in Chandragiri mandal, Chittoor district, in Andhra Pradesh. This area
is included in the survey of India toposheet No. 57 O/6.
experimental
Groundwater samples were collected from 30 locations from Rangampeta
area. The collected water samples were transferred into precleaned polythene
container for analysis of chemical characters. To know the suitability of waters
for irrigation, chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Ca,
Mg, Na, K, Si, Cl, HCO
3
, CO
3
, SO
4
, and various chemical index such as total
dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), non carbonate hardness (NCH),
total alkalinity (TA), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), adjusted SAR (adj.SAR),
sodium percentage (SP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and permeability
index (PI) were analyzed by adopting the standard procedures of water analysis.
The availability of data on field parameters such as EC, pH were measured. The
major cations and anions were determined adopting the analytical techniques,
which are based on the methods proposed by APHA [7]. The diagrams viz.,
Chadha’s, Wilcox and Gibbs were constructed to study the genesis and water
quality of the study area.
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 647
results and discussion
Groundwater chemistry. The major ion chemistry of groundwater from
studied area was statistically analyzed and the results summarized by minimum,
maximum, mean in a Table. Various methods and graphs were used to study
and interpret the water analyses data Fig. 1 to 3.
Minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation values of different
constituents of water samples of Rangampeta area
Constituents Min Max Average St. dev.
Ca, mg/L 7,0 52,0 25,8 14,0
Mg, mg/L 7,0 60,0 29,4 14,6
Na, mg/L 8,0 138,0 66,4 37,4
K, mg/L 2,0 168,0 28,1 48,6
HCO
3
, mg/L 10,0 327,0 113,0 67,0
CO
3
, mg/L 2,0 72,0 19,4 16,0
SO
4
, mg/L 10,0 61,0 31,2 14,1
Cl, mg/L 39,0 306,0 148,1 69,3
Si, mg/L 3,0 11,0 7,2 2,1
pH 7,9 8,6 8,3 0,2
Specific conductance, μS/m 23000 119000 68300 243
Total dissolved solids, mg/L 150 774 444 158
Hardness as CaCO
3
, mg/L 71 291 171 57
Non-carbonate hardness as CaCO
3
, mg/L –54 179 61 73
Alkalinity as CaCO
3
, mg/L 44 232 125 49
Sodium adsorption ratio 0,3 4,9 2,2 1,3
Adjusted SAR 0,4 8,2 3,8 2,2
Sodium percentage, % 16,8 68,9 46,9 16,0
Potential salinity, meqL-1 1,3 8,9 4,5 2,0
Residual sodium carbonate, meqL-1 –3,5 1,1 –1,2 1,5
Permeability index (PI), % 41,0 92,3 63,5 13,0
Kelly’s ratio 0,2 2,2 0,9 0,6
Magnesium ratio, % 19,4 87,9 64,1 18,5
Gibb’s ratio I 0,38 0,98 0,68 0,15
Gibb’s ratio II 0,31 0,93 0,70 0,18
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6648
Fig. 1. Chadha's diagram (modified Piper diagram).
Fig. 2. Mechanism controlling the chemistry of groundwater (after Gibbs 1970):
a – dominant anionis Cl - and HCO
3
- , b – dominant cationis Na+, K+ and Ca2+.
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 649
Fig. 3. The quality of water in relation toelectrical conductivity and perctnt sodium
(Wilcox diagram).
Hydrogeochemical facies. In the present study, the groundwater of
the study area has been classified as per Chadha’s diagram [8] in order
to identify the hydrochemical processes. The proposed diagram is a
modification of Piper diagram [9] with a view to extend its applicability
in representing water analysis. This can be also used to study various
hydro-chemical processes such as base cation exchange, actual ion
concentration, mixing of natural waters and sulphate reduction and other
related hydro-chemical problems. Results of analyses were plotted on the
proposed diagram to test its applicability for geochemical classification
of groundwater and to study hydrochemical processes (see Fig. 2, a, b).
It is evident from the results, that about 53% samples fall in Group 6
(Ca-Mg-Cl Water Type) and 37% samples fall in Group 7 (Na- Cl Water
Type) and remaining 3 water samples (5,7 and 26) fall in Group Ca-Mg-
HCO
3
Water Type.
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6650
Mechanisms controlling groundwater chemistry. Gibbs diagrams are widely
used to assess the functional sources of dissolved chemical constituents, such as
precipitation-dominance, rock-dominance and evaporation dominance [10]. In this
diagram the ratio of dominant anions and cations are plotted against the value of TDS.
These diagrams are widely employed to assess the functional sources of dissolved
chemical constituents, such as precipitation, rock, and evaporation dominance. In
the present study area, the dominant anions (Cl and HCO
3
) and cations (Na, K
and Ca) are plotted against their respective total dissolved solids (see Fig. 3). The
Gibbs plot suggest that most of the samples falls in weathering zone, which indicates
the groundwater interaction between rock chemistry. Gibbs diagrams suggest that
chemical weathering of the rock, which forms minerals. Gibbs ratio I values in the
present study varies from 0.38 to 0.98 with an average value of 0,68 and Gibbs ratio II
values varies from 0.31 to 0.93 with an average value of 0,70.
Water quality evaluation for irrigation purpose. The most important
characteristics of irrigation water in determining its quality are: (i) Total
concentration of soluble salts; (ii) Relative proportion of sodium to other
principal cations; (iii) Concentration of boron or other element that may be
toxic, and (iv) under some condition, bicarbonate concentration as related to
the concentration of calcium plus magnesium. These have been termed as the
salinity hazard [11, 12], sodium hazard, boron hazard and bicarbonate hazard.
In the present study, the following observations were made for assessing the
suitability of the ground waters for irrigation purpose.
pH. The pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in water. The
pH value of water indicates whether the water is acidic or alkaline. In the study
area, the concentration of hydrogen ion (pH) ranged from 7,9 to 8,6, with a
mean value of 8,3. Most of the water samples (87%) have concentration within
the safe limit of standard set (6 – 8,5) for irrigation purpose [13].
Salinity hazard. It is well known that EC is a good measure of dissolved
solids in water. TDS generally reflects the amount of minerals content that
dissolved in the water, and this controls its suitability for use. High concentration
of total dissolved solid may cause deleterious effects on plant growth and soil
quality. Highly mineralized water may also deteriorate domestic plumbing
and appliances. In present investigation, the electrical conductivity of water
samples varies from 23000 to a maximum of 119000 μS/m with an average
value of 68300 μS/m. Also, the concentration value of TDS ranged from 150 to
774 mg/L with the mean value of 444 mg/L. As per Wilcox [12] EC grading
classification, in the present study about 63,3% of the water samples are classified
as good, 33,3% as permissible, and 3,3% as excellent waters category.
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 651
Potential salinity (PS). Doneen [14] explained that the suitability of water
for irrigation is not dependent on soluble salts. Doneen [15] is of the opinion
that the low solubility salts precipitate in the soil and accumulate with each
successive irrigation, whereas the concentration of highly soluble salts increase
the soil salinity. Potential salinity is defined as the chloride concentration plus
half of the sulphate concentration as showed below:
All ionic concentration is in meql-1.
The potential salinity of the water samples ranged from 1,3 to 8,9 with
an average value of 4,5 meql-1. It suggests that the potential salinity in the
groundwater of the studied area nearly is high, thus, making the water salinity
hazard in soil of studied area. High values of potential salinity in the area can
be ascribed to high chloride and sodium content that may derived from the
human activities in the studied area.
Total hardness. The hardness is the measure of the capacity of water to react
with soap and hard water requiring considerably more soap to produce lather.
Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+)
metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as iron. Calcium
usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
), in the form of
limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate (CaSO
4
), in the form of other mineral
deposits. In the present study, the predominant source of calcium is from granitic
rocks. In the present study, hardness values are ranging from 71 to 291 with
an average value of 171 mg/L as CaCO
3
. Based on McGowan [16] water with
hardness below 75 mg/L as CaCO
3
, is generally considered as soft, 75 – 150,
moderately hard, 150 – 300, hard and more than 300, very hard. Based on this
classification, 3% of the surveyed water samples fall on soft category, 40% fall on
moderately hard category and the rest of samples (57%) fall on hard category. In
general, water with hardness more than 200 mg/L as CaCO
3
will lead to scale
deposits in the piping system [17]. Thus, the result suggests that most of the water
samples (73%) can safe for plumbing of irrigation systems.
Total alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure of the ability of a solution to neutralize
acids to the equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate. On the other word,
alkalinity is closely related to the acid neutralizing capacity of a solution. In the
natural environment carbonate alkalinity tends to make up most of the total
alkalinity due to the common occurrence and dissolution of carbonate rocks and
presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Alkalinity is important because
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6652
it buffers pH changes that occur naturally during photosynthetic cycles, water
exchanges, etc. From the Table, it is clear that the alkalinity ranges from 44 to
232 with a mean value of 125 mg/L as CaCO
3
in the studied area.
Non-carbonate hardness (NCH). Hardness of water relates to the reaction
with soap, since Ca and Mg ions precipitate soap. Hardness is expressed as
mg/L of CaCO
3
. If the hardness as CaCO
3
exceeds the difference between
the alkalinity as CaCO
3
and hardness as CaCO
3
, it is termed as NCH. Non
carbonate hardness is also called permanent hardness. From the Table, it can
be delineated that the NCH values ranged from – 54 to 179 with an average
value of 61 mg/L as CaCO
3
.
Sodium hazard. Excess sodium in waters produces the undesirable effects
on soil structure and growth and development of plants. Hence, the assessment
of sodium concentration is necessary while considering the suitability for
irrigation. Plants are detrimentally affected; both excess absorption of sodium
and immobilize of nutrient ions particularly Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ by sodium
in soil. Sodium replacing adsorbed calcium and magnesium is a hazard as it
causes damage to the soil structure. Soils with an accumulation of exchangeable
sodium are often characterized by poor till and low permeability making them
unfavorable for plant growth [18 – 22]. In the past, the sodium hazard has been
expressed as percent sodium of total cations. A better measure of the sodium
hazard for irrigation is the SAR which is concentration of sodium relative to
the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in water. It is directly related to
the amount of sodium that is absorbed by soils. On the other word, the degree
to which the irrigation water tends to enter into cation exchange reaction in soil
can be indicated by the SAR [23]. Since sodium replaces adsorbed calcium and
magnesium in soil, hence it is expressed as:
( )2 2
Na
SAR = .���
Ca Mg
2
+
+ ++
All ionic concentration is in meql-1.
The SAR values of the groundwater samples in the studied area varied from
0,3 to 4,9 with an average value of 2,2 (see Table). As per classification of Wilcox
[12], water with SAR ≤ 10 is considered as an excellent quality, between 10 to 18
is good; between 18 to 26 is fair and greater than 26 is said to be unsuitable for
irrigation purpose in its natural form. As evident from Table. The SAR values
of all the water samples of the study area to be less than 10, and are classified as
excellent for irrigation.
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 653
From the Table, it is observed that the sodium percentage values of the
studied area samples vary from 16,78 to 68,95% with an average value of
46,88%. Sodium percentage is plotted against conductivity, which is designated
as Wilcox diagram and is illustrated in Fig. 3. The classification of groundwater
was grouped based sodium in the water is increased in the form of sodium
on sodium percentage as excellent (<20%), good (20 – 40%), permissible
(40 – 60%), doubtful (60 – 80%) and unsuitable (>80%) [24]. In this study,
water samples fall into the categories of "excellent to good" (60%), "good to
permissible" (27%) and "permissible to doubtful" (13%).
Carbonate and bicarbonates hazard. The relative abundance of sodium with
respect to alkaline earths and the quantity of bicarbonate and carbonate in
excess of alkaline earths also influence irrigation water quality. This excess
is denoted by RSC and determined as suggested by Richards [25]. Because
in waters having high concentration of bicarbonate and carbonate, there is
tendency for calcium and magnesium to precipitate as calcite and magnesite,
which increases sodium hazard and its related problems such as reducing soil
permeability, soil aeration, high pH, inhibit root penetration, etc. [20, 21, 26].
According to the U.S. Salinity Laboratory [23], a RSC value less than
1,25 meql-1 is safe for irrigation; a value between 1,25 and 2,5 meql-1 is marginal
quality and a value greater than 2,5 meql-1 is unsuitable for irrigation. From
the Table, it can be interpreted that the groundwater in the studied area shows
RSC values of –3,5 to 1,1 with a mean value of –1,2 meql-1. Based on RSC
values, over 30 samples have values less than 1,25, which elucidates that all the
groundwater in the studied area are safe for irrigation.
Doneen [27], Ayers and Wescot [13] have also determined the hazardous effect
of excessive amount of bicarbonate and carbonate on water quality for irrigation
usage in terms of permeability index (PI) and adjusted sodium adsorption ratio
(adj.SAR), respectively. Permeability index and adj.SAR are computed as:
3
2 2
c
Na HCO
100
(Ca Mg Na )
SAR[1 (8, 4 pH )
PI
adj.SAR
+ −
+ + +
+
=
+ +
= + −
⋅
where pk
2
– negative logarithm of the second dissociation constant for
carbonic acid, pK
c
– solubility constant for calcite, p – negative logarithm of
ion concentration. All ionic concentration is in meql-1
; (1)
; (2)
c 2 c
pH (pK pK ) (Ca Mg) (Alk).p p= − + + +
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6654
Waters can be classified as Class I, Class II and Class III orders with regard
to PI. Class I and Class II waters are categorized as good for irrigation with
75% or more of maximum permeability. Class III waters are unsuitable with
25% of maximum permeability [27]. From the Table, it can be demarcated
that the PI values vary from 40,1 to 92,3 with an average of 63,5. Eighty-three
percent of water samples fall into the Class I Category of Doneen’s chart and
are categorized as good for irrigation.
Concerning adj.SAR the water samples ranged from 0,4 to 8,2 with a mean
value of 3,8 (see Table). Based on Ayers and Tanji [28] classification, 46,6% of
samples have adj.SAR values less than 3 and are safe for irrigation and remained
samples (53,4%) of samples have adj.SAR values between 3 and 9 are increasing
problem for irrigation due to sodium hazard.
In general, the obtained results from the calculation of RSC, PI and adj.
SAR suggest that nearly the water samples are suitable for irrigation with regard
to carbonate and bicarbonates hazard.
Chloro-alkaline indices. The ion exchange between the groundwater and
its host environment during residence or travel is well understood by studying
the chloro-alkaline indices. The ion exchange of Na and K from water with
Ca and Mg, the indices is positive while if the exchange is reverse then the
indices are negative [29]. The statistics of chloro-alkaline indices 1, 2 of the
study indicates 73% of the groundwater samples have positive and 27% negative
values. It simply implies that the groundwater of Rangampeta area has suffered
ion exchange between alkali and alkaline earth metals.
conclusion
Interpretation of analytical data showed that the abundance of the major
ions is as follows: Na > Mg ≈ K > Ca > Si and Cl > HCO
3
> SO
4
> CO
3
.
The groundwater quality variations are mainly related to groundwater-rock
interaction. The chemical composition of groundwater of the study area is strongly
influenced by rock water interaction, dissolution and deposition of silicates
group of minerals present in granites. The Gibbs diagrams support these analysis
results and suggest that chemical weathering of the rock forming minerals are
the main controlling mechanisms of groundwater quality. Chemical dissolution
of bed rock/minerals plays an important role in determining the geochemistry of
natural waters. The major source of dissolved species to natural water is the rocks
forming in contact with water, water rock interactions starts and moves forward
towards equilibrium by dissolving or leaching bedrock minerals in to the solution.
ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 655
The results obtained from Chadhas diagram that about 53% samples fall in
Group 6 (Ca-Mg-Cl Water Type) and 37% samples fall in Group 7 (Na- Cl-
Water Type). Most of the samples fall under Class I in PI calculation, revealing
that most of the stations are suitable for irrigation. The Wilcox classification
shows that majority of samples from most of the stations fall under "excellent
to good" and "good to permissible limits". The study reveals that most of the
stations require special type of irrigation methods to control the high salinity
that will improve the yield of crop production. But, the water can be used safely
for irrigation with special circumstances for salinity control such as leaching
requirement or cropping of salt tolerant plants.
references
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