Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India

Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India

The aim of the present investigation was to draw the current scenario of arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water of community tube well and drinking water treated by tube wells installed with different adsorbent media-based treatment plants in districts Nadia, Hooghly and North 24-Parganas dist...

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Дата:2016
Автори: Bhakta, J.N., Rana, S., Jana, J., Bag, S.K., Lahiri, S., Jana, B.B., Panning, F., Fechter, L.
Формат: Стаття
Мова:English
Опубліковано: Інститут колоїдної хімії та хімії води ім. А.В. Думанського НАН України 2016
Назва видання:Химия и технология воды
Теми:
Природные воды
Онлайн доступ:http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/160864
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Цитувати:Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India / J.N. Bhakta, S. Rana, J. Jana, S.K. Bag, S. Lahiri, B.B. Jana, F. Panning, L. Fechter // Химия и технология воды. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 6. — С. 657-668. — Бібліогр.: 33 назв. — англ.

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spelling irk-123456789-1608642019-11-22T01:25:49Z Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India Bhakta, J.N. Rana, S. Jana, J. Bag, S.K. Lahiri, S. Jana, B.B. Panning, F. Fechter, L. Природные воды The aim of the present investigation was to draw the current scenario of arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water of community tube well and drinking water treated by tube wells installed with different adsorbent media-based treatment plants in districts Nadia, Hooghly and North 24-Parganas districts, West Bengal, India. As removal efficiencies of different treatment plants varied from 23 to 71%, which is largely governed by adsorption capacity of adsorbent and influencing environmental factors. Though investigated treatment plants removed substantial amount of As from tube well water, high As concentration in treated drinking water was retained after passing through the treatment plants. This high level of As concentration in tube well water and retention of high As concentration in treated drinking water were severe for the consumers which therefore, indicating the improvement of removal efficiency of treatment plant by meticulously considering favorable influencing factors or/and application of other high capacity treatment alternatives to adsorb the excess As retained in drinking water and regular monitoring of As concentration in the treated drinking water are indispensable. 2016 Article Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India / J.N. Bhakta, S. Rana, J. Jana, S.K. Bag, S. Lahiri, B.B. Jana, F. Panning, L. Fechter // Химия и технология воды. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 6. — С. 657-668. — Бібліогр.: 33 назв. — англ. 0204-3556 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/160864 en Химия и технология воды Інститут колоїдної хімії та хімії води ім. А.В. Думанського НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
topic Природные воды
Природные воды
spellingShingle Природные воды
Природные воды
Bhakta, J.N.
Rana, S.
Jana, J.
Bag, S.K.
Lahiri, S.
Jana, B.B.
Panning, F.
Fechter, L.
Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India
Химия и технология воды
description The aim of the present investigation was to draw the current scenario of arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water of community tube well and drinking water treated by tube wells installed with different adsorbent media-based treatment plants in districts Nadia, Hooghly and North 24-Parganas districts, West Bengal, India. As removal efficiencies of different treatment plants varied from 23 to 71%, which is largely governed by adsorption capacity of adsorbent and influencing environmental factors. Though investigated treatment plants removed substantial amount of As from tube well water, high As concentration in treated drinking water was retained after passing through the treatment plants. This high level of As concentration in tube well water and retention of high As concentration in treated drinking water were severe for the consumers which therefore, indicating the improvement of removal efficiency of treatment plant by meticulously considering favorable influencing factors or/and application of other high capacity treatment alternatives to adsorb the excess As retained in drinking water and regular monitoring of As concentration in the treated drinking water are indispensable.
format Article
author Bhakta, J.N.
Rana, S.
Jana, J.
Bag, S.K.
Lahiri, S.
Jana, B.B.
Panning, F.
Fechter, L.
author_facet Bhakta, J.N.
Rana, S.
Jana, J.
Bag, S.K.
Lahiri, S.
Jana, B.B.
Panning, F.
Fechter, L.
author_sort Bhakta, J.N.
title Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India
title_short Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India
title_full Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India
title_fullStr Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India
title_full_unstemmed Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India
title_sort current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of west bengal, india
publisher Інститут колоїдної хімії та хімії води ім. А.В. Думанського НАН України
publishDate 2016
topic_facet Природные воды
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/160864
citation_txt Current status of arsenic contamination in drinkingwater and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal, India / J.N. Bhakta, S. Rana, J. Jana, S.K. Bag, S. Lahiri, B.B. Jana, F. Panning, L. Fechter // Химия и технология воды. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 6. — С. 657-668. — Бібліогр.: 33 назв. — англ.
series Химия и технология воды
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AT janaj currentstatusofarseniccontaminationindrinkingwaterandtreatmentpracticeinsomeruralareasofwestbengalindia
AT bagsk currentstatusofarseniccontaminationindrinkingwaterandtreatmentpracticeinsomeruralareasofwestbengalindia
AT lahiris currentstatusofarseniccontaminationindrinkingwaterandtreatmentpracticeinsomeruralareasofwestbengalindia
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fulltext ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 657 © J.N. Bhakta, S. Rana, J. Jana, S.K. Bag, S. Lahiri, B.B. Jana, F. Panning, L. Fechter, 2016 J.N. Bhakta1,2, S. Rana1,2, J. Jana1,2, S.K. Bag1,2, S. Lahiri1,2, B.B. Jana1,2, F. Panning3, L. Fechter4 CURRENT STATUS OF ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER AND TREATMENT PRACTICE IN SOME RURAL AREAS OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA 1International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India; 2Kalyani Shine India, West Bengal, India; 3NACOTEC Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand; 4HeGo Biotec GmbH, Berlin, Germany lsnjbhakta@mail.com The aim of the present investigation was to draw the current scenario of arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water of community tube well and drinking water treated by tube wells installed with different adsorbent media-based treatment plants in districts Nadia, Hooghly and North 24-Parganas districts, West Bengal, India. As removal efficiencies of different treatment plants varied from 23 to 71%, which is largely governed by adsorption capacity of adsorbent and influencing environmental factors. Though investigated treatment plants removed substantial amount of As from tube well water, high As concentration in treated drinking water was retained after passing through the treatment plants. This high level of As concentration in tube well water and retention of high As concentration in treated drinking water were severe for the consumers which therefore, indicating the improvement of removal efficiency of treatment plant by meticulously considering favorable influencing factors or/and application of other high capacity treatment alternatives to adsorb the excess As retained in drinking water and regular monitoring of As concentration in the treated drinking water are indispensable. Keywords: arsenic, community tube well, drinking water, contamination, treat­ ment plant. Introduction Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring element in the earth’s crust, is highly toxic metalloid posing serious threat to human health and environment [1, 2] especially in the Gangetic belt of India and Bangladesh during the last few ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6658 decades. It causes Arsenicosis symptomized by multisystem disorders includ­ ing predominant manifestations of cutaneous effects [3]. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has identified As as a group A "known" carcinogen. Drinking water rich in As over a long period leads to As poisoning known as arsenicosis manifests with the development of symptoms hyperpigmentation, skin cancer, kidney damage, liver cancer, circulatory dis­ orders, and other ailments [4, 5]. Arsenic enters into soil and contaminates the groundwater by geogenic (weathering of rocks and minerals) reactions/process [6] and anthropogenic (discharge of As content industrial and agricultural wastes) effects [7] followed by subsequent leaching and runoff effects. Various geochemical factors (Red­ox potential (Eh), adsorption/desorption, precipitation/dissolution, As speciation, pH, presence and concentration of competing ions, biological transformation, etc.) in the aquifer control the release and concentration of As in groundwater. Consequently, different domains on earth have infested by As contamination in groundwater which has been envisaged as a global environmental problem. As a precautionary measure, the USEPA promulgated the new As rule that lowered the maximum contaminant level (MCL) in drinking water to 10 μg/L (10 ppb) for both community and non­transient, non­community water systems (http://www.epa.gov/safewater/arsenic. html). Therefore, it is most important to adopt strategies for achieving the safe concentration of As in drinking water. Among several improved and innovative methods, reverse osmosis, precipita­ tion, coagulation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, adsorption, membrane fil­ tration and ultra­filtration employed [8 – 14], adsorption has been emerged as an promising technique to remove As from contaminated water using the various adsorbent medias like – iron oxide, activated alumina, clay mineral, ceramic, etc. In India, since the groundwater As contamination was first surfaced from West­Bengal in 1983. It is well conceived that the Bengal Delta Plain (BDP) is currently confronted with elevated level of As in groundwater [15, 16] and pro­ longed consumption of such contaminated groundwater has led to wide spread As related health problems [17]. The government and several non government organizations implemented various strategies and treatment methods to treat As contaminated groundwater in order to supply As free drinking water for the peoples inhabiting in BDP. Application of artificial recharging (i.e., Ground­ water oxygenation and recharge into the same aquifer) and adsorbent media­ based small treatment plant with hand operated community tube well are common to treat the contaminated water in rural area of West Bengal, India. ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 659 It appears that though various technologies/devices have been introduced to remove the As from drinking water, it is far from inadequate and not satisfac­ tory from the public health point of view. With this information in backdrop, the present investigation was undertaken to draw the current scenario of As level in drinking water of some tube wells of BDP and to assess the practical performance of the small As contaminated water treatment plants installed in some As contaminated community tube wells of Nadia, Hooghly and North 24­Parganas in BDP, West Bengal, India. Experimental Study area and sampling. Thirty four water samples from hand operated community tube wells (depth 150 – 200 ft) of the As contaminated predeter­ mined seven village areas of three districts, Nadia (22°41′23′′ N and 72°51′24′′ E) (22 samples; 1 – 22), Hooghly (22°89′56′′ N, 88°40′25′′ E) (6 samples; 23 – 28) and North 24­Parganas (22°53′00′′ N, 88°33′00′′ E ) (6 samples; 29 – 34) in West Bengal, India were collected in March, 2013 for examining the current status of As concentration from drinking water sources of tube well. A large number of village people (100 to 150 people/tube well) are depended on these tube wells everyday for drinking water. With a view to provide As free drinking water to the villagers, a number of organizations installed the various adsorbent media­based small As treatment plants with the hand operated community tube wells to treat the As contami­ nated water and supply the As free drinking water. The preliminary survey revealed that four types of adsorbent media­based treatment plants namely, Anir Engenderers (AE, Activated Al 2 O 3 ), Pal Trock­ ner (PT, MnO + Silica gel + gravel + sand), Ion Exchange (IE, resin) and Amal Filter (AF, Activated Al 2 O 3 ) are prevalent in the district of Nadia, West Bengal, India. The performance of different treatment plants installed with the tube wells were compared among different tube wells by monitoring the As content of treated drinking water from these sources and As removal efficiency was then determined. For this purpose, the water samples were collected from two sources – inlet (I, representing the background drinking water of each tube well) and outlet (O, representing the treated drinking water of each tube well) of four types of treatment plants (samples herein called as AEI and AEO for Anir Engenderers, PTI and PTO for Pal Trockner, IEI and IEO for Ion exchange, AFI and AFO for Amal Filter). The three tube wells of each type of treatment ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6660 plant installed in three different locations in the study area were considered as three replicates and mean of three values was used for assessment. Sample analysis. The 50 ml water samples were acidified by hydrochloric acid and analyzed by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (VARIAN, AA 240) to determine the As content of tube well water. The As concentra­ tion of water was calculated and expressed as milligram per litre (mg/L). The physico­chemical properties such as, temperature, pH, oxidation reduction potential, total dissolved solid, salinity and conductivity were measured by PCS Tester 35 multi­parameters and dissolved oxygen was recorded by HQ40d ("Eutech Instruments Pte Ltd", Singapore). The concentration of bicarbonate alkalinity, hardness, organic carbon, ammonium­N, nitrite­N, nitrate­N and orthophosphate and iron (Fe) content in water samples were analyzed using the standard methods described by APHA [18]. Statistical analysis. The correlation studies of obtained data were performed by EXCEL. The means of removal efficiency were compared following the one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significance difference (LSD) using the statistical package (EASE, M­STAT). The accepted level of statisti­ cal significance was at p < 0.05. Results and discussion The As content of water varied from 0.019 to 0.309 mg/L, 0.023 to 0.081mg/L and 0.030 to 0.050 mg/L in investigated villages of Nadia, Hooghly and North 24­Parganas, respectively. The concentration of As was highly variable in all water samples collected from three districts of West Bengal (Fig. 1). Results of the investigation showed that the As concentration (0.019 – 0.309 mg/L) of tube well water samples of Nadia district was higher com­ pared to that of the remaining two (Hooghly and North 24­Parganas) districts (0.023 – 0.081 mg/L) examined. The maximum As concentration (0.309 mg/L) found in Nadia district was 6.18 times higher than the the permissible limit set by Indian Standards for drinking water (0.05 mg/L) and 30 times higher than WHO Standards (0.01 mg/L). Banerjee and Ghosh observed high variability of As concentrations in the groundwater ranging from <0.03 to 0.231 mg/L in the different sites of Nadia during the study period of 2005 – 2006 [16]. On the other hand, the level of As in drinking water determined in 2013 in the present study was higher than in 2005 – 2006. It appears that As level of drinking water in the region is on rising over the period of time. This is perhaps due to alteration in geochemical reactions influenced by changing anthropogenic driven geochem­ ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 661 ical factors causing As invasion (i.e., As contamination) to the neighboring new areas in the districts. Therefore, the health hazardous problems caused by As contaminated drinking water have quantitatively augmented in the villagers of investigated areas especially in Nadia district. In this respect, it is worth men­ tioning that ground water As contamination was significantly detected in 1983 in West Bengal, India, when some village people were diagnosed to be suffering from disease "Arsenicosis" due to drinking of As contaminated water. Presently, the ground water contamination with As is now widespread in 79 blocks (areas) in 8 districts especially in Nadia, 24 Parganas, Malda, Murshidabad and Burd­ wan of West Bengal. It has assumed that about 6 billion people are exposed to As contaminated ground water (> 0.05 mg/L) [19]. Fig. 1. Arsenic concentration in drinking water of community tube wells investigated (Inset representing the frequency distribution of As concentration) (24 Pgs N, North 24- Parganas; IPL, Indian permissible limit for As; WPL, WHO permissible limit for As). Of 22 samples of Nadia districts, the As concentration in about 77% of the samples tested (17 tube wells) were about 40 to 518% higher than the Indian recommended permissible limit of As for drinking water (0.05 mg/L). Follow­ ing the same criterion, the As content in drinking water procured from 2 tube wells in the district of Hooghly was higher, whereas all the tube wells examined in the district of North 24­Parganas appeared to have no As contamination. Frequency distribution of As content in drinking water samples revealed that about 62% of all the samples examined had higher concentration classes (> 0.05 – 0.309 mg/L; i.e., > Indian recommended permissible limit of As for drinking water) that occurred exclusively in the district of Nadia, whereas ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6662 lower (0 – 0.01 mg/L; i.e., ≤ WHO recommended permissible limit of As for drinking water) and moderate (>0.01 – 0.05 mg/L; i.e., between > WHO and ≤ Indian recommended permissible limit of As for drinking water) occurred by 0% and 38%, respectively in Nadia, Hooghly and North 24­Parganas see (see Fig. 2). It is obvious that majority of tube wells used for supply of drinking water in the district of Nadia are heavily contaminated with highly risk level of As which has also been claimed by some researchers earlier [3, 15, 17]. Further­ more, from the above results, it may be proposed that people are getting slowly poisoned by intaking high rate of As through drinking water. It is illustrated in Fig. 2 that the people in the highest As contaminated area drink 5 l 0.309 mg/L As containing drinking water/d, the amount of As ingested by a people/d would be about 1.54 mg. Intake of such high amount of As for prolonged period would cause various health hazards in people. As a consequence, the people suffer from skin lesion, chronic lung disease, chronic cough and bronchitis in the investigated areas [17, 20 – 22]. Arsenic toxicity may also cause paresthesia and abdominal pain, chronic diarrhoea, hepato­ megaly, ascites and non­pitting edema of the limbs in a large number of peo­ ple in West Bengal and Bangladesh [17, 23, 24]. The epidemiological study in Nadia district also revealed a gender difference with males being more sufferers than females [17]. As accumulates in hair, skin and nails, resulting in strong pigmentation of hands and feet (i.e., keratosis), high blood pressure, and car­ diovascular, respiratory, endocrine, neurological and metabolic dysfunctions/ disorders [25, 26]. The variations in physico­chemical properties of water samples collected from investigated community tube well were shown in Table. Temperature and pH ranged from 24.8 to 28°C and 6.4 to 7.6 in all samples investigated. The concentration of dissolved oxygen is nearly zero (0 – 2.01 mg/L) with few exceptions and oxidation reduction potential (72.6 – 146 mv) also showed the lower value. Both the parameters revealed the anoxic environment and reduc­ ing condition of groundwater. The values of total dissolved solid, salinity and conductivity ranged from 344 to 560 mg/L, 240 to 378 mg/L, and 481 to 785 μs/cm, respectively. The bicarbonate alkalinity (290 – 504 mg/L), hard­ ness (140 – 356 mg/L), organic carbon (3.6 – 16.2 mg/L), orthophosphate (0.05 – 1.40 mg/L) and ammonium­N (0.01 – 1.0 mg/L) also varied mark­ edly in different samples, whereas no marked variation in the concentrations of nitrite­N (0 – 0.05 mg/L) and nitrate­N (0 – 0.003 mg/L) were pronounced among the samples investigated. The concentration of iron (Fe) ranged from 0.01 to 4.28 mg/L in all samples examined. No strong correlation was found ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 663 Sa m pl es P ar am et er s T, °C pH D O O R P T D S Sa l C on d B A H ar d O C O P N H 4N N O 2 N N O 3 N F e Nadia 1 27 .9 6. 6 0 13 3. 3 46 7 32 1 65 8 44 0 35 6 16 .2 0. 08 0. 74 0. 00 2 0 1. 42 2 27 .5 7 0 14 0. 1 48 7 33 4 69 0 45 8 31 2 15 1. 4 0. 9 0. 00 2 0 0. 91 3 25 .4 7. 2 0 14 4. 7 41 7 28 1 58 9 37 2 19 6 11 .4 0. 23 0. 84 0. 00 3 0 1. 34 4 24 .8 7. 5 1. 32 12 4. 7 42 2 29 0 59 6 39 8 21 6 12 .6 0. 29 1. 03 0. 00 2 0 4. 28 5 24 .9 7. 2 0 72 .6 37 7 26 0 53 5 29 0 16 8 16 .2 0. 28 0. 23 0. 00 2 0 0. 08 6 27 .9 7. 2 0 82 .3 34 4 24 0 48 1 31 4 22 4 6. 6 0. 11 0. 22 0. 00 3 0 0. 22 7 26 7. 3 1. 66 14 6 46 7 31 3 65 8 42 6 14 8 10 .8 0. 17 0. 01 0. 00 2 0. 00 3 0. 02 8 26 .3 7. 5 0 13 8. 8 35 0 24 4 50 3 30 2 14 0 11 .4 0. 92 0. 69 0. 00 2 0 1. 04 9 26 .5 7. 2 0 13 9. 2 41 2 30 0 55 5 35 6 20 4 12 .6 0. 28 0. 02 0. 00 2 0 0. 19 10 24 .8 7. 4 0 14 3. 1 47 0 32 2 65 1 41 0 22 4 7. 2 0. 32 0. 74 0. 00 3 0 0. 1 11 25 .6 7. 6 0 13 9 56 0 37 8 78 5 50 4 34 8 4. 8 0. 46 1 0. 00 2 0 0. 15 12 26 7. 4 0 14 0 35 6 24 2 50 1 31 2 18 0 10 .8 0. 5 0. 99 0. 00 3 0 0. 06 13 25 .7 7. 6 0 14 6 47 0 28 8 49 1 38 8 18 8 3. 6 0. 55 0. 6 0. 00 3 0 0. 85 14 28 6. 6 2. 01 14 9 34 4 22 1 48 5 31 0 26 0 11 0. 28 0. 66 0. 00 7 0 2. 21 15 28 6. 8 1. 72 13 8 35 6 24 8 53 1 43 2 22 8 8. 6 0. 09 0. 28 0. 00 9 0 1. 04 16 28 6. 7 1. 5 13 4. 2 42 1 28 8 59 0 50 1 30 4 4. 5 0. 05 0. 07 0. 00 3 0. 00 2 0. 03 17 26 .8 6. 9 1. 09 14 3. 5 46 1 31 5 65 2 46 7 14 0 3. 6 0. 05 0. 58 0. 00 5 0 0. 24 18 26 7 1 12 2 45 0 31 4 64 7 48 0 26 4 3. 8 0. 00 8 0. 21 0. 05 0. 00 1 0. 02 19 27 6. 7 1. 5 13 4. 2 61 6 28 8 59 0 29 4 24 0 3. 8 0. 13 0. 63 0. 01 0 0. 53 20 28 7 2 14 5 42 1 44 5 49 0 36 4 27 6 6 0. 05 0. 22 0. 02 0. 00 2 0. 01 21 27 7. 1 1. 7 14 6 36 0 24 2 50 7 47 8 18 8 7. 8 0. 11 0. 15 0. 00 9 0 0. 93 22 27 .9 7 0 13 2. 9 45 2 31 0 63 2 41 7 23 6 11 0. 08 0. 49 0. 02 4 0. 00 2 0. 06 P hy si co -c he m ic al p ar am et er s of w at er s am pl es o f c om m un ity tu be w el ls in ve st ig at ed in N ad ia , H oo gh ly a nd N or th 2 4- P ar ga na s ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6664 Ta bl e. C on t. N ot e. D O , di ss ol ve d ox yg en ( m g/ L ); O R P, o xi da ti on r ed uc ti on p ot en ti al ( m v) ; T D S, t ot al d is so lv ed s ol id ( m g/ L ); S al , sa li n it y (m g/ L ); C on d, co nd uc ti vi ty ( μs /c m ); B A , bi ca rb on at e al ka li n it y (m g/ L ); H ar d, h ar dn es s (m g/ L ); O C , or ga n ic c ar bo n (% ); O P, o rt ho ph os ph at e (m g/ L ); N H 4N , am m on iu m ­N (m g/ L ); N O 2 N , n it ri te ­N (m g/ L ); N O 3 N , n it ra te ­N ( m g/ L ); F e, I ro n (m g/ L ). Hooghly 23 26 7. 1 0 14 7. 1 43 8 29 7 61 9 48 5 17 2 13 0. 11 0. 04 0. 01 0 0. 1 24 27 7. 4 1. 5 14 5. 6 48 5 33 8 69 5 35 7 25 6 4 0. 19 0. 45 0. 00 7 0 1. 03 25 24 .8 7. 2 1. 3 14 6 39 5 37 8 56 2 32 1 19 6 1. 9 0. 67 0. 98 0. 00 7 0 0. 31 26 27 7. 2 0 14 5 46 8 31 8 66 2 48 0 19 2 10 .8 0. 09 0. 26 0. 07 0 0. 17 27 27 .7 7. 1 0 14 4. 1 43 5 30 1 62 4 39 1 14 4 6 0. 11 0. 22 0. 00 7 0 1. 5 28 26 .8 7. 1 0 14 6 44 5 30 4 48 7 47 1 20 0 12 .7 0. 12 0. 04 0. 02 0. 00 1 2 North 24­ Parganas 29 25 .7 6. 8 1 14 3 44 4 36 9 67 5 40 0 34 9 13 .2 0. 07 0. 65 0. 04 5 0 4. 1 30 27 7. 2 0 14 6 54 2 30 9 76 4 37 0 32 1 7. 8 0. 06 0. 04 1 0. 04 0 3. 04 31 27 .5 7. 4 2 14 0. 3 46 7 27 8 56 9 36 7 22 0 8. 2 0. 08 6 0. 03 0. 02 0. 00 3 3. 1 32 24 .9 6. 6 0 14 4 35 6 35 8 58 0 43 5 32 4 7. 7 1. 1 0. 7 0. 01 0 4 33 26 7 0 13 9 48 7 26 7 71 0 47 9 31 0 9. 8 0. 9 0. 28 0. 04 0 1. 98 34 23 7. 4 0 14 0 39 0 31 1 48 1 42 0 21 6 6. 5 0. 07 0. 3 0. 1 0 2. 3 ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 665 between the As concentration of water and other parameters (pH, r = 0.066; oxidation reduction potential, r = –0.1; conductivity, r = –0.028; salinity, r = –0.444; Fe, r = –0.154; orthophosphate, r = –0.107; ammonium­N, r = –0.091; nitrite­N, r = –0.222; nitrate­N, r = –0.086) investigated. Fig. 2. Excess As intake (compared to IPL and WHO of As for drinking water) of a people drinking with 5 L/d 0.309 mg/L As containing drinking water. The results also revealed the remarkable variation in As removal and removal efficiencies in different adsorbent media­based treatment plants investigated (Fig. 3). The removal efficiencies of AE (42%), PT (71%), IE (23%) and AF (42.5%) differ significantly from each other (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The results also suggested that though investigated treatment plants function effectively with sufficient removal efficiency, the As concentration of the treated water of different treatment plants is still higher than the recommended permissible limit of As for drinking water, which is high risk for human health and environment (see Fig. 3). However, the As removal efficiency of PT (Pal Trockner) treatment plant was higher (71%) com­ pared to that of the remaining three treatment plants. It signifies that Pal Trockner treatment plant having the MnO, Silica gel, gravel and sand as adsorbents media is relatively better in treating As contaminated water. Various adsorbent medias have been used by a number of scientist to remove As from aqueous phase efficiently [27 – 31]. Though, arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] species are not analyzed, it may be assumed that oxidation of As(III) to As(V) is responsible for showing the greater As removal efficiency in some treatment plants. Besides, it should be men­ tioned here that the removal efficiency of a treatment plant largely depends on the As concentration of influent water, adsorption capacity of media, retention/contact period of water with adsorbent, amount of adsorbent, length of filter, and other vari­ ous interacting environmental factors. Absorption process is greatly influenced by the various factors of adsorbent and adsorbate [32, 33]. ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6666 Fig. 3. Arsenic removal (third bracket with values) of different adsorbent media- based As treatment plants installed with community tube wells investigated. Inset showing the As removal efficiencies of different treatment plants (Scripts (A, B and C) over bars of inset indicate the difference of removal efficiency). Conclusions It is concluded that majority of the community tube wells are contaminated with remarkably high concentration of As especially in the district of Nadia. Though investigated treatment plants removed substantial amount of As from tube well water, higher concentration of As still retained in treated drinking water compared to the Indian (0.05 mg/L) and WHO (0.01 mg/L) permissible limits of As for drinking water. It, therefore, clearly indicating the incapability of treatment plants in treating such highly As contaminated drinking water. Consequently, this high level of As concentration in tube well water and reten­ tion of high As concentration in treated drinking water posing severe threat to public health that should be consider in order to avoid the severe human health hazardous impacts. Therefore, (i) improvement of removal/adsorption capacity of investigated treatment plants and/or (ii) installation of high capacity treat­ ment plants and/or (iii) consideration of other such high capacity treatment alternatives are indispensable to mitigate this problem in order to provide safe As free drinking water to the people. Summarily, the maintenance of high rate As removing influencing factors to improve the efficiency of treatment plant and/or consideration of other high capacity treatment alternatives to achieve the permissible limit of As concentration by removing the higher amount of As ISSN 0204–3556. Химия и технология воды, 2016, т.38, №6 667 from drinking water and regular monitoring of As concentration in the treated drinking water are urgently indispensable in order to mitigate such tremendous problem and to save the rural people from the dreaded human health hazard­ ous impacts of As. Acknowledgements This study was supported by a research grant from Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development Germany/HEGO Biotec GmbH Germany. The authors are grateful for providing support to carry out this study. References [1] Hemond H.M., Solo-Gabriele H.F. // Risk Anal., 2004, 24, N1, P. 51 – 64. [2] Murphy B.L., Toole A.P., Bergstrom P.D. // Env. Geochem. 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