Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution
The concept of personified cognitive feedback (PCF) is introduced, which takes place in human neural network between the accumulated knowledge potential and new information. This feedback may always be considered as positive, taking into account experience accumulation. This connection itself provid...
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Інститут проблем штучного інтелекту МОН України та НАН України
2018
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| Цитувати: | Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution / Y.I. Kyslenko // Штучний інтелект. — 2018. — № 1 (79). — С. 63-95. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1623662020-01-08T01:25:54Z Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution Kyslenko, Y.I. Повідомлення, дискусії, листи до редакції The concept of personified cognitive feedback (PCF) is introduced, which takes place in human neural network between the accumulated knowledge potential and new information. This feedback may always be considered as positive, taking into account experience accumulation. This connection itself provides the process of “understanding” while comparing each component and the message as a whole with the recipient’s current cognitive potential. When projecting the peculiarities of PCF realization onto the society in general, a powerful conclusion can be made that it is the multitude of separate individual PCFs with their significant creative potential and unlimited communication capabilities that enables the continuous growth of the global cognitive potential, which, in its turn, determines the “progressive acceleration of social evolution”. Вводиться поняття персоніфікованого когнітивного зворотного зв’язку (ПКЗЗ) в нашій нейромережі між накопиченим потенціалом знань та новою інформацією. Такий зв'язок завжди вважатимемо позитивним з урахуванням процедури накопичення досвіду. Власне, такий зв'язок і забезпечує процес «розуміння», зіставляючи як кожну складову, так і загалом все повідомлення з поточним когнітивним потенціалом реципієнта. Коли ж спроектувати особливості актуалізації ПКЗЗ на суспільство загалом, то доходимо потужного висновку: що саме множина окремих індивідуальних ПКЗЗ з їх потужним креативним потенціалом та необмеженими можливостями комунікації забезпечують постійне зростання глобального когнітивного потенціалу, що, в свою чергу, зумовлює «прогресивне прискорення розвитку суспільства». 2018 Article Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution / Y.I. Kyslenko // Штучний інтелект. — 2018. — № 1 (79). — С. 63-95. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. 1561-5359 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/162366 004.81 en Штучний інтелект Інститут проблем штучного інтелекту МОН України та НАН України |
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Повідомлення, дискусії, листи до редакції Повідомлення, дискусії, листи до редакції |
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Повідомлення, дискусії, листи до редакції Повідомлення, дискусії, листи до редакції Kyslenko, Y.I. Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution Штучний інтелект |
| description |
The concept of personified cognitive feedback (PCF) is introduced, which takes place in human neural network between the accumulated knowledge potential and new information. This feedback may always be considered as positive, taking into account experience accumulation. This connection itself provides the process of “understanding” while comparing each component and the message as a whole with the recipient’s current cognitive potential. When projecting the peculiarities of PCF realization onto the society in general, a powerful conclusion can be made that it is the multitude of separate individual PCFs with their significant creative potential and unlimited communication capabilities that enables the continuous growth of the global cognitive potential, which, in its turn, determines the “progressive acceleration of social evolution”. |
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Kyslenko, Y.I. |
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Kyslenko, Y.I. |
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Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution |
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Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution |
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Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution |
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Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution |
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Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution |
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personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution |
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Інститут проблем штучного інтелекту МОН України та НАН України |
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2018 |
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Повідомлення, дискусії, листи до редакції |
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Personified cognitive feedback as a powerful instrument for progressive acceleration of social evolution / Y.I. Kyslenko // Штучний інтелект. — 2018. — № 1 (79). — С. 63-95. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. |
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ISSN 1561-5359. Штучний інтелект, 2018, № 1
© Y.I. Kyslenko 63
УДК 004.81
Y.I. Kyslenko
National Technical University of Ukraine
«Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Ukraine
37, Peremohy av., Kyiv, 03056
PERSONIFIED COGNITIVE FEEDBACK AS A POWERFUL
INSTRUMENT FOR PROGRESSIVE ACCELERATION
OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION
Ю.І. Кисленко
Національний технічний університет України
«Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського», Україна
пр. Перемоги, 37, м. Київ, 03056
ПЕРСОНІФІКОВАНИЙ КОГНІТИВНИЙ ЗВОРОТНИЙ
ЗВ'ЯЗОК ЯК ПОТУЖНИЙ ВАЖЕЛЬ ПРОГРЕСИВНОГО
ПРИСКОРЕННЯ РОЗВИТКУ СУСПІЛЬСТВА
The concept of personified cognitive feedback (PCF) is introduced, which takes place in human neural
network between the accumulated knowledge potential and new information. This feedback may always be
considered as positive, taking into account experience accumulation. This connection itself provides the
process of “understanding” while comparing each component and the message as a whole with the recipient’s
current cognitive potential. When projecting the peculiarities of PCF realization onto the society in general, a
powerful conclusion can be made that it is the multitude of separate individual PCFs with their significant
creative potential and unlimited communication capabilities that enables the continuous growth of the global
cognitive potential, which, in its turn, determines the “progressive acceleration of social evolution”.
Keywords: figurative level situation, basic semantic-syntactic structure, personified cognitive feedback
Вводиться поняття персоніфікованого когнітивного зворотного зв’язку (ПКЗЗ) в нашій
нейромережі між накопиченим потенціалом знань та новою інформацією. Такий зв'язок завжди
вважатимемо позитивним з урахуванням процедури накопичення досвіду. Власне, такий зв'язок і
забезпечує процес «розуміння», зіставляючи як кожну складову, так і загалом все повідомлення з
поточним когнітивним потенціалом реципієнта. Коли ж спроектувати особливості актуалізації ПКЗЗ
на суспільство загалом, то доходимо потужного висновку: що саме множина окремих індивідуальних
ПКЗЗ з їх потужним креативним потенціалом та необмеженими можливостями комунікації
забезпечують постійне зростання глобального когнітивного потенціалу, що, в свою чергу, зумовлює
«прогресивне прискорення розвитку суспільства».
Ключові слова: ситуація образного рівня, базова семантико-синтаксична структура,
персоніфікований когнітивний зворотний зв'язок
Introduction
From the standpoint of the structural and functional level of the organization of the
individual language system, as a combination of the linguistic processor responsible for the
synthesis and analysis of linguistic information, and the knowledge base, where all
information is gathered both figurative and symbolic levels, the author analyzes the
processes of interaction of these components on the way of updating various schemes of
both speech activity and general human behavior. The concept of personalized cognitive
feedback (PCF) in our neural network is introduced between the accumulated potential of
knowledge and new information. The author believes that such a connection is always
positive - taking into account the procedure of accumulation of experience. From the
perspective of introspective analysis of the work of our network are considered as separate
stages of the processing of arbitrary linguistic message, as well as the peculiarities of
ISSN 1561-5359. Штучний інтелект, 2018, № 1
64 © Y.I. Kyslenko
verbalization of information of figurative nature. Actually, such a connection provides the
process of "understanding", comparing both each component, and all messages, with the
current cognitive potential of the recipient. When to design features of actualization of PCF
to society as a whole, we arrive at the strong conclusion that the very set of individuals
PCFs with their powerful creative potential and unlimited communication capabilities
ensure the constant growth of global cognitive potential (GCP). Thus, we have an
interesting sequence of cognitive potential formation. Personified cognitive feedback of an
individual (PCF), during its life cycle, forms an individual cognitive potential (ICP), the
totality of which forms the unique global cognitive potential (GCP) of a community that is
constantly being adjusted and augmented, which in fact determines progressive
acceleration development of society.
1. The concept of feedback, evolution of its perception and usage
Perceiving the ideology of feedback has been one of the humans’ powerful
instruments for understanding the outside world and themselves. Feedback as the response
to external signals, which forms as a result of comparing the current status with the
previously accumulated experience, permeates human life and determines the existence of
all things, the living matter in the first place. However, the first manifestations of this
interrelation had been realized and used in engineering, then its principles were transferred
to studying human body functions, later were used for analyzing communication process,
and finally - for analyzing the information processes in human brain.
1.1 Evolution of the concept of feedback
Feedback in engineering. The concept of feedback has first been implemented in
engineering for stabilizing the operation of certain instruments (e.g. Watt’s governor in
1868). In general, feedback operates on the principle of considering the divergence
between the desired operation mode of a piece of technical equipment and the actual one,
and is successfully used in modern systems of automatic control. In this case the principle
of deviation control is implemented. This feedback must be negative, as it constantly
reduces the divergence between the assigned and the actual value of a certain attribute,
ensuring steady operation of the equipment.
Feedback in physiology. Due to rapid technological advance, sincemid-XX century
science has turned to analyzing the functions of living creatures, and thoroughly studying the
human body itself. Numerous principles of operation and interrelations known in engineering
systems have been discovered to be relevant for analyzing and explaining the peculiarities of
certain systems functioning in living bodies, and for understanding the human body as a whole.
This ideology had been most elaborately studied and articulated by the prominent physiologist
P.K. Anokhin, even before cybernetics was established as a generalized approach to analyzing
control procedures in biological, social and engineering systems.
Human body has already been regarded as a combination of interrelated complex
systems, each of them being able to regulate itself, thus maintaining internal stability of the
whole body (defined as homeostasis). This process required each system to have a close-loop
regulating system, implementing the feedback function. While negative feedback usually
stabilizes and enhances system operation, positive feedback, on the contrary, increases the gain
ratio, which allows to control significant energy currents, however compromising the stability
of the system. Interaction of these interrelated systems is supervised by the nervous system.
The astonishingly complex system organization of a human body was, in particular,
demonstrated by the exhibition “Learn your body” (Kyiv, 2012).
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© Y.I. Kyslenko 65
Cognitive feedback. So, the idea of referring to the methods of system analysis for
engineering, and later for studying the adaptive systems of living bodies, was gradually
adopted by psychologists for studying human cognitive processes. The possibility to use the
principle of feedback for analyzing communicative processes was first realized and
introduced for scientific use by J. Chaplin in 1975 [1] with the purpose of analyzing
communication processes between a speaker and a recipient. As opposed to using feedback
in engineering and physiology, here the research is focused on communicative processes
themselves. In particular, researchers or experts try to indirectly analyze the recipient’s
evaluation of the received information by external formal signs (body language, gestures,
facial expressions, movements, approval, acceptance or rejection, concern etc). This method
of evaluating the recipient’s knowledge has been defined as cognitive feedback (CF). For the
time being it is the only possibility to indirectly judge the recipient’s evaluation of the
semantic part of the speaker’s message. Here the chain of data transmission and receipt from
a speaker to a recipient can be clearly traced, but the quality of the received information can
only be evaluated indirectly in terms of fuzzy logic (“like”, “dislike”, “good” or “not so
good” etc). This is a virtual generalized connection “speaker-recipient”, which is not directly
connected to evaluation of the knowledge received by the recipient.
Personified cognitive feedback. Cognitive feedback referred to informational
aspects of communication between a speaker and a recipient. The next evolutionary stage
for the concept of cognitive feedback is rather radical – it concerns the special aspects of
information perception by the recipient (their neural network) as the new information is
being compared to the current potential of accumulated knowledge, providing for the
process of “understanding” the message. However, since no objective data regarding
identification of such processes in human neural network is available at the moment, the
only way is to refer to my own introspective view on this phenomenon, based on my
experience as described in the papers “Language Architecture” [2], «From Thought to
Knowledge» [3], «Back to Basics of Speech Activity» [4].
It is worth noting that in this case we expand the concept of “cognitive feedback” to
include perceiving and processing information on both symbolic and figurative levels,
which are most intricately interwoven in the knowledge base and may not be studied and
analyzed separately. Since arbitrary information received by different sensory systems is
represented in the same format on the neural level after it had been processed by the
relevant brain cortex (visual, auditory, gustatory etc), our memory can identically operate
any incoming information in the neural network. It is worth noting that the verbal level
only requires verbalization of arbitrary sensory information to a certain extent; the
language itself as a symbolic data form may be realized on the visual (written or printed
language) and acoustic (speech, song) levels, or may be represented indirectly via the sense
of touch (as in the case of Braille alphabet).
So, let the personified cognitive feedback be understood, generally speaking, as the
process of comparing the information incoming to our memory through any channel with all
the information accumulated and stored in the knowledge base at the given moment.
Therefore, the subject matter of the research is human speech activity, with special
focus on the correlation between new information perceived by the human and the already
accumulated knowledge. This approach to human speech activity, which is a complicated
intellectual function, is defined as personified cognitive feedback (PCF), and is based on this
author’s introspective experience. It is actually solely individual (personified) feedback,
ISSN 1561-5359. Штучний інтелект, 2018, № 1
66 © Y.I. Kyslenko
which is located in human neural network and is realized in the process of comparing new
incoming data with all the knowledge potential accumulated earlier.
Let us emphasize that data processing via PCF is not specific for symbolic
(language) data processing and may be used for processing arbitrary figurative
information. New information may be received by two channels: either directly, by
scanning the environment with the sensory system, or indirectly via verbal
(communication) level, which excites the previously accumulated knowledge received on
both figurative and symbolic levels. Here communication and cognitive processes actually
interact, aiming at either transmitting the accumulated knowledge to a recipient, or vice
versa, at receiving the knowledge unknown to the speaker from the recipient. Accordingly,
the result of this interaction can be realized either on the symbolic level, or on the level of
certain actions, depending on the person’s intentions.
A good example of introspective analysis of the verbalization process for figurative
information (which was received quite a long time ago, but has not been articulated yet),
including visual and gustatory levels as well as the levels of muscular actions and odor
perception, has been demonstrated by this author in the paper “From Thought to
Knowledge” [3]. That case clearly demonstrated the unity of knowledge on the figurative
and symbolic levels in human memory and the possibility of flexible transition from one
step to the other.
Personified cognitive feedback constantly accompanies all human speech (and
intellectual in general) activities, which are realized (according to L. Shcherba [5]) by the
individual speech system (ISS) as a combination of a person’s linguistic competence (the
linguistic processor or LP) and the accumulated knowledge potential (the knowledge base
or KB), where new incoming information is constantly being compared to the already
accumulated knowledge. This symbolic level relation refers to perception of a verbal
message by the recipient and is defined as “understanding the message”.
The “understanding” process is successive, where individual components as well as
the speaker’s message as a whole are constantly being compared to the recipient’s whole
cognitive potential accumulated at the given moment. This case refers to the process of
information perception by the recipient (or, more accurately, by their neural network),
independently of the recipient’s external response to the received message. Generally
speaking, the recipient’s response to the message is formed by the decision making system
and depends on numerous individual factors, not only on the incoming message itself.
1.2 Special aspects of PCF realization
As opposed to the previous examples of feedback, where two physical quantities (in
engineering or in living bodies) were compared or evaluated by the speaker indirectly (by
the recipient’s external response to the incoming message – CFB), the personified
cognitive feedback (PCF) refers to analyzing the process of perception of new information
by the recipient with regard to their accumulated cognitive potential. Let us basically (or
figuratively) define this feedback as positive, because in any case it results in accumulating
or correcting the human’s cognitive potential (KB); whether this information is considered
positive or negative by the person, it is still an asset.
Clearly, the communication process is implemented (for human beings) mostly on
the verbal level, while the cognitive level also engages all levels of the sensory system
(visual, acoustic, sense of touch, smell, taste). The verbal level is defined as a universal
method for reproducing and organizing knowledge on any level, while the assets of the
sensory level (e.g. music, art) may not always be clearly realized and transmitted onto the
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© Y.I. Kyslenko 67
verbal level. When communicative intention (the desire to share one’s assets with someone
else) appears, we are always able to transmit (more or less adequately) figurative
information onto the verbal level. That is why further research on the cognitive feedback is
generally based on the results of analysis of perceiving and processing verbal information
by human neural network.
At the moment informational treasures of a person’s memory are impossible to reach,
with the only exception of symbolic knowledge level, and only depending on the person’s
consent (and ability). However, mighty layers of symbolic level knowledge have been
compressed in texts by the best of mankind, in particular, the priceless treasures of world
and national literature.
Nevertheless, an almost insurmountable obstacle here is the impossibility to
automatically process all literary legacy by a certain writer, author or person in general
with modern electronic devices. This issue results from two yet unsolved problems of the
modern information national language technologies – lack of a semantic WEB and
inability (for the time being) to form an efficient world model as an essential component of
“understanding” a message. Both of these problems result from inadequate knowledge of
the neural organization of human memory in general and of the structure-functional level
of organization of language as a symbolic form of data presentation in particular. However,
the key problems of these topics, which have been clarified by this author in speech
axiomatics in the paper “Back to basics of speech activity”, imply certain optimism
regarding possible solutions for the above mentioned problems, and therefore
understanding and modelling the special aspects of personified cognitive feedback
operation in human neural substance.
So, when studying the communicative aspect of interaction between new information
and the accumulated KB potential, the structure-functional level of a verbal message
organization should be taken into account. This procedure is implemented by the linguistic
processor, and it would be to the point to recall B.Y. Horodetskyi’s idea that the main
function of language is organization and presentation of knowledge [6]. So, generally
speaking, the speaker has to transmit figurative information onto the verbal level (by
certain language canons) first, and only then is able to perform the communicative
function. In fact, these two processes are interconnected and are realized almost
simultaneously and automatically.
The recipient’s functions, on the other hand, are performed in reverse order: when
perceiving each message element, the recipient automatically (by the same language
canons) addresses their KB, scans all associative environment (on both verbal and
figurative levels) of the element, forecasts the possible scenario for further message and
perceives the new element of the speaker’s message, comparing it to the anticipated
scenario. Personified cognitive feedback is actually implemented in this cyclic process,
allowing the recipient to perceive, evaluate and accumulate new information, and generally
defining the process of “understanding” a message.
So, perceiving a message always requires the recipient’s forecasting potential, which
is based on their own competence, represented by their knowledge base cognitive potential,
to be active and employed; this peculiar aspect provides perceiving and “understanding”
the message by a recipient. If the message is not perceived (or understood) in whole or in
part, the recipient contacts the speaker with the relevant additional questions or asks for
clarification. This situation is in fact quite common and occurs if either the incoming
information is absolutely new (yet unknown to the recipient), or certain pieces of
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68 © Y.I. Kyslenko
knowledge in the speaker’s and the recipient’s databases are inappropriately represented. It
is clearly illustrated by a classic example of an artificially created message: The
Jabberwock poem by Lewis Carrol (“Twasbrillig, and the slithytoves Did gyre and gimble
in the wabe…). None of its components (with the exception of prepositions and
conjunctions) bears any semantic load (has any actual meaning), but certain syntactic
relations seem to be present. Such collisions are resolved through dialogue between the
recipient and the speaker.
It should be noted that communication may only function properly as a two-sided
process if both communicants command a more or less similar set of linguistic means and
cognitive potential for perceiving, understanding and reproducing symbolic patterns of
communication. This status is achieved through education system, where children, on the
one hand, are taught a more or less similar scheme of language structural organization, and
on the other hand, are presented with a generalized world model which is embedded in
their memory through schooling. In this case figurative information is always handled by
the linguistic processor first, which decomposes the message into standard verbal
structures, each of them reproducing a single quantum of knowledge. This research is
mostly focused on the special aspects of processing verbal information as the major pattern
of communication, even though real life communication systems are numerous and varied.
First of all, let us analyze the peculiarities of perceiving and processing symbolic level
information as the major model of acquiring and accumulating knowledge, and then let us
proceed to analyzing the special aspects of perceiving figurative level knowledge.
This article is specifically concerned with introspective analysis of the process of
information perception by the recipient (their individual speech system), taking into
account the recipient’s accumulated cognitive potential on both symbolic and figurative
levels, based on the structural-functional level of language organization, as presented in
this author’s paper “Back to basics of speech activity” [4]. The major aspects of this view
of the structural organization of speech are described below.
An important point to make is that modern information technologies aimed at
processing natural language information are usually based on the achievements of classical
linguistics, which, according to competent experts, still has numerous problem areas. This
author has consistently formed an integral approach to analyzing the structural level of
language organization, taking into account modern scientific achievements by experts from
numerous borderline areas of speech research. As a result, a new approach to structural
language organization has been synthesized, which is based on a single structure, clearly
defined on formal level; and all the diversity of structural language organization is defined
by using this structure on mono- or polypredicative level. It is a promising base for the
development of a whole cluster of information technologies oriented towards processing
natural language information.
2. Structure-functional level of memory neural organization
So, after the personified cognitive feedback had been defined as the major model of
acquiring and evaluating new information by a human being, the structure-functional level of
human memory organization should be carefully considered, as it enables a human being to
perceive, accumulate and store arbitrary information (cognitive aspect), and is also
responsible for the communication process between a recipient and a speaker
(communicative aspect) regarding speech realization, which ensures information transfer; it
is a two-sided process of verbal message synthesis/analysis (or “speaking/understanding”,
ISSN 1561-5359. Штучний інтелект, 2018, № 1
© Y.I. Kyslenko 69
according to L. Shcherba [5]). It should be noted that these two processes are dialectically
united, are formed almost simultaneously and complement each other.
The structure-functional diagram of human memory organization (Fig.1) introduced
in the paper “Back to basics of speech activity” [4] is useful for analyzing both aspects of
speech. In my opinion, this diagram covers both cognitive and communicative aspects of
human speech, is based on modern research in numerous borderline areas and is itself a
promising base for modelling one of the most complicated forms of intellectual activity –
the verbal ability. What is more, the diagram covers the figurative level of information
perceived by human sensory system (vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste) as well as the
symbolic level of data transformation (speech, writing etc.), which not only performs the
communicative function in a community, but is also a powerful source for acquiring and
accumulating new knowledge.
2.1. The cognitive aspect of memory organization
The major structure-functional peculiarities of human neural network organization can
be defined on the ground of the materials presented in the paper “Back to basics of speech
activity” [4] and summarized in the axiomatics of speech. Information about the environment
is perceived, as shown in Fig. 1, by numerous sensors, each of them responsible for a certain
level of environment perception. For the time being, the functional load of the visual
analyzer is most fully analyzed, as it provides a human being with about 80 per cent of
information. According to the results of neurophysiological research announced by Semir
Zeki [7], the functional load of the visual tract can be quite clearly defined.
It is experimentally proved that the Figure-Ground separation is performed on the
third layer of the retina (all Obj/Subj components of a specific situation are identified), the
dynamics Mov of moving objects is identified on the 4th and 5th layers, the attributes of all
detected components Attr(Obj), Attr(Subj), Attr(Mov) are further distinguished in the visual
brain cortex, and then the measure Attr(Attr) of each attribute is estimated; all these tasks
are performed automatically, completely and involuntarily.
A similar functional load may actually be attributed to all sensory systems –
smell, taste, touch etc. Certain categories Obj/Subj may sometimes be distributed across
time and space, and may only be clearly defined by their attributes Attr(Obj), Attr(Subj)
and the measure of these attributes Attr(Attr). On the contrary, movement (Mov) may only
be perceived by comparing discrete frames of perception. For example, the units of the
visual sensor are saccades – coordinated eye movements grouped in time.
It is however important to note that a unit for recording both static and dynamic
relations in the environment is a specific situation, and its extent is determined by a certain
sensor of a specific type. Any sensor of the receptive field forms but a “copy” of a certain
environment fragment (vision, hearing, touch etc.), and determining individual components
and their attributes is the task for a specific analyzer (processor). This data is transferred to
the neural network by a relevant nerve tract, stimulating individual neurons or neural
ensembles and connecting them with associative links. This is how a fragment of neural
network, which properly reproduces external stimulation, is formed in neuroglia. Attention
should be focused on the properties of the created associative links regarding two-
directional information exchange, which enables efficient communication. According to J.
Hawkins’ testimony, presented in his book “On Intelligence” [8], all sensory systems have
similar functional load, as cases are known when, after the receptors of one sensor had
been damaged, another analyzer picks up the functional load of the damaged one.
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It is however important to note that a unit for recording both static and dynamic
relations in the environment is a specific situation, and its extent is determined by a certain
sensor of a specific type. Any sensor of the receptive field forms but a “copy” of a certain
environment fragment (vision, hearing, touch etc.), and determining individual components
and their attributes is the task for a specific analyzer (processor).
This data is transferred to the neural network by a relevant nerve tract, stimulating
individual neurons or neural ensembles and connecting them with associative links. This is
how a fragment of neural network, which properly reproduces external stimulation, is
formed in neuroglia. Attention should be focused on the properties of the created
associative links regarding two-directional information exchange, which enables efficient
communication. According to J. Hawkins’ testimony, presented in his book “On
Intelligence” [8], all sensory systems have similar functional load, as cases are known
when, after the receptors of one sensor had been damaged, another analyzer picks up the
functional load of the damaged one
Fig. 1. Ageneralizedschemeof personal cognitive potential development and use
D – the environment, D1, D2, D3,…, Dn – information allayers of environmental
perception D1
*, D2
*, D3
*,…, Dn
* - sensory level of information perception, D1
**, D2
**,
D3
**,…, Dn
** - figural level of information perception, Di
*** - symbolic level of information
management
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So, it may be reasonably considered that from the functional point of view all
sensory systems perform similar functions (even though a visual image is not equal to an
image of taste or smell), but on the level of forming a generalized object description in
deep brain structures all data from various sensors are converted to a single standard
(neural) format, allowing the subject to manipulate diverse information in a similar
manner. It is most important that diverse information about the environment, which is
simultaneously perceived by various sensors and defined in the tri-unity of time, space and
action, in human neural substance (neuroglia) is connected by numerous associative links,
which, in general, properly reproduce a specific fragment of the environment. It is actually
a generalized model of forming individual environment components, which is realized on
the figurative level. In fact, human memory contains specific fragments of reality in the tri-
unity of time, space and action, which include knowledge of both sensory and symbolic
levels, for all the living space.
It should be noted that symbolic (verbal) information is received by the knowledge
base in a similar manner. However, verbal information is processed a bit differently. When
an individual word is perceived, a relevant memory node is stimulated (if such node
already exists), and its associative links are used to form the semantic load of the word (its
lexical semantics), which forecasts the possible scenarios of the further incoming message.
This process is defined as “personified cognitive feedback”, when each message element is
compared with the available memory potential, forecasting the possible variations of
message continuation. This procedure determines the process of message “understanding”
when its components are perceived. Let us remark that even when a message has not been
processed yet, each word (in written or spoken form) is identified by the analyzer as an
individual neural ensemble, and later this ensemble becomes a separate element in the
neural network.
A break in knowledge continuity (lack of associative links in memory) with respect
to any of the coordinates (time, space, action or other attributes) represents a new fragment
of knowledge. If the same fragment of reality is perceived again after some time, we can
clearly (to the finest detail) record all that had been changed, provided that the changes
were somehow realized in the neural network, and memorize the new variation of this
fragment without discarding the previous one. This leads to an important and useful
conclusion: human memory can only accumulate knowledge, recording all changes
without losing the previous acquisitions, which are important for the person. So, it can be
stated that a specific environment model (in the general living space it is the world model)
is formed within our memory on the figurative level, taking into account the tri-unity of
time, space and action. This model is preserved lifelong and is constantly corrected and
expanded with new data.
2.2. The communicative aspect of speech
Neither a person nor any living creature can exist without a formed and functional
communicative system, as this is what enables raising a new generation and ensures its
survival in a rapidly changing environment, where swift adaptation is necessary.
The process of evolvement and formation of the symbolic form of environment
representation has been rather clearly presented by this author in BICA-14 [4], based on
A.N. Gvozdev’s meticulous and detailed observations on language acquisition by a child,
by example of his son Eugene. When this data is arranged in chronological sequence, a
clear progression becomes obvious for the major stages of language acquisition by a child
in the process of verbalizing a certain situation of the visual environment. It should be
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noted that the start of language acquisition is a child’s “communicative intention” [9]: the
desire to communicate with other members of the community, supported by an ability to
use language on the acoustic level, which is formed as early as at seven months old, and
the opportunity to receive certain material rewards (first of all food) and moral
encouragement by means of communication.
The paper BICA-14 [4] endeavored to transfer the unsystematic knowledge of
structural language organization available from the classical linguistics to the conscious
formal level. The major five stages of language acquisition are clearly described in the
paper, and it is shown that a child has fully mastered the standard verbalization pattern for
a certain situation, that is a basic symantico-syntactic structure (BSSS), by the time she is
3-4 years old. According to children’s language researchers, by this age a child becomes
“a professor in linguistics on the level of everyday language”. It should be noted that the
BSS structure is closely related to the concept of a situation (a fragment of the visual
component of the environment), which is clearly defined on the notional, graphic and
formal levels and includes up to seven/ten objects.
It is in fact the monopredicative level of language acquisition, where the message
structure only describes one specific situation. By the school age a child has mastered the
polypredicative level of message formation, which is based on the BSSS (the system of
predicative and situational relations in particular) and opens up the possibilities for fluent
communication, reaching the recursive message structure for both analysis (understanding)
and synthesis (speaking) of a message. For a fusional language, unlimited possibilities for
message synthesis become available, as a single BSS structure (for fusional languages)
may be realized by billions of variations. The major stages of the language acquisition
process are as follows:
The sequence of structures acquired on the monopredicative level:
– a single component message which represents a specific situation;
– a two-component message which represents the dynamics of the object/subject in the situation;
– a three/four component message, which includes additional components of the situation
(time, space, cause, effect etc.);
– the previous structure is supplemented with predicative relations, which define the
predicator (verb) patterns;
– attributive level of the components is added to the message.
This sequence of stages defines the formation of the basic semantico-syntactic
structure as the basis for language structural organization as a whole.
On the polypredicative level: a child (a human being) acquires recursive message
patterns based on a set of standard BSS structures. When the monopredicative relation
system in the form of the BSSS has been acquired, a message can be organized by a
recursive pattern, when a certain monopredicative level component is replaced with an
entire situation, where vacant slots can again be occupied by entire situations, and so on.
Speech realization (both in message synthesis and analysis modes) is the responsibility
of the linguistic processor (LP) of the individual speech system. When a message is being
analyzed, the recipient’s LP performs message decomposition into standard BSS structures
(full or simplified as the case may be) among the unlimited variety of verbal message
variations (on the subconscious level, in fact). This process defines (ensures) understanding a
message, which is divided into individual standard structures.
When a message is synthesized, the process is reversed: among numerous stimulated
neurons (or neural ensembles) the linguistic processor (left hemisphere of the brain)
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chooses a certain fragment of stimulated neurons, applies a standard BSSS mask as a set of
functional relations and (provided they are coordinated) responds to a query by forming a
specific quantum of knowledge as a sequence of BSSSs.
Metaphorically, I have once explained this process to my students as follows: a
“linguistic goblin” who lives in the LP has only one stamp: a BSS structure, and he stamps
each message, in both synthesis and analysis modes, by the same structure. This is an
answer to a very important question: why, not knowing (often not realizing) how the
language is organized, can we speak the language fluently? We can do this because a
single clearly defined BSS structure, used on monopredicative or polypredicative level, is
all we need for any instance of language use (synthesizing or analyzing a message).
Stanislaw Lem’s far-sighted words come to mind: “Just like gravitational field limits the
movement of bodies, the “language field” limits the trajectory of phrases”. In our case,
this may be interpreted as follows: “just like the force of gravity determines the trajectory
of a moving body, the BSSS (as a language standard) determines the peculiarities of
message formation on the monopredicative or polypredicative level”.
It should be noted that personified cognitive feedback is located and realized in
human neural network, whose status and operation are unavailable to us yet. However, the
results of such interaction between new information and the accumulated knowledge
potential may be clearly traced by a person’s actions or speech. Cognitive and
communicative processes are dialectically united in human memory; they are formed and
developed simultaneously and are realized in human neural network in the modes of verbal
message synthesis/analysis or thought, not necessarily verbalizing the results. Let us
further consider only the verbal display of this activity, relying on introspective experience.
Obviously, the results of this interaction can only be observed indirectly – on the
verbal level, recorded in actual displays of speech. So, the above mentioned processes may
only be explored through individual introspective analysis of informational processes,
which are realized on the verbal level (as reports regarding decision making processes,
logical analysis of deduction chains etc.) Consequently, thorough analysis of human
speech is the key to analyzing the processes associated with the PCF, starting with the
notion of an individual speech system, introduced by L.V. Shcherba [5].
3. Integral approach to structural language organization
Considering analysis of human speech, our main point of interest is operation of a
fragment of cerebral neural substance responsible for perceiving and processing both
figurative and symbolic information. This includes, at least, structure-functional
organization of the acoustic analyzer (synthesis/analysis of spoken language) and the
visual analyzer (synthesis/analysis of written and printed language), which belong to the
right hemisphere of the brain, as well as a fragment of the left hemisphere responsible for
logic, thought and speech. To sum up, it is clear that large fragments of human neural
network located in both hemispheres are responsible for speech realization.
3.1 Structural organization of the individual speech system
The subject matter of the research (see Fig.2) is the individual speech system, which
is defined as a combination of a person’s competence regarding language organization (the
linguistic processor – LP) and the current cognitive potential on the verbal level in the
knowledge base (the knowledge base – KB), according to L. Shcherba [5]. The linguistic
processor is responsible for the processes of synthesis/analysis of an arbitrary message on
the symbolic level, while the knowledge base integrates information of both figurative and
symbolic levels from the whole living space.
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It should be noted that the knowledge base as described by L. Shcherba is the whole
current knowledge potential of “verbal material”, gathered in all printed and written
editions. However, in our interpretation this accumulated potential of verbal material is
complemented with human experience on the figurative level, received from all sensory
systems. Modern neurophysiological research clearly outlines the structure-functional level
of the processing system for visual information, as described by this author in the paper
“Back to basics of speech activity” [4]. Essential conclusion of the above mentioned paper
may be narrowed down to axiomatics of speech. For further research of communicative
organization, the following basic notions seem important.
Fig.2. Individual language system
The Linguistic Processor contain sall knowledge about language organization,
providing the processes of message synthesis/analysis. The Knowledge Base accumulates
all the aggregate knowledge of both symbolic (verbal) and sensory levels. The Interface is
the model of LP-KB interaction.
1. Contemporary views on processing visual information, as quoted by Semir Zeki [7], are
as follows: the visual analyzer on the level of the retina performs the Figure-Ground
task for a specific image fragment which reaches the retina, defining all objects and
subjects; besides, it involuntarily determines all attributes of the defined objects and
subjects and the measure of these attributes. A set of individual components which exist
in the tri-unity of time, space and action defines a specific situation, which includes up
to seven (plus/minus two) objects. A situation is a fragment of the visual environment
which reaches the fovea centralis of the retina and is fully processed.
2. According to J. Hawkins’ conclusions presented in his book “On Intelligence” [8], all
other sensory systems (hearing, taste, touch etc.) basically operate in the same manner,
identifying certain stable formations of the relevant origin (Obj/Subj) and determining
their attributes Attr(Obj/Subj), as well as the measure of such attributes Attr(Attr). It is a
resourceful base for researching human sensory systems with regard to informational
point of view. It should be noted that simultaneous stimulation of individual neurons or
neural ensembles (independently of the sensory system) causes associative links to form
in neuroglia, connecting individual components of symbolic and figurative information
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into a single entity. Exactly how this happens in the neural substance is a question yet
unanswered by neurophysiologists.
3. In the course of language development, a pattern for adequate translation (verbalization)
of a specific situation from the figurative onto the verbal level has been gradually
forming and developing. It is a very long-term process of the development of language
as the major means of communication for humankind. Since the major language
function is adequate representation of the real as well as virtual world, formation of new
verbal means is subordinate to adequate representation of specific categories for an
arbitrary situation.
4. Therefore, it should be specifically noted that each living community (population) has
to create relevant communicative (verbal or otherwise) means for adequate reaction to
stimuli of the fast-moving dynamic environment in order to survive in this rough and
inconstant world. I strongly believe that no population in the world can exist and adapt
to the dynamic changes of the environment without its own communicative system.
5. When a population has created and developed its own specific means of communication
(not necessarily verbal), the above means are used for communication between individual
members of the community. The only distinction between humankind and other living
creatures, gained over long and hard centuries of evolution, is the invention of symbolic
data representation, which allows humans to record and accumulate cognitive assets of
an individual as well as a whole community for the length of time far exceeding the
lifespan of an individual. This is what enables continuous accumulation of cognitive
potential not only for an individual human being, but for humanity as a whole, and
determines the fast technological development. Whether this benefits the humanity’s
survival is an open issue, especially in the era of computers and information technology.
3.2 A Basic semantic-syntactic structure as a single quantum of knowledge
Since a specific figurative level situation, which exists in the tri-unity of time, space
and action, is a unit of environment perception (considering that the figurative level is a
human’s main and most important channel for receiving information), relevant verbal
means are needed to adequately represent these major categories on the verbal level.
Formation and development of verbal means which represent environmental relations have
been thoroughly analyzed in the paper “Back to basics of speech activity” [4]. A specific
situation is represented on the verbal level by a basic semantico-syntactic structure (BSSS),
which is defined on the semantic, graphic and formal levels. A graphic interpretation of the
BSSS is shown in Fig. 3, where all components Subj, Obj, Pred are clearly defined; they
are connected by two groups of relations: Ri and rj. On the formal level the BSSS may be
represented by means of Boolean algebra.
On the semantic level the BSSS is defined as follows: a basic semantico-syntactic
structure is a two-component monopredicative description pattern for an arbitrary
situation in the real or virtual world, all components whereof are realized on the
attributive level.
Since the BSSS adequately represents a specific figurative level situation which
exists in our environment by verbal means, and specifies the coordinates of time, space and
action, the BSSS may be considered a single quantum of knowledge on the verbal level.
Furthermore, if the BSSS is a single quantum of knowledge on the symbolic level, and is
equivalent to the represented situation, we have reasonable grounds to believe that a
connected set of individual situations represents a certain fragment of knowledge.
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Therefore, a powerful conclusion may be drawn that the national language
knowledge base is clearly structured by uniform BSS structures.
Fig. 3. The basic semantic-syntactic structure
Subj -BSSS subject, Pred – the verbal core of the predicateP, R1,…, Rn - predicative
relations, r1,…, rm - situational relations, R0 - the major relation «to have a predicate».
This conclusion is based on long-term experience of decomposing arbitrary texts into
BSS structures by students. This procedure had first been practiced by analyzing prosaic
texts; for example, one sentence from “The Idiot” by F.M. Dostoyevsky includes about
twenty uniform (full or simplified) BSS structures. Later this method was transferred to
analyzing poetry, and in numerous cases convincing results were obtained. This procedure is
well received and widely used by translation students as well as by information technologies
students. It may be considered a good basis for automatic processing of verbal information.
4. Realization of the personified cognitive feedback from an introspective point of view
Personified cognitive feedback is in fact defined by the pattern of interaction
between new information perceived by a human being (not limited to the verbal level) with
the current knowledge potential accumulated in the KB. Let us recall that the content of the
KB (on the verbal level) is represented by an interrelated set of standard BSS structures,
and various scenarios of information perception exist: after the linguistic processor has
identified a new quantum of knowledge lacking from the KB, it is incorporated into KB
content, or a KB fragment with the already known information is activated (if the new
information is fully identified with KB potential), or a KB fragment is complemented with
a new component, and a new quantum of knowledge with a relevant marker is formed. A
set of figural level situations is incorporated into the KB in a similar way: a separate
situation is added, or a fragment of the KB is complemented with a new component, or its
dynamic properties are adjusted.
It should always be kept in mind that in case of a subsequently activated known situation
it will be fully identified in memory if at least a certain part of the figural level corresponds to
its neural correlate, since the whole imprint is immediately activated via relevant associative
links in neuroglia. This process is defined by the peculiarity of personified cognitive feedback
realization. Should any discrepancies be present, they are recorded on the previous imprint by
way of forming new associative links, however using different markers: space and time, cause
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky
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and effect, dynamic etc. This results in variations of the situation description in different space
and time coordinates, where dynamic changes are recorded. Therefore, the figural level is
defined by adequate representation of a set of situations, as determined by the need for
adequate perception of and reaction to dynamic situations.
4.1 Peculiarities of PCF realization for figural level information
Let us analyze the figural level of information perception in more detail. It should be
noted that each sensor operates discretely, with a unit represented by a separate discrete – a
situation similar to a visual one, processed (with reference to Semir Zeki [7]) in full with
all components identified: Obj, Subj, Mov, a set of attributes for each of them: Attr(Obj),
Attr(Subj), Attr(Mov) as well as the measure of these attributes: Attr(Atr), Attr(Atr),
Attr(Atr) (see Fig.4).
Jeff Hawkins [8] has generalized the aforementioned functional load for the whole
sensory system, even though the objects of taste and smell are distributed by character and
are mostly defined through the attributive level. Certainly, for the senses of taste, smell and
touch the Obj component is distributed in time and space, but the totality of its separate
attributes points to a certain stability of their existence, with a rather limited choice of
verbal means for their identification.
It should be noted that for each moment (saccade) of observation of a separate situation
in a certain interval of time all elements of the separate situation with their full attributive
surrounding are recorded and memorized in the neural network (on the set of neural
ensembles), as well as linked by association, since they are simultaneously activated by the
given situation. It should however be emphasized that a neural imprint of a certain situation
may include both new and previously involved environmental components at the same time.
It should also be taken into account that all levels of information perception and
processing: verbal (symbolic) and figural (smell, taste, touch, visual and acoustic) are
interrelated in the KB. One more peculiarity of the sensory information perception should be
noted, which has already been published as a thesis: each component of the environment (an
object, a subject or a situation as a whole) is memorized in the neural network unchangeably
(recorded in the triunity of action, time, space and other coordinates), and all the following
transformations or changes will be identified with a different coordinate set with relevant
markers. Owing to this separate situation component may be recorded in their dynamics and
development while keeping the initial presentation intact. If a certain set of visual situations
is defined by consequent saccades triunited in space, time and action, they should also be
interconnected in the neural network by a set of associative links which adequately represent
a certain fragment of the environment. Neurophysiologists have yet to discover how these
formations are identified in the neural network.
Let us recall that on the level of processing the figural component of the environment
information that is generally used for certain everyday household actions is often perceived
and accumulated, and it does not need to be translated onto the verbal level; however, under
certain conditions (for example, during master classes) thisstock of figural level knowledge
may be verbalized and translated onto the language level.
Let us take a step away from analyzing the process of information reproduction in the
neural network limited to a separate situation, and consider the peculiarities of information
perception and accumulation on a larger scale, dealing with large fragments of the
environment. Two models of sensory information recording and incorporation into the neural
network seem important therein.
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Fig.4. A generalized scheme for the Obj, Subj components of arbitrary information.
Obj-object/subject category, Mov- motion category (dynamic component),
Attr(Obj)- object attributes, Attr(Mov)-motion attribute, Attr(Attr)-attribute measure.
4.1.1 Egocentric model of environmental scanning
Whenever an observer comes across new environment, they need to record and
memorize the environment for orientation, scanning and learning. How does it happen? Let us
consider certain aspects of the following standard situation: an observer gradually scans the
environment, embracing 360degrees starting from their initial position and visual direction.
Taking into account the aforementioned structure-functional organization of the visual tract,
the process of environment perception by a human being can be described as follows.
Since the efficient angle of environmental scanning is 150, at least 24 situations
(360/15) have to be recorded and memorized for a circular diagram, discounting possible
eye fixations on any artefacts of interest. It should be noted that each frame (as a separate
situation) is thoroughly processed by the visual analyzer, with all components, their
attributes and space-time properties identified.
However, with due account for the peculiarities of reproduction of frame sequences
in the neural network, this process may be compared to creating panoramic images in
photography. Even though panorama merge in Photoshop is implemented well enough, the
corresponding process in the neural network is absolutely different, as each element of the
environment with all its attributes is represented by one “copy” only, and separate
components are neither duplicated nor divided. We have retraced the process of imprinting
a separate situation, and the panoramic imprint of the environment is created by a sequence
of such situations.
Let us examine how this imprint (a model of spatial section of the environment with
an observation center in the subject’s location) is used. When a subject repeatedly finds
him/herself at any spatial coordinates of the panoramic environment and observes their
surroundings from a certain perspective, the very first object which is perceived by the
visual tract and has a corresponding imprint in memory is identified as an element of the
panorama recorded in memory; so, the whole panoramic imprint is activated via relevant
associative links and the observer knows and understands what the next frame may
contain, thus forecasting the environment and therefore their own behavior. This is how
Obj
Attr (Obj)
Attr (Attr)
Mov
Attr (Mov)
Attr (Attr)
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personified cognitive feedback helps a person to adjust their behavior with regard to
changing environmental conditions. It should be noted that even though environmental
scanning is analyzed here on the example of visual information perception, the same
applies to the sensory system as a whole.
4.1.2 Object-centrical model of environmental scanning
Analyzing the process of perceiving rather large objects by a human being by way of
scanning them fully around the perimeter sets another task. The problem is that the object
of analysis may not be fully identified by a subject within a separate situation, and its full
visual “portrait” is formed by a sequence of images which embrace its separate fragments.
However, a full image of an object of interest may only be obtained by its external
investigation. Nevertheless, the process of forming a full object image in the neural
network is similar to the previous example of egocentric perception and reproduction of
the environment. A complicated object is represented on the neural level by a linked set of
separate situations, each of them defined by its own unique markers of the triunity of time,
space and action, and each component complemented with attributive elements. As for
separate situational cognitive fragments, they are interlinked on the associative level by a
set of component imprints for a specific situation, which are neither duplicated nor
transformed over time, making automation of these processes rather problematic.
However, adjacent frames are linked via separate components, which have already been
identified in the previous frame and are not re-identified again.
If this fragment of the subject’s memory in their neural network is addressed again
via observation or on the symbolic level (in the mode of personified cognitive feedback), a
certain fragment (certain details) of the object image is activated, whose associative links
activate the whole fragment of the neural image of the specific object. So, the whole image
of the object is activated by separate fragments of its neural image, and the following
subject’s actions are forecasted. This phenomenon was noticed by researches a long time
ago and may be identified as the “holographic memory effect”. The important difference
between technical systems and the human memory is that the above mentioned effect is
limited to the data recorded on the film in the first case, but expands to all the memory
span in the human neural system.
Overtime, a certain scenario for further development or completion of a certain
object (not yet fully scanned) may be forecasted from the imprints of its fragments. If this
object is unfinished or has been destroyed, this forecast proves rather accurate. These
virtual constructions confirm the existence of an interrelated sequence of imprints of the
previously seen situations, triunited in the previous coordinates of time, space and action in
the human neural network, which make it possible to forecast congruent human behavior in
the real environment.
A combination of the egocentrical and object-centrical models of environmental
scanning as described above make scanning, memorizing and orientation in arbitrary real-
life situations possible, including complicated labyrinths, city catacombs etc. The
continuous character of environmental scanning forms an adequate memory reflection of
anything seen, no matter how complicated, and ensures its full activation in the neural
network by a slight fragment of the whole. This makes forecasting and adequate reaction
on the slightest dynamic signals from the environment possible. This forecasting effect of
the personified cognitive feedback may be observed in numerous real life situations.
If a known situation is activated repeatedly, only a part of the figural level needs to
correspond with its neural correlate for its full identification in memory, since the whole
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imprint is activated via relevant associative links in neuroglia. This process is determined
by the peculiarities of personified cognitive feedback realization. If any discrepancies are
found, they are recorded on the previous imprint by way of forming new associative links,
but with different space and time markers. This results in different variations of the
situation description at different space and time coordinates, where dynamic changes are
recorded. Therefore, the figural level is determined by adequate reproduction of a set of
situations, which is caused by the importance and necessity of adequate reaction on the
dynamic environment.
So, both aspects of processing visual data (and, possibly, any sensory information)
share a common peculiarity of adequate reproduction of environmental relations in the
triunity of time and space coordinates and their dynamics in the neural network. This means
that a set of separate sequences (frames) is formed in memory, which are interlinked to make
a larger cohesive picture on the level of separate components or a set of components.
4.2 Peculiarities of personified cognitive feedback (PCF) realization for
symbolic level data
Structural organization of the symbolic level data has much in common with figural
level data processing. The only difference is that information is presented in symbolic
form, which is often connected with components of the real life figural level via
associative links in the neural network, provided that they have been recorded. However, it
should be noted that the systematic approach to analyzing the structural level of language
organization implies analyzing the correlation between Reality and Text, where a unit of
reality perception is a separate situation in the visual component of the environment, and a
BSSS as a verbalized (textual) form of reproducing a situation is structurally derivative
from the structure-functional level of the visual tract neural organization.
Nevertheless, human sensory system has been formed throughout the evolution of
perception of environmental aspects and life space organization, while the knowledge of the
environment has been gradually expanding together with the habitat, starting from a certain
lake or river on to a continent and – recently – even to the outer space. Therefore, the
knowledge accumulated by humanity goes beyond immediate contact with the living space;
entities are observed, analyzed and used which exist beyond human sensory perception. In
fact, a virtual world is formed, which lies beyond immediate perception; however, a model
of this world is based on the foundations and realities of the existing environment.
It is clear that every person has their own model of this virtual world; however,
varying research of the macro/micro world with the help of powerful technical equipment
which greatly enhances the abilities of human sensory systems has formed or is forming
fragments of knowledge which define the general knowledge, theories and convictions
beyond our real living space. It should be noted that results of scientific research and
experiments arethe major source of this knowledge, and human language is the major
channel of its distribution as well as of educating the new generation. However, exceptions
to this rule exist, since human imagination may go beyond real life canons. A good
example is Solaris by Stanislaw Lem, where a whole planet, not a person, appears as an
intelligent being.
4.2.1 Correlation between the real and the virtual worlds in neural system
Let us analyze the correlation between the processes of reproduction in the neural
system for the real and virtual worlds. While the basic principles of communicative level
formation are determined by the standards of the real environment where a person was
born, educated and mastered language, their cognitive level is associated with the
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circumstances of life, environment, education, scientific research etc. The left half of
human neural substance is associated with the stages of language mastering and formation
on the basis of perception and reproduction of the real environment by an individual’s
sensory system. Therefore, each population has formed a relevant sensory system during
its long evolution both for acquiring knowledge about the environment (cognitive
potential) and for creating communicative level for the purpose of education and transfer
of experience to future generations via relevant communicative means.
Certain matters of principle that have emerged in the process of language research
should be emphasized. These aspects may be clearly defined as follows:
1. on the cognitive level of neural network, the scope of knowledge identified with a
certain situation may be regarded as a separate “cognitive puzzle” – an element of the
figural level, which together make up a certain fragment of knowledge;
2. the cognitive puzzle is transferred to the communicative (verbal) level as a separate
BSS structure (with the observer’s intent), which may be considered a
“communicative puzzle”;
3. it should be noted that associative links between the corresponding elements of the
figural and communicative levels are formed at the stage of language development
(when a child is 2-3 years old) [9] and last throughout lifetime, provided that new (yet
unknown to the subject) elements of the environment are learned;
4. a unique aspect of human memory should be emphasized: a limited number of specific
elements of the neural network (Obj, Subj, Mov) may be used to perceive and record
avirtually unlimited number of situations (cognitive puzzles) which are identified by
different markers in the triunity of time, space, action and other attributes;
5. In general, the number of cognitive puzzles perceived and formed by human sensory
system (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste) greatly exceeds the number of verbalized
(communicative) puzzles.
It should be noted regarding the suggested terminology that nowadays the term
puzzle is widely used in numerous professional spheres and has gained a rather stable
semantic load as a part of the whole. In our case, however, the term puzzle refers to a
certain fragment of the neural network responsible for perceiving and recording a certain
situation on the figural or symbolic level, interlinked by two-way associative links.
Each cognitive puzzle is realized in the neural substance on a set of separate neurons
or neural ensembles necessary for reproduction of a separate situation on the level of a set
of components (7 plus/minus 2) as well as their attributive surrounding (see Fig. 3). The
content of each puzzle (according to Semir Zeki [7]) is determined by a certain situation
with all components (Obj, Subj, Mov) realized on the attributive level; a structural bond
inside the puzzle is realized by a set of associative links in neuroglia; links between
puzzles will be determined by the associative links formed in the neural network when a
certain element of the previous puzzle is activated simultaneously with new elements of a
new activated puzzle. As opposed to technical implementations where separate puzzle
pieces are cut by a formalized pattern (disregarding the content or semantics of the image),
the cognitive (figural) puzzles are divided on the level of associative links, with the
cognitive load of each puzzle kept intact and without breaking the integrity of separate
components (Obj/Subj) of each puzzle, taking into account their attributive surrounding. A
cognitive puzzle is solely realized on the figural level. However, the structure of the
communicative puzzle is defined by the BSS structure (Fig. 3) and is realized on the verbal
level while keeping the components as well as the relevant links intact.
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One more argument for picking a puzzle as a discrete element of environment
perception is that a situation (according to psychologists and neurophysiologists) covers
but a tenth part of a separate environmental fragment which reaches the retina at a given
moment. So, for thorough investigation of the whole fragment of the environment,
triunited in time, space and action, at least nine figural puzzles – situations have to be
consecutively investigated (which happens automatically), and relevant communicative
puzzles in the form of a set of BSS structures have to be formed, if necessary. For a
written text, this interconnected set of puzzles is defined within a paragraph.
Up till now, the peculiarities of Personified Cognitive Feedback realization have
been analyzed for figural and verbal levels solely as models of perception and processing
of quanta of information, defined as puzzles, which cover certain environmental situations.
However, the author’s researchon the system organization of language, which has been
conceptually presented by BICA-14 [4], provide tools for analyzing the process of PCFB
realization much more thoroughly, specifically for symbolic level information. The major
conclusion of this research is that any text or arbitrary message is presented by only one
verbal standard – a BSS structure, which may be used on the mono- or polypredicative
level. This provides detailed insight into the peculiarities of PCFB realization in the
process of verbal information perception, as its structural organization is clearly defined.
It should be kept in mind that the figural level generally takes priority over the verbal
level, and certain components of different puzzles may be interconnected via associative
links. Nevertheless, rather often (when the need arises) a cognitive puzzle of the figural
level is transferred onto the communicative level as a BSS structure in order to take part in
the communication process. However, A.N. Pertsov’s [10] note that “pragmatics of a word
is but a pale shadow of the pragmatics of an image” should always be kept in mind,
therefore, on the symbolic level a communicative puzzle is just an outer shell for a
cognitive puzzle. Neurophysiologist Academician Kryshtal O.O. [11] explains this
brilliantly by metaphorically defining the process of thought as “a light wind of ions in the
crowns of neurons”, since information is known to be carried by sodium and potassium
ions. So, the figural level of data presentation is much more complete than the symbolic
one, where a word triggers the activation of all the variety and abundance of the figural
level information. So, let us limit our further studies to the symbolic level information in
our memory in the KB. This identification of specific peculiarities of cognitive and
communicative processes provides the basis for more specific analysis of the processes of
environment perception, accumulation of information in human memory, its transfer onto
the verbal level and use in the field of modern IT.
Regarding the scheme in Fig.1, it should be noted that the virtual world (in certain
scientific fields, logic, mathematics, astronomy, physics, certain imaginary creations etc.) is
formed by the standards and laws of real life environment perception and its reproduction via
verbal means. However, in this case the objects of research are certain virtual entities,
projects, hypotheses, research trends etc. They are often outlined with one name, but the
object of research itself is identified a set of its attributes, peculiarities etc. Separate
situations are defined by the set of their components, triunited in time, space and dynamics.
4.2.2 Peculiarities of PCF realization in an individual language system
Cognitive feedback is actually defined by the pattern of interaction between new
information, perceived by the linguistic processor of a person’s individual speech system
(Fig. 2), with the current knowledge potential accumulated in the KB. Let us start with a
generalized model of formation and use of a person’s cognitive potential, which is
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simultaneously realized on the figural and symbolic levels, interconnected via numerous
associative links. Certainly, at the moment only the symbolic level of information
management is available for analysis, but in the general case the possibility of
incorporation of both figural and symbolic levels into the KB should be taken into account,
with both levels realized on the neural level of the central nervous system.
The general ideology of this memory organization is concisely presented by the
axiomatics of speech in the paper “Back to basics of speech activity” [4]. We shall not
touch on the figural level for the time being, but shall concentrate on the peculiarities of
organization of the symbolic level. Taking into account the integral approach to language
structural organization and delving into introspective analysis of speech (Lefevre A. [12]),
the following version of knowledge perception, accumulation and management by the
individual speech system may be suggested.
If a separate situation is a quantum of knowledge on the figural level, and its
verbalization is realized on the symbolic (verbal) level by the BSS structure, it is important
to trace the major stages of “incorporation” of the new quantum of knowledge (the BSS
structure) into the recipient’s cognitive network for the purpose of modelling the process of
knowledge perception and accumulation. In fact, we deal with introspective analysis of the
processes of interaction between new information and the accumulated KB potential of the
individual speech system for an incoming message. Let us one more time recall the
important conclusion of speech axiomatics presented in “Back to basics of speech activity”
[4]: a set of figural and symbolic situations interconnected via associative links, each of
them marked according to the triunity of time, space, action and other parameters, is
stored on the KB. Potentially, each figural level situation may be more or less adequately
presented on the symbolic level via certain verbal means, but it is not always possible nor
always efficient. It is well known that certain interdependencies are easier to explain on the
figural (graphic) level than, for example, by words.
When a linguistic processor of a recipient’s speech system is addressed, this address
is actually realized on the verbal (symbolic) level, which is much poorer than the figural
one. So, let us further consider the symbolic level information, keeping in mind its
correlation with the figural level. Since symbolic level information is represented in the
KB by a set of interconnected BSS structures, let us consider the analysis of cognitive
processes to be limited to the peculiarities of perception and processing of a set of such
structures. According to the graphic interpretation of a BSSS (Fig.3), introspective analysis
of processing a separate message falls into the following stages: addressing separate
components of the BSSS, identifying situational and predicative relations, addressing the
BSSS set as a separate fragment of knowledge. A general peculiarity of this process is
formation of personified cognitive feedback in the KB when perceiving a separate element
as well as the whole BSS structure, which complement the cognitive potential.
Dialectic interaction between the LP and the KB in the process of perceiving and
processing a text should be noted: the LP on the analysis stage uses the knowledge
accumulated in the KB, and as soon as the current BSSS has been identified forms a new
quantum of knowledge which is added to the KB potential and may be used for further
analysis, but in the capacity of context. Actually, this LP – KB pattern of interaction
between separate fragments of human neural substance is defined as personified cognitive
feedback. From the peculiarities of the suggested KB organization rather important
fundamental questions arise: how can an infinite set of separate quanta of information,
represented by BSS structures, be reproduced on a finite set of KB nodes; and how infinite
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inclusions of a word form into other quanta of knowledge (BSS structures) can be realized
through one neural network node where it is coded?
Taking into account the current rather limited knowledge regarding peculiarities of
neural network operation and possibilities for memorizing and coding the triunity of time,
space and action for a separate situation, these questions can be answered as follows: each
new quantum of knowledge, which passes through a certain node, creates its own unique
new marker, so that it can be used unambiguously every time when an equivalent quantum
of knowledge is incoming, and when the information is slightly changed, the chain of
markers representing associative links is also transformed. How this process is realized in
the neural substance is yet to be discovered.
When each component of the current BSSS is perceived, the LP addresses a
corresponding component of the KB, its potential semantic load on the set of associative
links is read and returned to the LP, forecasting the possible versions of its continuation.
This iterational procedure of interaction between LP and KB makes the process of text
analysis possible, and generally determines the process of “understanding”. In this case the
term “understanding” is equivalent to “knowledge”.
4.3 Language as a powerful channel for acquiring and accumulation of knowledge
So, cognitive and communicative processes are constantly realized in human neural
network. Certainly, the communicative process may only take place on the cognitive
background. Both processes are formed and realized in human neural substance. We can
but speculate on how exactly this happens, but modern achievements in numerous
borderline fields of speech research make it possible to make certain assumptions
regarding organization and flow of these parallel processes in human neural substance.
According to the materials of BICA-14 [4] human neural network is powerful cognitive
substance which is capable of acquiring information from various sensors of human sensory
system, and, after it has been processed in the relevant areas of the cerebral cortex –visual,
auditory etc., transforming it into unified (neural) form of knowledge presentation, where
interaction of different forms of knowledge presentation is possible. The symbolic level of
reproduction of arbitrary information actually fulfils a similar function.
It should be emphasized that information received from each sensor is discrete. So,
all sensory systems may be anticipated to work identically on the structure-functional
level. When a sensor has acquired some information about the environment, triunited in
time, space and action, adequate memorization, reproduction and use of this triunity
(within separate fragments of the cognitive component) may be metaphorically described
as follows. The cognitive level of human neural network forms and accumulates lifelong
potential (cognitive soup) represented on the figural level, where all life experience, which
is structured in separate fragments of attention by the coordinates of time, space and action,
is compressed. Let us recall once more that these categories are somehow materialized and
recorded in the neural network and are stored as long as conscious life continues.
However, it may be considered that a communicative pattern for addressing the wealth
of human memory has been gradually formed over the cognitive substance covering the
figural level. According to children’s speech researches, this communicative pattern is
formed by the age of 3-5 years, and fully matures by the age of 7-9 years (primary school
age). By this age the communicative pattern of interaction, based on a separate BSS structure
as a verbalized pattern for reproducing an arbitrary real-life or virtual situation, is fully
formed. In fact, it defines the interrelation between cognitive and communicative systems.
Certainly, operation of the communicative system is based on cognitive substance – the
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cognitive soup containing figural level information (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory,
somatic sensation) as well as symbolic information based on all the accumulated verbal level
potential (books, magazines, communication – any displays of symbolic reality).
Children’s speech researches unanimously claim that whenever a child aged three to
five years is unable to master the structural level of language organization (that is,
associate a certain real life situation with its verbal reproduction in the form of a BSS
structure or a set of such structures), (s)he actually fails to become a productive member of
society in respect of intellectual development.
The reason behind this is that mastering language organization opens an important
channel for acquiring arbitrary figural and symbolic information gained and
conceptualized by the society, which in due course becomes a dominant source of new
information acquired through reading, oral communication etc.
It should be noted that cognitive and communicative processes are dialectically
connected as they form and complement each other. The communicative level is forming
during the first three to five years of life and becomes a major factor of the person’s
communication and development.
This is explained by Masaru Ibuka [13], an expert in child psychology who has been
working with children for a long time. The conclusion is unambiguous: at this age a child’s
neural substance is most flexible and, like a sponge, is capable of absorbing, memorizing
and accumulating all knowledge acquired by the whole sensory system on the figural as well
as symbolic levels, interconnecting them via associative links. Language becomes a powerful
cognitive level for creating and acquiring arbitrary information, permanently connecting it to
the figural level information received from the sensory system.
It is well-known that a child who has not mastered the communicative pattern of
acquiring, accumulation and management of information (especially its transfer from
figural to verbal level) by the age of five will never become a productive member of
society with regard to intellectual development. This might be explained by flexibility of
the neural substance, which is no longer able to form a fully realized communicative
system, capable of integrating knowledge of both figural and symbolic levels, in later life.
In this context, B.Y. Horodetskyi’s [6] opinion on language organization is to the point:
“numerous problems in linguistics are due to the fact that language is still regarded as a
form of reproducing thoughts, not a scheme for knowledge organization and
presentation”. So, the fact that a person who has not mastered the pattern of verbal
communication does not become a productive member of society with regard to
intellectual development is justified. This person has failed (for any reason) to master the
system for acquiring, organization and (most importantly) transfer of any knowledge to the
verbal level, this generalized pattern of knowledge organization and presentation, and
therefore of communicative system development, in time.
In this context an important difference between human and animal communicative
systems should be noted. The thesis that any living community develops and uses some
communicative organization pattern for its evolutionary development and survival has been
mentioned here more than once. What is the principal difference between a human being and
an animal in this light? Numerous experts have long been trying to answer this questions,
but to no avail. Here B.F. Porshnev’s “Problems of Paleopsychology” [14] are fitting tobe
cited, where the author outlines the current status of this issue: “Not only idealists, but
numerous materialists as well are busy looking for the attribute which distinguishes a human
being from an animal “from the very beginning” and to modern days. It is implied that this
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sing leattribute exists. It is also implied that the purpose of science is to define this major
distinction of humanity. On the VII International Congress on Anthropology and
Ethnography, which took place in Moscow in 1964, a symposium “A Line between a Human
Being and an Animal” has been organized. Numerous specific distinctions have been
outlined, but the general purpose of the symposium has not been fulfilled.”
We can see that B.F. Porshnev has intuitively been right; however, this problem has
been solved during one of the recent conferences on artificial intelligence in Katsiveli
(Crimea, 2012), when three participants of the conference (an expert in linguistic
technologies A.A. Chipashvily (Moscow), P.M. Denysenko (Kropyvnytskyi) and me –
Y.I. Kyslenko (Kyiv) were discussing the problems of artificial intelligence in hospitable
A. Chipashvily’s comfortable apartment, and touched upon this issue. The answer has been
found unexpectedly and spontaneously, but in the course of time this solution proves more
and more certain.
A human being has one developmental distinction from animals (which also have
various communicative systems available): invention of writing as one of the means of
indirect communication Writing meant a possibility to store, present and transfer
knowledge from one living neural substance to another for periods of time greatly
exceeding its own lifetime and existence. This stage is crucial for storing and accumulating
information for future generations, which determines accelerated technical progress in
particular and fast development of humanity in general.
In the course of processing these materials two more clear distinctions between a
human being and an animal have been shaped: firstly, only the humans have ever created
artificial sensors – instruments which greatly increase sensitivity of biological sensory
systems, making investigation of micro and macro worlds beyond humanity’s living space
possible (a microscope and a telescope); secondly, the technical progress has gradually
provided a basis for the development of global cognitive potential, starting from
manuscript collections and printed books storage in libraries to modern electronic data
storage devices. The Internet is a system open for all members of the community to acquire
and submit knowledge freely. All in all, a human being is different from an animal by the
following three aspects: invention of writing, creation of artificial sensory systems and
development of a global knowledge base with free access for the whole community.
5. Dominant and intuition as powerful implementors of PCF
The concept of “a dominant” as the status of a separate fragment of the neural
network dominating over all others has been introduced by O.O. Uhtomskyi in the early
XX century [15], even though the term itself is borrowed from Avenarius’s “Critique of
Pure Experience”. Since then the term has become common in the field of neural network
research, and this concept has later become pivotal in his lifelong scientific endeavor.
When certain parts of human brain are responsible for providing vital metabolic processes
as well as for fulfilling cognitive and communicative functions (neurons, neural
ensembles, neuroglia as the environment where associative links are formed), the influence
of this condition on cognitive processes may hardly be overestimated.
5.1. Uhtomskyi’s dominant
O.O. Uhtomskyi’s research on the activity of human neural network and definition of
the concept of “dominant” as one of the important features related to acquiring and
processing new information provide some explanation for the peculiarities of personified
cognitive feedback realization.
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When it comes to analyzing cognitive processes related to acquiring information, any
feedback may be considered positive with regard to accumulation of information, as has
already been mentioned. However, different functional load of the neural network should
be identified: on the one hand, it is the informational load which increases with time
(positive cognitive feedback), and on the other hand, power load which is caused by
intensified operation of the neural network and which always leads to loss of stability in
engineering systems. How may the second tradictory features of human memory (and
biological memory in general) be connected? This question is answered by an outstanding
physiologist O.O. Uhtomskyi in his “A Dominant and an Integral Image” – 1924 [15].
The dominant is a general feature of central nervous system operation, which has
proved very important for analysis and development of knowledge base design in modern
information technologies. The general conclusion is that the dominant fulfils a function of
a general principle of operation for nerve centers. For O.O. Uhtomskyi, the dominant
defines orientation of human perception, which integrates feelings into a holistic picture. In
our case, the following thesis by O.O. Uhtomskyi is important: “the dominant is a more or
less stable focus of hyper excitability of centers, regardless of its cause; moreover, the
excitation reaching the secenter sincreases (confirms) the excitation within focus, where a
sinhibitI on is widely spreadin o the rparts of thc central nervous system”.
This peculiarity may be regarded as an explanation of the nature of information
perception by the CNS. On the one hand, accumulation of information indirectly via the
dominant phenomenon is a positive factor for increase of cognitive potential with
significant energy expended on excitation and formation of associative links in a separate
fragment of the neural network, but on the other hand – due to limited power potential of
the CNS as a whole energy expenditure for idle areas is reduced because of inhibition
processes. So, the following interesting relation is observed: cognitive and power potential
in excited CNS centers is increased at the expense of reducing energy expenditure in
inhibited centers. As for the general energy balance of the neural substance, it remains
more or less stable.
And the last O.O. Uhtomskyi’s observation which is important for us: “The
dominant is likely to manifest itself clearly in other fields of brainwork, for example, when
mental activity is concentrated on a certain scientific field” [15]. In this context, it should
be noted that I have now referred to O.O. Uhtomskyi after an almost half-a-century break,
since my first interest in neurophysiology. The associative link between my postgraduate
topic “System Organization of Memory” (1968) and the research by P.K. Anohin and
O.O. Uhtomskyi was among the first ones that formed in my neural network, but it has
survived till the present (2016) and has become an important basis for scientific research.
However, only in the course of recent research on the topic of personified cognitive
feedback a recollection of the concept of dominant awakened in my neural network, which
had somehow (via a half-forgotten and almost destroyed associative link) been realized in
the context of scientific research, thus confirming (through repetition) and complementing
my personal cognitive potential.
In this context the novel The Bull’s Hour by Yefremov should be mentioned, where
the following thesis is stated: human neural network is most active from 3 to 5 a.m., while
the major part of the CNS is at rest. However, this peculiarity is greatly subjective by nature
and depends on numerous factors. My personal neural network (with regard to scientific
research) is indeed most active during this interval. Here B. L. Pasternak’s revelation, which
has once deeply impressed me, is to the point: “More than once I have observed that the
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things hardly noticed at daytime, thoughts not quite clear, or words said without feeling and
left without notice come back at night in flesh and blood and become dreams, as if to repay
for their disregard”. Why is that so? What is the reason for this relation?
5.2. Functions of the brain at rest
In the above mentioned context it is important to consider modern
neurophysiological research regarding human brain activity during the period of twenty-
four hours. A certain explanation for the phenomenon of brain activity during the periods
of rest may be suggested by “The Secrets of the Brain at Rest”. The thesis that activity of
the nervous substance during the periods of rest is now testified is stated by this paper.
Neurophysiologists have recorded activity of the neural network at rest, which includes
five varieties. Let us emphasize the informational component only, leaving the processes of
metabolism and restoration of physical activity aside.
The following important conclusions are of interest:
1. The brain is more than capable of making decisions when sleeping; the brain follows
its programs even during sleep;
2. The brain sorts memories, and during the periods of sleep new memories are
processed and links with the old ones are checked;
3. When sleeping, the brain builds associations and finds links between seemingly
unrelated things. This may lead to unusual ideas or profound understanding of the
world. So, unexpected spontaneous ideas are in fact not so spontaneous.
The reasons for this have not been explained yet. However, based on the materials of
modern neurophysiological research and taking into account the peculiarities of the “Dominant”
and “Intuition” processes in separate fragments of the neural network, the following explanation
for increased brain activity during the periods of sleep may be suggested.
In our opinion, during deep sleep activity of the sensory system, which is localized
mostly in brain cortex, is substantially decreased. Therefore, at night the power potential of
CNS operation responsible for information processes, in particular, for incorporating the
acquired information into personal cognitive potential, is significantly increased. So, the
most favorable time for efficient realization of personified cognitive feedback is the period
when on the one hand sensory system is blocked out (most often it is the interval of deep
sleep), and on the other hand the metabolic processes of the long day are completed in the
CNS and the neural network is capable of actively acquiring new information. Certainly, the
periods of peak brain activity may vary and are individual for every person, but an average
interval of increased activity probably coincides with “the Bull’s Hour” (the interval from 3
to 5 a.m.) when the capacity of human neural network for processing new information and its
incorporation into the person’s cognitive potential is at its highest.
5.3. Intuition
Finally, in the context of analyzing the cognitive process of new information
synthesis the role of intuition seems rather important. Here the idea by a prominent
philosopher Hubenko O.O. regarding the phenomenon of “intuition”, which is also
somehow related to the thought process, is to the point [16]. According to his definition,
intuition is a process of overcoming gaps in the continuity of the person’s knowledge
regarding some phenomenon or object, etc. So, when trying to solve a certain problem or
task a person intuitively (not fully realizing how) suggests a solution to the problem,
indirectly using other knowledge, analogies, similar models and principles etc. Only after
some time has passed and the relevant memory fragment has been repeatedly or potently
activated by new knowledge, a rational bridge over this knowledge gap may form.
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So, having analyzed the results of modern speech research in various fields, we are
able to overcome our “knowledge gap” regarding this particular question and suggest a
possible answer. It is also important to note that information in three capacities is
combined in human memory: sensory (or figural), symbolic (on the verbal level) and
abstract, which is formed in the virtual world and has no equivalent in the real world, or
cannot be grasped by the limited human knowledge. But the cognitive potential of human
neural network is always able to transmit information of any type onto the verbal level,
after its communicative ability is formed (a language is mastered).
In the above mentioned context, I would like to share some detail about the working
process on this paper. In the previous versions a chain of dates had been noted before each
title, marking certain stages (gleams of intuition) of fruitful work, overcoming some
problems on the way of research of new topics. This chain may be found below; it should
be noted that all the “gleams” of new thoughts fall into the interval of The Bull’s Hour –
from 3 to 5 am.
* 20.08.14 * 27.08.14 * 12.03.15 * 08.05.15 * 30.06.15 * 02.07.15 * 07.07.15 *
14.07.15 * 27.07.15 * 01. 08.15 * 09.08.15 * 29.09.15 * 3.10.15 * 1.11.15 * 25.11.15 *
28.12.15 * 31.12.15 * 13.01.16 * 22.01.16 * 27. 01.16 * 03.02.16 * 06.02.16 *10.02.16
(morning 4-6)* 20.02.16 * 21.02.16 * 23.02.16 (morning5-6)*12.03.16 * 15.03.16 *
19.03.16 * 02.04.16* 09.04.16 (600) *10.04.16(800) *13.04.16 (700) * 20.04.16(530)*
02.05.16 (4-5)* 03.05.16 (7)* 9.05.16 (630) * 10.05.16 (700) *17.05.16 * 27.05.16 8 *
29.05.16 * 11.06.16 (630)* 26.06.16 * 27.06.16* 08.07.16 * 9.07.16 (500, 700) *10.07.16
(630)*15.07.16 *10.08.16 * 02.09.16 * 16. 09.16 * 5.12.16 * 11.12.16 * 21.12.16 *
Generally, this work has taken about two years. One comment to the above chain: the
whole time interval of the work is the time of evolvement, development and existence of the
dominant of scientific research “Personified Cognitive Feedback”, which has actually
marked the time of creative brainwork on the general topic, and each date of this chain
means a certain work stage (a gleam of intuition), which was determined by overcoming a
gap of continuity in my knowledge (and, certainly, solving some cognitive problems) on the
difficult way of learning the new aspect of human neural network operation.
In connection with the list of these dates, which mark the individual "inspirations of
an insight of a new thought" in the direction of the study of SOP, one should publicize
another fact: on February 24, 2018, from 6 to 7 am, at last, a clear principled position was
reached regarding the architecture of the structural and functional level of the organization
of natural- language knowledge base. In the general case, this is a two-level structure,
where the first level is "kanva" - the basis for the formation of BZ in the form of only a set
of individual tokens, taking into account all possible variants of use of each of them, and
the second - a layer of cognitive level, presented by a bound set separate structures of the
BSSS, each of which reproduces a separate quantum of knowledge of the language level.
Such an approach to the structurally functional organization of linguistic material
was formed somewhere in the twentieth of February, in 2018, a group of like-minded
people consisting of: Kislenko Y.I. - (project leader) and postgraduate students:
Sergeyev D.S. (responsible for the structural and functional level of the organization of the
Knowledge Base) and Khimich A.V. (responsible for the structural and functional level of
the linguistic processor organization). However, this result already relates to the stage of
collective elaboration of a certain dominant and the formation of a new contribution to the
collective potential of knowledge.
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It is important that this fact already confirms the principle possibility of practical use
of the proposed approach to modeling the individual language system of a person as a
dynamic scheme of interaction of the linguistic processor and knowledge base, which
opens the perspective of solving Internet problems: Semantic Web and Data Base.
6. Personified cognitive feedback as a major drive for progressively accelarated
development of the society
It is time to draw some conclusions regarding development and operation of
personified cognitive feedback and its influence on the development of the society. When I
was beginning to work on my postgraduate paper “System Organization of Memory” in the
institute of cybernetics (1968), I was impressed by B.F. Porshnev’s fundamental thesis: the
history of humankind is a progressively accelerated process. A question arose: why is it
accelerated, moreover, progressively accelerated? This verdict had some unknown and
incomprehensible magical power, as if we were doomed to unceasing improvement and
development. Why is it so? I had been thinking about it ever since, if sometimes less
intently amid everyday problems, but couldn’t find a clear answer.
And finally, when I was working meticulously on the dominant of “personified
cognitive feedback”, on the final stage of work (about 2 years from the beginning) small
“flashes of correlation” (according to B.F. Porshnev) or displays of intuition, which are
ruled by a certain dominant, have merged into an insight. So, the major stages of PCFB
evolution may be defined, which provide society’s advance to progressively accelerated
development. It should however be noted that the key creative element in this powerful
process of creative integration and accumulation of knowledge is still the individual neural
substance – the human brain.
The major functions of the brain are acquiring and accumulating new information
and its integration into the person’s individual cognitive potential with a certain purpose:
either performing current everyday tasks, or solving professional problems, or prospective
scientific research initiated by some fantasies or scientific dominants. Here a quote by an
outstanding aircraft engineer Igor Sikorsky, which is engraved in his alma mater KPI, is to
the point: “An individual’s work is still the spark which moves the humanity forward, even
more so than teamwork”.
So, the whole experience of the humanity doubtlessly proves that the generalized
cognitive potential of a community gradually forms during the long evolution of integrated
knowledge synthesized by individual cognitive potentials of numerous people, generations,
and most often by outstanding researchers and scientists. This is powerful cognitive
potential created by humanity and accumulated in humanitarian and technical literature.
So, let us estimate the major evolutionary stages for personified cognitive feedback.
6.1 Starting point
We have already accepted the evolvement of writing as a powerful and multi-purpose
model for generating, storing and accumulating knowledge for time periods much
exceeding the existence of biological memory and, accordingly, a particular individual’s
knowledge, as a starting point for the distinction between a human being and an animal.
Actually, some kind of (solely oral) communication as a necessity for survival and
fostering a new generation in any living population; however, it is limited to the life cycle
of a particular individual or the population’s existence.
It should be emphasized again that writing has become a universal model for storing,
accumulation and management of information about the real as well as virtual world, even
if oral speech also has this capacity. The process of comparing the current status of the
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living space as perceived by the sensory system to the accumulated experience
(knowledge) kept in memory, which has been defined as personified cognitive feedback, is
typical of any living creature. But the lifetime of the accumulated information is limited by
the biological life of the creature’s neural organization, or by the population’s lifetime, if
this information is somehow shared and accumulated in the population.
6.2 Evolution of Porshnev’s dominant
B.F. Porshnev has determined the major developmental vector among the vast
amount of fragmented data on the development of a human being and a society, and this
vector is defined by the fundamental thesis: the history of humankind is a progressively
accelerated process. However, the lifelong dominant of his scientific research could not
explain why it is so. Evolution of B.F. Porshnev’s dominant is defined by consequent
research of the correlations: “A Human Being – Work”, “We - They”, “Friend – Foe”, “A
Person –A Person” (where two neural substances “Brain – Brain” interact), and finally
“A Brain – Brains”, where an individual’s cognitive potential is compared to the global
cognitive potential of the community, represented by the total of printed and handwritten
materials (on the symbolic level) as well as the whole potential of figural level information
(music, theatre, painting, cinema etc).
With reference to evaluation of B.F. Porshnev’s contribution to the research on these
social relations by an expert for the legislative initiative supporting fund O.T. Vite [17] we
may state that the major problem of the existing approaches is ignoring the fundamental
meaning of human speech. In the prospectus for his book project “People” which has not
been written B.F. Porshnev metaphorically defines the connection between an individual
and a community: “Just as the brain is composed of billions of cells, the conscience is
composed of billions of brains… As brain neurons are connected by synapses, brains are
connected by speech (the second signal system)” [14]. It should be noted that by
“conscience” he could mean the whole cognitive potential of the community, even without
knowing how this creative potential is fulfilled.
A great leap for accumulation and development of the global cognitive potential is
caused by evolvement and development of the world cognitive network: the INTERNET.
Here the cognitive potential is accumulated every hour – or even faster. And the most
important thing is free access to all this knowledge; this is the fundamental difference.
Therefore, the next stage of the society’s cognitive development may be recorded, defined
by the correlation “Brains – Brains”, which embraces the communities of INTERNET
users. This evolution of communicative processes determines the progressive acceleration
of the society’s development.
6.3 Global cognitive feedback
I have recently found an interesting thought regarding the essence of the global
communicative system in the INTERNET: “The world has acquired gazillions of data and
the world of users”. It is a very reasonable thought in the context of our research, which
adequately represents the relation between communities of authors who post the results of
observations, thoughts and generalizations by their individual neural networks into the
INTERNET, and the readers who use any information accumulated by humankind in this
global network. This leads to an interesting conclusion: the cognitive potential of the
society is actually created by integrating results of operation of a set of individual PCFBs
covering the whole community. This thesis may be generalized as follows: personified
cognitive feedback of individual members of the community taken out of the biological
neural network and recorded on electronic media, thanks to global access to the
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92 © Y.I. Kyslenko
INTERNET, transforms into global cognitive feedback of the society which is free to access
for all members of the community.
However, the major moving force for the development of global cognitive potential
including the creative component and the function for generating new information by the
canon of dominant and intuition is still the individual personified cognitive feedback,
realized in living biological neural substance. The process of integrating a set of cognitive
potentials of individual PCFs from the whole community and gradual translation of new
information from the neural level to electronic media and, therefore, creation of the global
cognitive potential defines the progressive acceleration of the society’s development.
This process is reconstructed in Fig. 5, which represents the process of accumulation
and development of the global cognitive potential, based on personified cognitive feedback
of an individual member of the community. This feedback is essentially positive by nature
with regard to accumulation and use of knowledge. This is what determines the progressive
acceleration of the society’s development. This structure actually demonstrates how the
global cognitive potential which results from constant centuries-old (or even millennia-old)
integration of individual cognitive potentials belonging to all members of human
community, notwithstanding the variety of languages, is created and used.
The central (red) segment represents the set of “brains” of all community members,
each of them creating their unique individual cognitive potential (ICP) within their living
space, taking into account creative capabilities of PCFB; and a combination of these
potentials creates, accumulates and complements the global cognitive potential (GCP) of
the whole community via communicative channels (external framing). This p999otential is
represented by literature, art, science etc. and is stored in museums, libraries, various
archives and funds. Accumulation of and access to knowledge have changed dramatically
as a result of development and use of the INTERNET. This has accelerated the society’s
development dramatically.
Fig. 5. Scheme of accumulation of global cognitive potential
– individual speech system, – individual cognitive potential, –
personified cognitive feedback, n→∞ and is determined by size of the population
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© Y.I. Kyslenko 93
The central (red) segment represents the set of “brains” of all community members,
each of them creating their unique individual cognitive potential (ICP) within their living
space, taking into account creative capabilities of PCFB; and a combination of these
potentials creates, accumulates and complements the global cognitive potential (GCP) of
the whole community via communicative channels (external framing). This p999otential is
represented by literature, art, science etc. and is stored in museums, libraries, various
archives and funds. Accumulation of and access to knowledge have changed dramatically
as a result of development and use of the INTERNET. This has accelerated the society’s
development dramatically.
So the circle of positive cognitive feedback has closed: a person “uses” all knowledge
potential accumulated by the community, comparing it to their individual cognitive
potential, but only within their own biological neural network, capable of the following
information management models: associative search, generalization, conceptualization,
integration of diverse information etc., which operate by the canons of thought, including
presupposition, dominant and intuition.
Combination of these two powerful phenomena: integration of knowledge accumulated
by the whole community and presented in texts, manuscripts and other symbolic and visual
forms and, especially, posted in the world cognitive network – the INTERNET, and their
processing and interpretation in millions of living neural networks with consequent
(cognitively renewed) return to the world wide web provides for positive cognitive feedback,
which, in its turn, results in progressive acceleration of society’s development by means of
two-directional associative link with analysis and synthesis of new information. This
explains B.F. Porshnev’s prediction regarding progressively accelerated development of the
society – provided, of course, that humankind itself does not breach this universal law of
development. The question yet to be answered is: which laws regulate this acceleration and
will the humankind survive it?
Some major steps in humanity’s evolution may serve as examples of progressively
accelerated development of the society. On the one hand, these are the creative
achievements: evolvement of writing, invention of artificial sensory systems, which have
made exploration of macro and micro worlds possible, creation of the global cognitive
potential in the INTERNET, the HUMAN genome, SpaceX, discovery of new habitable
planets and worlds; on the other hand, these achievements are alarmingly used against the
human civilization’s prosperity and well-being.
Conclusion
The concept of personalized cognitive feedback (PCF) as the basic principle of the
functioning of our neural network in the way of perception, accumulation and use of the
cognitive potential of the person concerning the information of both figurative and
symbolic levels is introduced in the work. The formal definition of a separate "quantum of
knowledge on the figurative level" is introduced - a situation that is translated into a
linguistic level by a separate basic semantic-syntactic structure of the BSSS - "quantum of
knowledge of the language level". PCF will always be considered positive - in terms of
accumulation and correction of gained knowledge. In the living space of the existence of
an individual, PCF gradually forms the individual cognitive potential (ICP), which is
actualized in the living neurosubstantium. Of course, the ICP is formed and adjusted
throughout the life cycle of the individual, but the period of its existence is determined
only by the biological life cycle. Separate ICPs, through communication tools, gradually
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94 © Y.I. Kyslenko
integrate into the Global Cognitive Community Potential (GCP), which practically
outlines, in general, the vital credo of the population.
However, it is fundamentally important that in this case the evolution of the
community (in terms of accumulation and utilization of information gains) takes place at an
extremely slow pace; virtually, the transfer of information at the initial stage of populations
formation occurs from one "living" neurosubstance to another - also "living" and any global
cataclysms can break the accumulated GCP and bring the process to a standstill.
The principal moment in the development of the human race was the development of
a written word, when the gains of the accumulated GCP are being transmitted to other
media (bark, fireplaces and clay tablets, papyrus, paper, magnetic media, etc.) that allow
storage, accumulation and transfer of knowledge for a period of time which is significantly
longer then time of the existence of living neurosubstantia.
However, it should always be remembered that only a living neurosubstantium, with
its powerful creative potential, is capable of integrating, conceptualizing and synthesizing
new information. How not to mention here the words of Igor Sikorsky, written on the walls
of his Alma-Mother - KPI: "The work of the person still remains the spark that drives
humanity even more than collective labor".
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РЕЗЮМЕ
Ю.І. Кисленко
Персоніфікований когнітивний зворотний зв'язок як потужний важель
прогресивного прискорення розвитку суспільства
В роботі вводиться поняття персоніфікованого когнітивного зворотного зв’язку
(ПКЗЗ) як схеми взаємодії інформації образного та символьного рівнів, що
сприймаються людиною, з накопиченим когнітивним потенціалом нашого мозку.
Такий зворотний зв'язок завжди вважатимемо позитивним в плані поступового
накопичення та корекції індивідуального когнітивного потенціалу. Головним чином
ці процеси аналізуються на шляху функціонування індивідуальної мовної системи,
введеної ще нашим співвітчизником Л. Щербою. Послідовно, з позицій урахування
сучасних досягнень дослідження мовленнєвої діяльності у багатьох помежованих
напрямах (нейрофізіологія, психологія, філософія, кібернетика) формується
інтеграційний підхід, що зводить наші знання стосовно структурно-функціонального
рівня мовної організації до чіткої системи, в основу якої покладена лише одна-єдина
базова семантико-синтаксична структура, що постає похідною від структурно-
функціонального рівня нейроорганізації зорового тракту.
З позицій інтроспективного аналізу розглядаються як окремі етапи
опрацювання довільного мовного повідомлення, так і особливості вербалізації
інформації образного характеру. Власне, ПКЗЗ і забезпечує процес «розуміння»,
зіставляючи як кожну складову, так і все нове повідомлення, з поточним
когнітивним потенціалом реципієнта.
Коли ж спроектувати особливості актуалізації індивідуального ПКЗЗ на
суспільство загалом, то доходимо потужного висновку, що саме множина окремих
індивідуальних ПКЗЗ спільноти з їх потужним креативним потенціалом та
необмеженими можливостями комунікації і забезпечують формування та
постійне зростання глобального когнітивного потенціалу, що, в свою чергу, власне і
зумовлює прогресивне прискорення розвитку суспільства.
Надійшла до редакції 14.02.2018
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