Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation
The article examines prerequisites for the formation of the global environmental safety as an integral part of international relations and politics against the background of the long-term ecological crisis. Features of the global environmental safety and levels of its operation on a territorial basi...
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irk-123456789-1630282020-01-31T21:44:13Z Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation Obikhod, A. Omelchenko, A. Boiko, V. Євроінтеграційні та геополітичні виклики The article examines prerequisites for the formation of the global environmental safety as an integral part of international relations and politics against the background of the long-term ecological crisis. Features of the global environmental safety and levels of its operation on a territorial basis are singled out and grounded. Attention is focused on transboundary character of the manifestation of most environmental threats and hazards, making it impossible for countries to overcome the consequences on their own. Emphasized are global threats and hazards that will determine areas of cooperation in the global environmental safety in the near future. Parity basis and principles of formation of global ecologically safe space are outlined. Considering the world experience of the implementation of forms and methods of economical use of natural resources and observance of safety of existence, directions of strategic planning of national environmental safety are suggested. Розкриваються передумови становлення глобальної екологічної безпеки як невід’ємної частини міжнародних відносин та політики на фоні довготривалої екологічної кризи. Виділяються та обґрунтовуються характерні ознаки глобальної екологічної безпеки та рівні її функціонування за територіальним принципом. Акцентується увага на транскордонності прояву більшості екологічних загроз та небезпек, що унеможливлює подолання наслідків державами самостійно. Виділено глобальні загрози та небезпеки, що визначатимуть у найближчій перспективі напрями співпраці у світовій екологічній безпеці. Окреслюються паритетні засади та принципи формування глобального екологобезпечного простору. Виходячи із світового досвіду форм і методів ощадливого використання природних ресурсів та дотримання безпеки існування, запропоновано напрями стратегічного планування національної екологічної безпеки. 2015 Article Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation / A. Obikhod, A. Omelchenko, V. Boiko // Економіка природокористування і охорони довкілля: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: ДУ ІЕПСР НАН України, 2015. — С. 22-34. — Бібліогр.: 21 назв. — укр. 1818-4170 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/163028 339.9 : 504 en Економіка природокористування і охорони довкілля ДУ «Інститут економіки природокористування та сталого розвитку НАН України» |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
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Євроінтеграційні та геополітичні виклики Євроінтеграційні та геополітичні виклики |
| spellingShingle |
Євроінтеграційні та геополітичні виклики Євроінтеграційні та геополітичні виклики Obikhod, A. Omelchenko, A. Boiko, V. Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation Економіка природокористування і охорони довкілля |
| description |
The article examines prerequisites for the formation of the global environmental safety as an integral part of international relations and politics against the background of the long-term ecological crisis. Features of the global environmental safety and levels of its operation on a territorial basis are singled out and grounded. Attention is focused on transboundary character of the manifestation of most environmental threats and hazards, making it impossible for countries to overcome the consequences on their own. Emphasized are global threats and hazards that will determine areas of cooperation in the global environmental safety in the near future. Parity basis and principles of formation of global ecologically safe space are outlined. Considering the world experience of the implementation of forms and methods of economical use of natural resources and observance of safety of existence, directions of strategic planning of national environmental safety are suggested. |
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Article |
| author |
Obikhod, A. Omelchenko, A. Boiko, V. |
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Obikhod, A. Omelchenko, A. Boiko, V. |
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Obikhod, A. |
| title |
Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation |
| title_short |
Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation |
| title_full |
Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation |
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Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation |
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Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation |
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environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation |
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ДУ «Інститут економіки природокористування та сталого розвитку НАН України» |
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2015 |
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Євроінтеграційні та геополітичні виклики |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/163028 |
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Environmental safety as a priority factor of international relations under the conditions of globalization: parity basis and principles of formation / A. Obikhod, A. Omelchenko, V. Boiko // Економіка природокористування і охорони довкілля: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: ДУ ІЕПСР НАН України, 2015. — С. 22-34. — Бібліогр.: 21 назв. — укр. |
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Економіка природокористування і охорони довкілля |
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22
ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ ТА ГЕОПОЛІТИЧНІ ВИКЛИКИ
УДК 339.9 : 504
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AS A PRIORITY FACTOR
OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION:
PARITY BASIS AND PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION
ЕКОЛОГІЧНА БЕЗПЕКА ЯК ПРІОРИТЕТНИЙ ФАКТОР МІЖНАРОДНИХ
ВІДНОСИН В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ: ПАРИТЕТНІ ЗАСАДИ ТА
ПРИНЦИПИ ФОРМУВАННЯ
Anna OBIKHOD,
Candidate of Economic Sciences,
Public Institution «Institute of
Environmental Economics and
Sustainable Development of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine», Kyiv
Ганна ОБИХОД,
кандидат економічних наук,
Державна установа «Інститут
економіки природокористування та
сталого розвитку Національної
академії наук України», Київ
Alla OMELCHENKO,
Candidate of Economic Sciences,
Public Institution «Institute of
Environmental Economics and
Sustainable Development of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine», Kyiv
Алла ОМЕЛЬЧЕНКО,
кандидат економічних наук,
Державна установа «Інститут
економіки природокористування та
сталого розвитку Національної
академії наук України», Київ
Volodymyr BOIKO,
Public Institution «Institute of
Environmental Economics and
Sustainable Development of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine», Kyiv
Володимир БОЙКО,
Державна установа «Інститут
економіки природокористування та
сталого розвитку Національної
академії наук України», Київ
The article examines prerequisites for the formation of the global environmental
safety as an integral part of international relations and politics against the background
of the long-term ecological crisis. Features of the global environmental safety and
levels of its operation on a territorial basis are singled out and grounded. Attention is
focused on transboundary character of the manifestation of most environmental threats
and hazards, making it impossible for countries to overcome the consequences on their
own. Emphasized are global threats and hazards that will determine areas of
cooperation in the global environmental safety in the near future. Parity basis and
principles of formation of global ecologically safe space are outlined. Considering the
world experience of the implementation of forms and methods of economical use of
natural resources and observance of safety of existence, directions of strategic
planning of national environmental safety are suggested.
Key words: global ecological safety, international environmental policy, risks
and threats, transboundary hazards, parity basis and principles of global
environmental safety, strategic planning.
23
Розкриваються передумови становлення глобальної екологічної безпеки як
невід’ємної частини міжнародних відносин та політики на фоні довготривалої
екологічної кризи. Виділяються та обґрунтовуються характерні ознаки
глобальної екологічної безпеки та рівні її функціонування за територіальним
принципом. Акцентується увага на транскордонності прояву більшості
екологічних загроз та небезпек, що унеможливлює подолання наслідків
державами самостійно. Виділено глобальні загрози та небезпеки, що
визначатимуть у найближчій перспективі напрями співпраці у світовій
екологічній безпеці. Окреслюються паритетні засади та принципи формування
глобального екологобезпечного простору. Виходячи із світового досвіду форм і
методів ощадливого використання природних ресурсів та дотримання безпеки
існування, запропоновано напрями стратегічного планування національної
екологічної безпеки.
Ключові слова: глобальна екологічна безпека, міжнародна екологічна
політика, ризики та загрози, транскордонні небезпеки, паритетні засади,
принципи, стратегічне планування.
Problem statement. XXI century has given rise to the problems that affect not
only individual states or regions but also humanity in general. The relations of human
and nature have become accentuated. Human civilization throughout history has
extensively used nature, constantly increasing the environmental impact. The use of
natural resources greatly affected the quality of people’s life, but the economic growth
oriented at quantitative indicators has ultimately led to enormous environmental
pollution and sometimes to irreversible consequences, changing the characteristics of
the Earth. The level of humanity needs in natural resources has significantly increased
along with the population and industrial production; they are constantly interacting and
developing (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Scheme of the interaction between global economy and environment
Analysis of recent research and publications. Fundamental research of
theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of ensuring international
environmental safety are represented in the papers of scientists of our country.
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
Emissions,
discharges,
wastes
Resource
and energy
mobilization
Global economy
Product consumption
N
a
tu
ra
l
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
r
es
o
u
rc
es
P
o
llu
ted
en
v
iro
n
m
en
t
Product making
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
24
Bystriakov I.K, Danylyshyn B.M., Doroguntsov S.I., Kravtsiv V.S., Stepanenko A.V.,
Khvesyk M.A., Khlobystov Y.V. and others analyzed various aspects and issues of
ecologization of international relations, evaluated processes occurring in this area on
the basis of resources, and explored the role of environmental safety in the processes of
sustainable development in their papers.
State safety is also globally and thoroughly considered in the studies of foreign
authors. Theoretical and methodological foundations and features of observance of
international environmental safety are widely represented in the works of T. Homer-
Dixon, S. Breyer, Н. Vreele, N. Maers [1; 3–4].
Unsolved aspects of the general problem. For a long time there existed a belief:
the world economy development will be stable and continuous, and natural resources
will be inexhaustible. Environmental issues were considered as technical problems that
are also solved by technical means. Technological optimism generated illusions of
limitless possibilities for economic growth. And a rapid technological advance of
human on nature, which is spontaneous and disregards possible consequences, has
become the cause of current environmental problems. So, at present the global
environmental safety (GES) is characterized by the following features:
lack and degradation of natural resources or environmentally dangerous
situations exacerbate conflicts and tensions within countries and between them;
cooperation on the environmental issues is a potentially stabilizing factor in
international relations which increases tension associated with resource sharing;
processes of strengthening dialogue and expanding mutual trust, openness in
the ecosphere develop slower than new conflicts arise;
environmental safety state threatens socio-ecological-economic stability
(demographic trends, mass migration, welfare decline, instability and destruction of
social institutions, etc.).
Considering the global character of environmental problems, it is obvious that
they cannot be solved separately in one state or another. The international community,
however, is learning to coordinate efforts in the environmental and ecological activities,
involving governmental and non-governmental international environmental
organizations. They function in the view of international environmental policy at the
following levels:
1) Global – development and realization of international legal, political and
foreign-economic actions taking into account environmental constraints in socio-
economic development, reserves of natural resources and their distribution among
regions and countries. This is a dynamic, complex, integrated system which is the main
field of attention of all international environmental forums. Sometimes it can assume
quite an aggressive nature, go beyond international agreements and standards.
2) Regional level covers the interests of the countries of one continent which are
combined with natural and geographical environment (sea, river, mountain system). At
this level, quotas on the extraction of available natural resources are set. However, the
regional environmental policy today has not gone further than general declarations on
the threats that had arisen. Countries mainly act apart at their state levels.
The aim of the study is to prove that the global environmental safety (GES) is,
to date, a system of international relations that should be built exclusively on the basis
25
of parity and principles, the observance of which will ensure conservation, sustainable
use, restoration and improvement of the quality of the environment. At the same time,
the national activities of individual states exclude environmental damage to both
individual countries and the whole international community. GES can be considered as
a process of integration, regionalization, liberalization and democratization of
international relations that forms a complex of environmental conditions of human
existence and affects the functioning of institutions, enterprises and organizations by
creating special regimes of countries’ relationships in order to prevent environmental
hazards. The recognition of environmental safety as an integral attribute of the world
social development requires a radical change of imperatives and values of modern
civilization, their vision from the environmental perspective. It is not only to give
traditional thinking up, but also to form a new perception of the world and strategy of
post-industrial development since traditional scientific progress in reality is dangerous
from an environmental perspective.
The main material. Kachynski A.B. in his work [5] defines the features of
environmental safety that prove its transboundary character:
1) environmental safety becomes apparent in local, regional and global scale as
environmental disasters, crises and catastrophes. Ensuring environmental safety is the
basic way of solving the environmental problems that guarantees the development in
biosphere compatible, environmental form to the society;
2) environmental safety provides reasonable satisfaction of econeeds of any
person and society in general in all life manifestations, guarantee of living in a green
and favorable for life environment;
3) all aspects of national security are strongly linked together and solving the
majority of ecological safety problems is possible only in combination with other
aspects of national security;
4) environmental safety cannot be realized only in favour of the subject of the
ecosystem (the society) to the detriment of the object (the environment). Environmental
safety is such a type of society development which is implemented in the interests of
both the subject and the object;
5) environmental safety cannot be formed through infringement of the
environmental rights of other population groups;
6) effective environmental safety should be based on the fundamental ecological,
social and biosphere patterns that are complex and closely related to the various spheres
of public life. The concept of environmental safety should naturally include humanistic
ideals and increasingly implement ecohumanistic principles.
It should be added that taking into consideration the transboundary nature of
most environmental threats, environmental safety as a category «component of national
security» should be considered in the view of international relations. World leaders and
the development of the international economy are currently giving environmental issues
top priority of multi-aspect world politics. Thus, in 1957, when the EU was founded,
there was no environmental policy, environmental bureaucracy and laws on nature
protection. To date, the EU has one of the most progressive environmental policies in
the world. The network of its environmental legislation applies to all areas: the fight
against air pollution, water pollution, waste management, nature protection and control
of chemicals, biotechnology and other industrial risks. The body of EU environmental
26
consists of more than 500 directives, regulations and decisions. It may be stated that the
environmental policy, thus, has become one of the main areas of European policy.
Globalization processes, increase in disparities in the economic development and
resource provision between the developed and underdeveloped countries, population
growth and migration increase exacerbate the threat to humanity in the long run
because of the emergence of the impulses of destructive conflicts on a world scale, such
as [6, 7]:
destruction of ozone layer of the atmosphere: the strengthening of the
greenhouse effect as a result of increase in emissions of methane, aerosols, radioactive
emissions, air temperature increase by 1,1–6,4°C, and so on;
manifestations of global climate changes [8; 9]: the melting of Arctic
glaciers, sea level rise by 1 m, changes in the frequency and intensity of rainfall,
irrevocable changes in environmental and biological systems, territorial changes in
agricultural productivity, the worsening of water problems and water consumption in
densely populated regions of the planet that could lead to catastrophic threats to
people’s life and health, exacerbating violent conflicts in 46 countries with the
population of 2.7 billion people;
pollution of the World Ocean through the extensive activities of TNCs,
dumping toxic and radioactive substances in it, saturation of water with carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere, anthropogenic petroleum products, heavy metals and complex
organic compounds (according to «Greenpeace» estimates, about 6.5 million tons of
waste annually are discharged to the oceans, where 80 % is plastic, forming islands like
«Great Pacific Garbage Patch») [10];
world population growth (as of October 31, 2011 the world population
reached 7 billion and it is predicted that it will reach 9 billion until 2042 [11] and
transformation of determinants of migration flows movement (environmental migrants,
environmental refugees);
limited access to global resources and disproportion of their use by countries
(in the last decade developed countries consumed 70 % of global energy and metals,
60 % of food products); according to this proportion, the cost of energy only in
agriculture accounted for from 1/65 in different countries (the basin of river Congo) to
1/2,0–1/2,5 (the USA); the extrapolation of water consumption trend shows that till
2030 water supply deficit will be 40 %;
proliferation of nuclear, chemical, biological, geophysical, space,
psychotropic, environmental weapons and technologies of mass destruction;
increase in consumption and resource and power supply shortage (energy
consumption is predicted to increase by 37–50 % till 2030); moreover, the world's oil
resources for energy supply of civilization will be sufficient for only 30–60 years,
natural gas – for 40–70 years, coal – for 300–700 years, plutonium for nuclear power
stations (NPP) on fast neutrons – for 1 thousand years, clathrates (inclusions) of
methane of the Black Sea – for 40–700 thousand years.
All this gives grounds to predict future intergovernmental «dialogues» and not
only military, political, demographic conflicts, but also environmental ones that will
take place on the civilization junctions [12, 13]. Scientists predict that till 2020 there
can be 50 mln environmental refugees in the world and insurance losses only from
27
hurricanes in America will reach 100–150 bln dollars till 2080. This, in turn, will result
in not only the crisis of food resources (only in Africa, the number of hungry people
could increase by 75–200 million people), but also exacerbate the problem of
migration. Its environmental expansion will become stronger to the new ecological
living space that cannot be redistributed by means of transportation. It is a well-known
fact that of 149 million km2 of the land only 48 million km2 is free from permanent or
obvious human presence; the part of free territory untouched by man in the world is:
37 % in North America, 34 % in post-Soviet space, 28 % in Australia and Oceania,
27 % in Africa, 21 % in South America, 17 % in Asia, 3 % in Europe.
The environmental performance index (EPI), in our opinion, should be taken into
account in the system of evaluation of global environmental relations. This global study
has resulted in creating the ranking of world countries in terms of the environmental
impact and rational use of natural resources. The aim of the study is not only to visually
demonstrate the rating situation of the country, but also to develop recommendations to
reduce pressure on the environment and, consequently, on human health, promotion of
environmental sustainability and sustainable management of natural resources. EPI has
replaced the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) since 2006 and its results are
used to calculate the Human Development Index within a special series of reports on
the Human Development of UNDP. The index measures the achievements of the
country in terms of environmental conditions and natural resource management on the
basis of 22 indicators in 10 categories that represent different aspects of the
environmental state and viability of its ecological systems, conservation of biodiversity,
resistance to climate change, public health, economic activity practice and the extent of
its impact on the environment as well as the efficiency of public policy in the sphere of
ecology. According to the general EPI, Ukraine was in the range of 93–101 places
during 2002–2014 with the maximum score of 49.01 (out of a hundred possible) in
2012 [14].
The relevance of global environmental safety problem is proved by the fact that
the world's most influential indicator of economic development DOW JONES
INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE publishes a subindicator covering companies that in their
regular profit-and-loss reports represent damage done to the environment or the effect
of the measures taken to neutralize this damage. The USA, Britain, France and
Germany agreed to replenish their systems of national accounts with indicators of the
environment that can increase or decrease the size of their GDP against the value
calculated in a traditional way. At the same time, China, one of the main sources of
pollution in the world, refused from such modification of national accounts, as this will
lower the value of its GDP. Today, the industrialized countries, for the first time ever,
do not agree to cut production for pure ecological future. «... When the problem is so
large-scale that it requires fundamental restructuring of our views and approaches, we
react naturally, denying the existence of the problem», – the head of the environmental
committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands Kitty van der Heijden
says [15]. Therefore, the formation of the international environmental safety should be
done not at the expense of discrimination, making people in certain regions and
countries miserable, but implemented in accordance with the generally recognized
parity basis and principles of the international community (Table 1).
28
Table 1
The principles of formation of the Global Environmental Safety (GES)*
Principle of GES Principle content
Overpriopity,
status
The dominant position of environmental safety in the structure of the
country’s national security and the development of strategic directions of
the development of the society with compulsory observance of human rights
and freedoms; political support which takes into account national and
regional interests of conservation and restoration of natural, historical,
genetic heritage of humanity
Internationalization Cooperation of all states that will be free from confrontation, rivalry and
mutual suspicion
Systemacy Total ecologization of public life all over the world – ideology, culture,
consciousness, education, politics, economy, production, business, etc.
(compliance with the noosphere theory)
Community Unity of natural systems makes attempts of individualization in
international environmental safety impossible as reducing the risk for
individual recipients – social groups, regions and countries by increasing it
for others, that is, shifting to other national economic systems, is not
ultimately effective.
Integration Combination and relationship between environmental safety and life values
and priorities of human development, processes of their internal interaction
in various kinds of political, economic and environmental activity
Scientific and
technological
cooperation in the
sphere of
international
environmental safety
Combination of scientific and technological capacity of the members of the
international community with the aim of exchanging technologies,
innovative achievements in the sphere of using natural resources,
monitoring the environment, resource conservation, production
ecologization, waste management
Equality of safety
subjects
Formation of ecological safety of a certain state solely in cooperation with
other states (prohibition on using contaminating or environmentally harmful
technologies on the territory of other state, illegal transportation and
disposal of hazardous waste, active exploitation of valuable natural
resources)
Systematic complexity
and uncertainty
The level of qualitative and quantitative parameters of environmental safety
can greatly vary depending on the territorial unit, which may influence the
environmental awareness of society of a certain country, the adequacy of the
perception of environmental threats, political and public reaction to the
prejudice and prevention of environmental risks
Conservation of
biodiversity and
environmental
benefits over time
Global environmental safety is a permanent universal weal as well as an
integral component of life support of world countries; on the other hand,
this feature brings about a necessity of strict observance of the principle of
equality of rights of generations on environmental safety
S pace belonging Impossibility of transportation of most environmental benefits and
inefficiency of the realization of consumers’ rights to protection from man-
made risk by episodic visits to environmentally safe areas of activity
Cooperation on
preventing risks in
emergencies
Countries conduct risk monitoring and make early warning of emergencies;
provide objective information about the state of the environment; participate
in the creation of effective mechanisms of effective international consulting
and assistance in forming international environmental safety
Peaceful settlement of
controversies,
neighbourliness,
public control
Continuous control of transboundary environmental impact (monitoring,
warning and overcoming of consequences) and establishment of a global
specialized body for this purpose or involvement of international non-
governmental and public organizations, environmental movements,
representatives of progressive, business, scientific and initiative groups, etc.
Source: made by authors using [16, 17, 18, 19, 20].
29
So, GES today should be studied from the viewpoint of globalization processes,
based on the formation and further development of a single global ecological and
economic space by ensuring the international environmental safety on the basis of new
technologies, environmental innovations, participation in global agreements in the field
of environmental protection, formation of international market of emission trading.
In the area of ensuring the environmental component of international security
there are constant discussions and confrontations of views on ways and mechanisms of
the problem solution. Take for instance the events around the Copenhagen conference
on climate change where diametrically opposed beliefs of scientific schools, political
organizations and even governments clashed over «warming» fighting and the role of
anthropogenic factor in this process. Environmental scandals usually start around the
developed countries and their essence is related to responsibility (including economic,
or, primarily, economic one) of concrete individuals, manufacturers, carriers etc. for
damages and use of resources. It can be said that nowadays humanity has concluded
that planetary scale problems solving should begin with consensus among interested
parties, harmonization of ideas and positions at first and then actions of government
institutions. At the same time, the international community is still searching for points
of contact and (economic, political, methodological) basis for the development of
action plans, and the intensification of efforts to address specific problems continues to
be generally declarative.
The analysis of the processes taking place in the world allows talking about
prerequisites and objectives of the establishment of GES system, which in turn requires
the creation and adoption of specific legal obligations, recommendations regarding the
improvement of institutional support:
research of global energy and biogeochemical cycles (industrial and biospheric
processes), in particular, perspectives and challenges of the development of traditional
and alternative energy, dynamics and forecast of total emissions, discharges, disposal of
pollutants and waste, etc;
development and implementation of monitoring and supervision systems at
the global level: development of new observing systems, also in space, exchange of
satellites data, creating common databases, etc .;
development of theoretical and methodological principles of research of
environmental changes based on the synergistic combination of achievements in
various fields of knowledge;
substantiation, development and maintenance of complex international
programs, financial and scientific support of regional interstate projects, etc. [17, 21].
The scarcity of natural resources leads to contradictions and conflicts that hinder
the socio-economic growth. Today, environmental conflicts can be defined as
confrontations at the international level caused by incompatible interests of the parties
and their struggle for the right of possession, use of resources and environmental
services, or control over them. According to the forecasts, the number and scale of
environmental conflicts will increase, and as it is proved by the World Bank research
[8], the world economy losses from natural disasters and catastrophes for the period
1980–2012 were 3.8 trillion dollars. The evaluation was conducted on the basis of
Swiss reinsurance company «Munich Re», and the results were published after the
30
liquidation of the aftermath of the devastating typhoon «Hayan» in the Philippines (the
economic loss only from this typhoon, according to the rating agency «Moody's»,
amounted to 14 billion dollars).
Also, the World Bank studies found a tendency of increase of the size of the
average loss: in the 80s it was about 50 billion, and in the modern period it is around
200 billion dollars per year. In this case, losses only from storms, floods and droughts
are about 2.5 trillion, i.e. two-thirds of the total loss. In the regional distribution, as the
World Bank states, the most affected are developing countries, where the damage from
natural disasters for the period of 2001–2006 amounted to 1 % of GDP. In contrast,
developed countries during the same period for the same reason lost 0.1% of GDP, i.e.
ten times less. However, it is likely due to higher rates of GDP in developed countries.
In its study, the World Bank urges to develop measures to prevent the risks associated
with the extreme worsening of weather conditions. The World Bank experts prove in
their reports «World Bank and Climate Change» and «World Bank and Climate
Finance» that the environmental cooperation in international economic relations is
necessary and should be based on common interests of all countries and redistribution
of financial flows allocated to measures to prevent environmental risk.
Conclusions and recommendations for further research. To overcome global
environmental threats it is necessary to intensify efforts towards the formation of global
environmental safety, using the most advanced forms of international cooperation
based on the common criteria and generally accepted universal approaches.
Given the global nature of environmental problems, the establishment and
implementation of the national strategy for environmental safety is impossible without
international experience. However, attempts to overcome the global environmental
crisis have formed the approaches of the international community, in which the
implementation of any special programs is activated with the participation of national
governments. So, Ukraine now has a unique opportunity to highlight its vision of global
environmental safety and become an active participant in the formation of international
strategies in this area. In particular, it is urgent to disclose at the international level its
position on rehabilitation and adaptation of Chernobyl territories based on biological,
medical, social and psychological data of relevant agencies and ministries to further
coordinate the efforts of our state and the international community in solving issues of
environmental perspectives of these lands.
An indication of the current global environmental strategies is the priority of the
problem of global warming. Among the measures to reduce the negative impact of
emissions into the atmosphere, system of emissions trading is considered to be cost-
effective.
Commercialization of the idea of global warming fighting carries risks of, firstly,
the probability of concentration of environmentally harmful industries on the territory
of countries that save their emissions, and secondly, leading to one-aspect solution of
environmental problems without considering other components of the threat to the
environment – soil contamination with heavy metals, contamination of waters of oceans
and seas with wastes and so on. Thus, Ukraine may initiate additional and voluntary
limits of emissions in addition to the stipulated international agreements.
31
The national environmental strategy at this stage would create preconditions of
solving a complex of tasks in the environment. Strategic planning of the state of
environmental safety should be based on such principles:
political priority of solving the problems of ecological safety;
integration of environmental component into sectoral policies – economic,
social,
environmental responsibility of the industrial sector
balance and complementarity of national and regional environmental
priorities;
substantiation of means of overcoming environmental threats by scientific
experts.
Taking into account the world experience in the process of development of the
national environmental strategy will contribute to the comprehensive implementation of
the basic principles of the state policy in the field of environmental protection, to its
concordance with the international policy, to the implementation of integration
prospects of our country.
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