Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas
Objective.To determine the energy value of several groups of the East Antarctic sea biota and identify potential calorific differences in the context of both taxa and ecological groups. Methodology. Sampling was carried out by traditional methods (benthic traps, diving gathering), and remote samplin...
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irk-123456789-1683342020-05-01T01:28:41Z Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas Giginyak, Yu.G. Lukashanets, Dz.A. Borodin, O.I. Miamin, V.E. Baichorov, V.M. Біологічні дослідження Objective.To determine the energy value of several groups of the East Antarctic sea biota and identify potential calorific differences in the context of both taxa and ecological groups. Methodology. Sampling was carried out by traditional methods (benthic traps, diving gathering), and remote sampling was also applied (using remote-controlled underwater vehicles). The energy value of organisms is determined using wet burning methods. Мета роботи. Визначити енергетичну цінність представників окремих груп біоти морів Східної Антарктиди, виявити відмінності за показниками калорійності як різних таксонів, так і екологічних груп (кріопелагель, бенталь та ін.). Методика. Відбір проб відбувався за допомогою традиційних методів (бентосні пастки, збір при водолазних зануреннях), а також застосовувався дистанційний відбір проб (за допомогою телекерованих підводних апаратів). Енергетична цінність організмів визначена за допомогою методів мокрого спалювання. 2019 Article Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas / Yu.G. Giginyak, Dz.A. Lukashanets, O.I. Borodin, V.E. Miamin, V.M. Baichorov // Український антарктичний журнал. — 2019. — № 2 (19). — С. 117-127. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. 1727-7485 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/168334 574.55 en Український антарктичний журнал Національний антарктичний науковий центр МОН України |
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Біологічні дослідження Біологічні дослідження Giginyak, Yu.G. Lukashanets, Dz.A. Borodin, O.I. Miamin, V.E. Baichorov, V.M. Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas Український антарктичний журнал |
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Objective.To determine the energy value of several groups of the East Antarctic sea biota and identify potential calorific differences in the context of both taxa and ecological groups. Methodology. Sampling was carried out by traditional methods (benthic traps, diving gathering), and remote sampling was also applied (using remote-controlled underwater vehicles). The energy value of organisms is determined using wet burning methods. |
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Giginyak, Yu.G. Lukashanets, Dz.A. Borodin, O.I. Miamin, V.E. Baichorov, V.M. |
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Giginyak, Yu.G. Lukashanets, Dz.A. Borodin, O.I. Miamin, V.E. Baichorov, V.M. |
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Giginyak, Yu.G. |
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Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas |
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Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas |
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Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas |
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Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas |
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Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas |
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energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the east antarctic seas |
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Національний антарктичний науковий центр МОН України |
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Біологічні дослідження |
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Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas / Yu.G. Giginyak, Dz.A. Lukashanets, O.I. Borodin, V.E. Miamin, V.M. Baichorov // Український антарктичний журнал. — 2019. — № 2 (19). — С. 117-127. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. |
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117
Cite: Giginyak Yu. G., Lukashanets Dz. A., Borodin O. I., Miamin V. E.,
Baichorov V. M. Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant
resources in the East Antarctic seas. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal,
2019. № 2 (19), 117—127.
UDC 574.55
Yu. G. Giginyak*, Dz. A. Lukashanets, O. I. Borodin, V. E. Miamin, V. M. Baichorov
State Research and Production Association "Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy
of Sciences of Belarus for Bioresources", 27 Academicheskaya Str., Minsk, 220072, Belarus
* Corresponding author: antarctida_2010@mail.ru
Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant
resources in the East Antarctic seas
Abstract. Objective.To determine the energy value of several groups of the East Antarctic sea biota and identify potential calo-
rific differences in the context of both taxa and ecological groups. Methodology. Sampling was carried out by traditional meth-
ods (benthic traps, diving gathering), and remote sampling was also applied (using remote-controlled underwater vehicles). The
energy value of organisms is determined using wet burning methods. Results. The energy indicators of the main biological ob-
jects of the sublittoral of the three seas at the East Antarctica were determined for the first time. It has been shown that in the
studied sublittoral regions of the Cosmonauts, Cooperation (more Sodruzhestva) and Davis seas, the dominant species of ma-
rine zoobenthos was the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900). The caloric values of starfish, polychaetes, nemer-
teans, sponges, ascidia, holothurians, crustaceans, and some other taxa of marine biota were determined. It is shown that the
content of organic matter in Antarctic species varies from 12—94%, and caloric content — from 0.7—7.3% cal / mg dry matter,
with the maximum values registered for amphipods and calanoids. The energy equivalents of marine zoobenthos per unit of bot-
tom square have been calculated. The ratio equation of the caloric content of the substance of the studied object to the ash
content is calculated. Conclusions. In general, we can conclude that the caloric values of marine zoobenthos in all three studied
seas are close to each other. Furthermore, the caloric content of individual representatives of marine fauna varies significantly
and, in general, depends on the quantity and quality of organic matter in certain species as well as on the season of year. The
low-calo ric representatives of the Antarctic flora and fauna correspond to the high substance ash levels of their body. Depending
on the energy value significance, several groups of marine biota were represented, represented by various taxa.
Keywords: energy value, caloric content, marine biota, zoobenthos, phytoplankton, zooplankton.
ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
INTRODUCTION
The principles of the energy approach in studying zoo-
logical systems are widely used in ecology (Platt, Ir-
win, 1973, Wacasey, Atkinson, 1987, Giginyak, 1979;
Giginyak, 1983, Renk et al., 1985). In the framework
of this approach, an important index is the energetic
value or calorific content of the substance in studied
organisms (Schaafsma et al., 2018). The information
about the energy which contained in these organisms
we obtain by expressing the hydrobionts body mass in
calories, i.e. energy equivalent of the specimen (Gig-
inyak, 2013). This is important for better understand-
ing both the peculiarities of the ecosystem function-
ing in general and the valuation of different organ-
isms as objects for consumers, in particular.
The caloric values of marine organisms that live in
the sublittoral of the Davis, Cosmonauts and Coo pe ra-
tion (more Sodruzhestva) seas (all located in the East
Antarctica) were determined. Particular attention was
paid to representatives of three communities identi-
fied in the sublittoral — cryopelagic, subglacial and
benthic. The energy value of the Antarctic phyto-
plankton (diatoms), seston, and fish was also deter-
118 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Yu. G. Giginyak, Dz. A. Lukashanets, O. I. Borodin, V. E. Miamin, V. M. Baichorov
mined. As a result, some common features in various
environmental groups were identified. Of particular
interest is the determination of the caloric value of the
permanent inhabitants of the benthal of the Antarctic
seas, which potentially might serve as resource species,
and in the future, in the region of the Belarusian Ant-
arctic station especially can be harvesting objects.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The analysis involved data obtained during the sea-
sonal Belarusian Antarctic expeditions (hereinafter
BAE) at the Belarusian station “Vecherniaya Mount”
(Cosmonauts Sea) and at the Russian station “Prog-
ress” (Cooperation Sea) during 2011–2017 (Gigin-
yak, Borodin, 2011—2012; Giginyak, 2014). The ar-
ticle also includes data obtained by Yu.G. Giginyak
during 1970—1972 at the “Mirny” station (Davis Sea)
(Gruzov, Sheremetevskiy, 1973; Giginyak, 1975b).
The material was collected by several ways: the bot-
tom traps, by diving of light divers, as well as using
the autonomous underwater remote-control device
“Gnom” (Giginyak et al., 2018). To determine the
energy value of animals the method of wet burning
was perfor med — with using liquid reagents, i.e. po-
tassium di ch ro mate and sulfuric acid (unlike the dry
method — when dry biological material is burned in
an oxygen bomb without the use of liquid reagents).
The use of wet burning method has greatly simplified
and acce lerated the processing of the test material.
This method made it possible to calculate the caloric
value of the sample by the value of oxidizability using
the oxycaloric coefficient (the amount of released
energy at a consumption of 1 mgO
2
). The advantage
of the method is that it allows you to determine the
caloric content with sufficient accuracy (±3—5%) and,
most importantly, requires the sample in the range of
only 2—4 mg of dry matter (Giginyak, 1979; 1983).
During the whole period of biological investiga-
tions in the Antarctic, we determined the caloric
content of representatives of 11 invertebrate taxa and
the caloric content of phytoplankton (diatoms), ses-
ton and fish (more than 60 species in total).
The taxonomic identification of the marine fauna
representatives was carried out by ourselves as well as
by colleagues from the Zoological Institute of the
Russian Academy of Sciences (see acknowledg-
ments) and based on morphology only.
RESULTS
The results of the energy assessment
of the studied seas fauna
The caloric content is not a constant value for each
species and specimen (Davis, 1993, Finlay, Uhlig, 1981).
Its changes can be traced in the process of onto -
ge nesis, starting already from the initial stage of egg
development and up to definitive sizes. The energy in
the eggs and body of the hydrobionts is used for the
processes of respiration, the formation of the embryo,
and for all types of growth — somatic, generative,
and exuvial. Hence, as a result of the consumption of
this energy during ontogenesis, the caloric content is
constantly changing (Giginyak, Grusov, 2009).
Annual variations in water temperature in the Ant-
arctic seas rarely exceed several (up to 4—5) degrees.
Thus, there is a set of species that differ sharply in
their ecological parameters and biotopic affiliation.
Below are the data on the caloric content of the
most common and characteristic for the sublittoral
Antarc tic seas species belonging to different com-
munities.
Zooplankton and phytoplankton
The caloric content of total plankton from the Ant-
arctic seas reaches the highest values known in gen-
eral for hydrobionts. It is about 8 cal/mg of organic
matter.
Among the planktonic crustaceans, the main spe-
cies are Calanus propinquus Brady, 1883, C. acutus Gies-
brecht, 1902, Paraeuchaeta antarctica (Giesbrecht,
1902), Mysidacea spp. and some other species less
significant in number and biomass. Their caloric va-
lue reaches 5.6 cal/mg of dry matter. The content of
organic matter in the net plankton is about 60–80%,
which indirectly indicates the predominance of zoo-
plankton organisms with high calorific value in it.
The caloric content of diatoms was only 0.8 cal/
mg of dry matter, with an ash content of about 75%.
119ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas
In general, the average calorific value of net plank-
ton was found to be 5.6 cal/mg organic matter (4.5—7.9)
with an ash content of about 30% (10.4—69.0%).
C. propinquus, a representative of the Copepoda
subclass, occurs in plankton throughout the year. Its
caloric content reaches 7.0—7.3 cal/mg of dry matter
or about 8.5 cal/mg of organic matter. We have shown
the change in caloric content of these crustaceans in
different seasons. A tendency towards an increase in
the maximum calorific values was noted at the end of
March – early April, i.e. at the beginning of the Ant-
arctic winter, at the time of the ice formation on the
sea (diatoms, the main food for the crustacean, begin
to develop only with a decrease in solar radiation
while the sea ice formation as well as shortening the
day just contribute to it); and in mid-August — early
September, i.e. at the time of the appearance of intra-
sea ice crystals where algae actively develop and
whereto crustaceans rush for breeding and feeding.
Ichthyofauna
The caloric data of some species of ichthyofauna are
partially presented in Tables 1 and 2.
The energy value of individual parts of the body
was determined for one of the most numerous repre-
sentatives of the ichthyofauna of the shallow water
zone of the Cosmonauts Sea,Trematomus bernacchii
Boulenger, 1902.
The caloric content of the proximal part of trunk
meat of T. bernacchii is about 4.1 cal/mg of organic-
matter; meat of the spinal part is up to 4.8 cal/mg of
organic matter, and of caudal part is up to 5.1 cal/mg
of organic matter. Caloric content of the liver is 5.6
cal/mg, spleen — 5.1 cal/mg, and heart — 4.5 cal/mg
of organic matter. The maximum caloric values were
observed in lipid deposits of internal organs — 7.4
cal/mg of organic matter.
As can be seen from the data presented in Table 2,
the energy value of the muscles of adult fish reaches
4.6 cal/mg of dry matter. At the same time, the calo ric
content of caviar is quite low — only 3.8—3.9 cal/mg
of dry matter with an organic matter content of about
85%. The fryes are more caloric — 4.1—4.3 cal/mg of
dry matter. It because of their main food is so high-
calorie zooplankton.
As a result of analysis of the intestinal contents of
the fish we caught, it was found that the most com-
mon food items for adult fishes were plankto-benthic
and benthic representatives of marine crustaceans —
Antarcturus polaris (Hodgson, 1902), Cymodocella tu-
bicauda Pfeffer, 1887, Paramoera walkeri (Stebbing,
1906), Orchomene cavimanus Stebbing, 1888, differ-
ent polychaetes.The fish fryes and fragments of octo-
corallians even were found in some stomachs.
The food that pass to the stomach of fish has a ca-
loric content that differs significantly in energy value
with a maximum of 5.6 cal/mg of dry matter.
Benthic fauna
Some of the obtained data are presented in Tables 3,
4 and Fig. 1.
A common representative of the bottom fauna of
the Isopoda order is C. tubicauda. Сa lo ric content
was determined for С. tu bicauda in eggs, embryos,
and in different age groups. Eggs have the highest ca-
loric content. Their energy value is in the range of
5.9–7.1 cal/mg of dry matter with an organic content
of about 93.7% and water 45–54%, in some cases
Table 1. Energy assessment of some representatives of the ichthyofauna of the Cosmonauts Sea
and the Cooperation Sea sampled during the BAE (2013–2018)
Тaxon Sampling site Ash %
Cal/mg
dry matter
Cal/mg
organic matter
Trematomus pennellii (Regan, 1914)
Trematomus bernacchii Boulenger, 1902
Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902)
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cosmonauts Sea, Lazurnaya Bay
6.1
8.0
4.8
4.06
4.57
4.77
4.32
4.97
5.01
120 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Yu. G. Giginyak, Dz. A. Lukashanets, O. I. Borodin, V. E. Miamin, V. M. Baichorov
about 37%. As for Isopoda rep resentatives, the calo-
ric content of the crustacean Aega sp. — 3.95 cal/mg
of dry matter or 4.98 cal/mg of organic matter with
an ash content of about 21%.
The caloric content of representatives of marine
spiders (Pantopoda) is generally small and at the
average of 3.6 cal/mg of dry matter or 4.3 cal/mg of
organic matter with an ash content of about 16%.
For the sublittoral asteroideans, the caloric con-
tent of body matter was determined for five species:
Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906 (1.7–2.7 cal/mg of
dry matter), Lophaster sp. (3.2 cal/mg), Acodontaster
sp. (2.1 cal/mg), Leptychaster sp. (3.5 cal/mg) with
variation in the organic matter content in their body
around 47–53%.
Ophiuroids (Ophiuroidea) have low caloric con-
tent, same as for asteroideans, 0.95–2.56 cal/mg of
dry matter.
It is noteworthy that sea urchins (Echinoidea), in
particular the species Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner,
1900), are one of the lowest-calorie animals living in
the sea — 0.6–0.9 cal/mg of dry matter. Moreover,
this species dominates in abundance in benthic com-
munities of the studied zones of the seas (Fig. 2).
In sea urchins with eggs up to 2.5–5.2 g by weight,
the organic matter content reaches 30%. The energy
value of the ovaries (having a brown color) is 4.3 cal/
mg of dry matter with 82.1% of organic matter. The
testicles are more high-caloric — 4.7 cal/mg of dry
matter with 88% of organic matter. The filled guts of
these urchins have a caloric content only 2.4 cal/mg
of dry matter. In another species of sea urchins, Aba-
tus sp., the energy value of caviar was only 4.3—
4.6 cal/mg of dry matter with an organic matter con-
tent of about 85%.
Table 2. Energy assessment of some representatives of the ichthyofauna of the Davis Sea based
on the collections during the XVIth Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1970—1971)
Таxon Stage
Cal/mg
dry weight
% organic
matter
% water
Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) imago 3.91 85.37 80.5
Trematomus sp. imago 3.86 83.80 —
P. borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) fry 4.10 — 76.9
P. borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) fry 4.23 — 77.2
P. borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) juvenile 4.05 94.17 —
P. borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) juvenile 4.31 94.07 —
P. borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) juvenile 3.74 85.88 —
Trematomus bernacchii Boulenger, 1902 imago 3.99 88.31 —
Tr. bernacchii Boulenger, 1902 caviar 1 mm 3.84 86.05 80.66
P. borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) caviar 4 mm 3.93 84.73 82.63
P. borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) embryo 4.05 — —
P. borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902) larvae 4.20 — —
Fig. 1. Examples of some species of macrozoobentos of the
East Antarctic seas
121ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas
Holothurians, which inhabit the cold waters of the
Antarctic in a big abundance, might be as potentially
commercial species. Within the Holothuroidea Class,
the energy value of Cucumaria sp., Psolus sp. and two
more species were determined. As in most of the exa mi-
ned animals, the highest caloric content is in the repro-
ductive organs, their caloric content was 4.7 cal/mg of
dry matter (testes — more than 5 cal/mg of dry mat-
ter), with an organic matter content of 92.3%.
The common for Antarctic waters species of
Nemertea Phylum, Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh,
1876), having a rather high caloric content of organic
matter (on average about 4.7 cal/mg), contains only
3–6% of ash (in some cases up to 20%).
Among the representatives of Polychaeta Class, Po-
tamilla antarctica (Kinberg, 1866) is leading by abun-
dance and biomass (organic content is 85%) and has
caloric values of about 3.5 cal/mg.
Of the other polychaete worms, Pionosyllis ker-
guelensis (McIntosh, 1885) has a caloric content of
2.8 cal/mg of dry matter with an organic matter con-
tent of about 71%. Representatives of Aphroditidae
have 3.2 cal/mg of dry matter with an organic con-
tent of about 84.5%.
Among molluscs, the most common is Antimar-
garita dulcis (E. A. Smith, 1907) (Class Gastropoda).
When determining the energy value of various age
and size groups of this mollusc (in the range of 6.0–
142.0 mg of wet weight or 2.9–87.2 mg of dry weight
with a shell height of 2.3–8.2 mm), it was found that
the caloric content of body matter (without shells)
varied within 4.12–4.22 cal/mg of dry matter or
4.71–4.86 cal/mg of organic matter (with an ash con-
tent of 11–14% in body dry matter). The energy value
of Antarctic nudibranch mollusсs is in the range 3.42–
3.70 cal/mg of dry matter or 4.26–4.74 cal/mg of or-
ganic matter with an organic matter content of 78–
80.2% in body dry matter. Some of Clione spp. have the
caloric content 3.71 cal/mg of dry matter, which is
equivalent to about 41 cal (wet weight is 285 mg, dry
one is 11 mg). Representatives of bivalves (Class Bival-
via) of the Antarctic, Philobrya sublaevis Pelseneer,
1903 have a caloric content of 3.7 cal/mg of dry mat-
ter. The Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki (E. A.
Smith, 1902) from the Davis Sea has a caloric content
of 3.5–4.2 cal/mg of dry matter or 4.12–4.86 cal/mg
of organic matter.
From the rest of representatives of the Animal
King dom living in the littoral zone of the sea, the fol-
lowing are worth of mentioning due to their high rep-
resentation:
• parasite of sea urchins Abatus, belonging to the
infraclass Ascothoracida sp., which have a caloric
content of 3.3 cal/mg of dry matter with 53.1% of or-
ganic matter;
• tanaidacean Nototanais antarcticus (Hodgson,
1902) — 3.4 cal/mg of dry matter with 62.7% of or-
ganic matter;
• amphipods Caprellidae sp. – the egg-bearing fe-
males have 3.2 cal/mg of dry matter (70.5% of or-
ganic matter), juveniles — 3.4 cal/mg of dry matter
(80.8% of organic matter) and Hyperiidea sp. — 3.8
cal/mg of dry matter (74.25% of organic matter).
It should also be noted that the sea sponges, having
such a low caloric content 1.5 cal/mg of dry matter,
reach an energy equivalent of more than 1000 kcal.
Ascidia, which is widespread in the Antarctic seas,
has a caloric content of about 2 cal/mg of dry matter
(51% of organic matter, 93.5% of water and weight
over 1 kg).
Amphipod crustaceans of benthal
This group has been separated since its representa-
tives live not in bentic biotopes only, but during the
Fig. 2. Sea urchins Sterechinus neumayeri at the depth of 37 m
in the Cosmonauts Sea, Lazurnaya bay
122 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Yu. G. Giginyak, Dz. A. Lukashanets, O. I. Borodin, V. E. Miamin, V. M. Baichorov
ontogenesis also some stages are components of un-
der-ice cenosis.
Amphipods O. cavimanus are one of the main prey
for birds and fishes which live in the Antarctic seas.
By the time of maturity, the bodies of the females be-
come yellow, and after are red (due to fatty inclu-
sions). The caloric content of the or chomen body
varies depending on season. The ca loric value maxi-
mum specimens reach in late May — early June, i.e.
in the middle of the Antarctic winter. At this time of
the year, orchomen eggs have the highest caloric con-
tent (6.6 cal/mg), and crustaceans contain about
4.6 cal/mg of dry matter with about 20% of ash in
them.
Typical representative of Amphipoda Order is Р. wal-
keri. Their eggs have the maximum calorie value up
to 5.3 cal/mg of dry matter and about 92% of organic
substance content. The caloric content of females
with eggs reaches 4.4 cal/mg of dry matter with an
organic matter content of 75–77%. The juveniles ap-
pear simultaneously with the beginning of diatom al-
gae development, which is associated with the for-
mation of intra-water ice.
It was revealed that a change in the caloric content
of another species of amphipods, Cheirimedon fougn-
eri Walker, 1903, during growing. Their eggs have the
maximum caloric value 5.95 cal/mg of dry matter ei-
ther 6.6 cal/mg of organic matter (10% of ash). The
caloric value of C. fougneri gradually decreases until
4.5–4.8 cal/mg of dry matter with 23–24% of ash
during growing.
Representatives of the ice fauna also include the
amphipod Eusirus antarcticus Thomson, 1880, which
has a caloric content of 4.0 cal/mg of dry matter with
71.3% of organic matter in the body dry matter. Thus,
the inhabitants of the cryopelagic biocenosis gene-
Table 3. Energy assessment of some representatives of the benthic biota of the Cosmonauts Sea
and the Cooperation Sea sampled during the BAE (2013–2018)
Таxon Sampling site Ash %
Cal/mg
dry matter
Cal/mg
organic matter
Phaeophyta gen. sp. Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord 35.8 2.64 4.11
Porifera gen. sp.1
Porifera gen. sp. 2
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
61.4
75.5
1.52
0.73
3.94
2.98
Alcionaria sp. Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord 15.8 3.99 4.74
Actiniaria gen. sp. Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord 9.8 4.20 4.66
Laternula sp. (body without shell)
Gastropoda gen. sp. (body without shell)
Bivalvia gen. sp. (body without shell)
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
22.3
15.2
20.1
3.20
5.03
3.24
4.12
5.93
4.04
Nemertea gen. sp. Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord 71.0 0.94 3.24
Polychaeta gen. sp., body without envelope (tube)
Holothuroidea sp.
Asteroidea gen. sp. 1
Asteroidea gen. sp. 2
Asteroidea gen. sp. 3
Asteroidea gen. sp. 4
Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900) (caviar)
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cosmonauts Sea, Lazurnaya Bay
Cosmonauts Sea, Lazurnaya Bay
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
9.9
16.0
50.6
52.7
56.6
64.4
18.0
4.21
4.10
1.93
2.13
2.07
1.51
4.09
4.67
4.88
3.91
4.50
4.77
4.24
4.99
Amphipoda gen. sp. Cooperation Sea, Tulenja Bay 39.7 3.50 5.80
Ascidiacea gen. sp.
Ascidiacea gen. sp.
Ascidiacea gen. sp.
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
Cooperation Sea, Nella Fjord
38.8
23.8
38.0
2.61
3.16
2.36
4.26
4.15
3.81
123ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas
Table 4. Energy assessment of individual representatives of the benthic and other biota
of the Davis Sea based on the collections of the XVIth Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1970–1971)
Таxon
Cal/mg
dry matter
% organic
matter
Cal/mg
organic matter
Water
content, %
Cal/mg organic
matter in eggs
Spongia sp. 1.5 43.6 3.4 74 —
Hydrozoa gen. sp.
Scyphozoa gen. sp.
Eunephtia sp.
Actinaria sp.
Caligorgia ventilabrum Studer, 1878
Primnoisis antarctica (Studer, 1878)
0.7
2.2
2.8
4.0
1.2
1.2
21.5
40.0
66.3
83.4
24.4
24.4
3.3
5.5
4.2
4.8
4.9
4.9
56
97
90
82
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Ctenophora gen. sp. 2.1 52.6 4.0 95 —
Nematoda gen. sp. 4.0 80.0 5.0 51 —
Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876) 4.4 93.7 4.7 85 —
Potamilla antarctica Gravier, 1907
Eusyllis kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885
Aphroditidae gen. sp.
Polychaeta gen. sp.1
Polychaeta gen. sp.2
3.6
2.8
3.2
3.2
2.0
85.2
71.1
84.5
74.2
58.6
4.2
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.4
79
—
83
—
91
—
—
—
—
—
Lamellariidae gen. sp.
Clione sp.
Laternula elliptica (King & Broderip, 1832)
Adamussium colbecki (E. A. Smith, 1902)
Gastropoda gen. sp.
Antimargarita dulcis (E. A. Smith, 1907)
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.6
4.2
3.4
78.0
—
88.4
—
87.8
80.2
4.7
—
4.1
—
4.8
4.2
96
96
64
80
—
—
—
—
4.8
—
—
—
Antarcturus polaris (Hodgson, 1902)
Cymodocella tubicauda Pfeffer, 1887
Aega sp.
Paramoera walkeri (Stebbing, 1906)
Orchomene cavimanus (Stebbing, 1888)
Eusirus antarcticus Thomson, 1880
Prostebbingia gracilis (Chevreux, 1912)
Cheirimedon fougneri Walker, 1903
Caprellidae gen. sp.
Hyperia sp.
Dendrogastridae gen. sp.
Euphausia superba Dana, 1852
Nototanais antarcticus (Hodgson, 1902)
Ascothoracida gen. sp.
Calanus propinquus Brady, 1883
Calanus simillimus Giesbrecht, 1902
Pantоpoda gen. sp.
2.5
2.5
4.0
3.8
3.9
4.0
2.5
4.7
3.3
3.8
3.2
5.3
3.4
3.3
6.2
4.3
3.6
60
46.5
79.2
75.0
77.0
71.3
—
78.4
80.8
74.2
53.1
83.6
62.7
53.1
97.6
97.6
84.2
4.2
5.4
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.6
—
6.0
4.1
5.1
6.3
6.3
5.4
6.2
6.4
4.4
4.3
74
63
65
—
78
75
73
56
—
89
—
78
—
—
—
—
—
6.5
7.6
—
5.7
—
6.6
—
6.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906
Acodontaster sp.
Lofaster sp.
Leptychaster magnificus (Koehler, 1912)
Podasterias sp.1
Podasterias sp.2
Ophiosparte gigas Koehler, 1922
Ophiosparte gigas Koehler, 1922
2.5
2.1
3.3
3.5
2.1
2.1
2.2
1.1
55.7
50.0
61.2
62.7
52.1
55.1
44.0
32.0
4.5
4.2
5.4
5.6
4.0
3.8
5.0
3.4
75
75
75
83
—
—
74
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
124 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Yu. G. Giginyak, Dz. A. Lukashanets, O. I. Borodin, V. E. Miamin, V. M. Baichorov
rally have a high caloric content of the body sub-
stance, which is about 4–5 cal/mg of dry matter, with
a relative ash content of 20–30% (in dry matter).
DISCUSSION
Thus, we have determined that the caloric content of
some representatives of the ice, sub-ice and benthic
fauna varies widely and, in general, depends on the
quantity and quality of organic matter in certain spe-
cies, and also depends on the season. These results
show that the content of organic matter in Antarctic
species varies from 16.8% to 98%, and caloric con-
tent from 0.5 to 7.3 cal/mg of dry matter.
Biological studies conducted at different years al-
lowed to calculate the approximate energy reserve of
animals using the macrozoobenthos of the Davis Sea
(East Antarctica) as an example (Table 5).
As can be seen from the table, the total biomass of
animals varies over the horizons and can reach 3 kg
per m2 at the depth of 30—40 meters. It should be
taken into account that these are average values and
they largely depend on the biotope and, to some ex-
tent, on the migration of icebergs, which are able to
destroy the benthic attached forms — sponges, ascid-
ians, actiniarians.
There are a number of factors affecting the caloric
content of aquatic organisms: the size of organisms,
Table 5. Energy equivalent of the zoobenthos
biomass of the sublittoral in the Davis Sea
(modified from Giginyak, 1975)
Depth (m)
Biomass
(raw g/m2)
Biomass
(dry g/m2)
Energy
equivalent
of biomass
(kcal/m2)
0—15 20—25 4—5 17
15—20 500 100 350
20—30 1000 200 700
30—40 3000 600 2100
100 500 100 350
Sterechenus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900)
Abatus sp.1
Abatus sp.2
Cucumaria spatha Cherbonnier, 1941
Psolus sp.1
Psolus sp.2
Crinoidea gen. sp.
Promachocrinus kerguelensis Carpenter, 1879
Promachocrinus kerguelensis Carpenter, 1879
Promachocrinus kerguelensis Carpenter, 1879
1.6
1.0
1.2
1.2
3.7
2.2
3.5
3.4
1.4
2.5
40.0
26.0
12.6
15.4
77.1
54.5
79.2
79.2
37.9
50.0
4.0
3.8
9.5
7.7
4.8
4.0
4.4
4.3
3.7
5.0
—
23
26
27
90
80
85
—
—
—
—
5.2
5.4
—
4.8
—
5.1
—
—
—
Flustra sp. 1.7 50.2 3.4 73 —
Sagitta sp. 2.3 — — 94 —
Ascidiaceae gen. sp. 1.9 51.0 3.7 93 —
End of Table 4.
Таxon
Cal/mg
dry matter
% organic
matter
Cal/mg
organic matter
Water
content, %
Cal/mg organic
matter in eggs
Fig. 3. The relationship of the caloric content of organic mat-
ter to the ash content of various representatives of the Antarc-
tic biota (samples from 2017—2018)
C
a
lo
ri
c
c
o
n
te
n
t
o
f
o
rg
a
n
ic
m
a
tt
e
r,
c
a
l/
m
g
Ash content, %
y = –0.0166x + 4.9603
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
125ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas
individual and seasonal changes in chemical compo-
sition, physiological state, environmental tempera-
ture, quantity and quality of food, etc. (Norrbin, Bam-
stedt, 1984, Orejas, 2001, Núñez-Pons, Avila, 2014,
Harmelin-Vivien et al., 2019). These factors, both
as single as well as in combination, affect the ratio
between the organic and mineral fractions of the ex-
amined substance, as well as, which is important,
between the separate components of the organic
matter, which determines the caloric value of hyd-
robionts. For a large number of marine and fresh-
water organisms, the relationship between caloric
content and the content of organic and mineral
fractions of dry matter can be considered as linear.
An analysis of the data obtained in this study con-
firms this statement (Fig. 3).
CONCLUSIONS
In general, we can conclude that the caloric values
of marine zoobenthos in all three studied seas, the
Davis, Cosmonauts and Cooperation are close to
each other.
To low-calorie representatives of the Antarctic flora
and fauna correspond the high ash levels of their body
substance. Such organisms whose caloric content of
dry matter does not exceed 1–1.5 calories are the
bottom complex, such as hydroids, sponges, bryozo-
ans, gorgonarians, ophiuroids, sea urchins, and cri-
noids. Diatom phytoplankton also belongs to the low
caloric content item.
The group of animals which are in range of 1.5–3.5
calories includes jellyfish, soft anthozoa, ctenophores,
almost all polychaetes, some nudibranch molluscs, most
of the isopods, some of amphipods, tanaidaceans, as-
teroideans, ophiuroids and holothurians. This group
also includes ascidians. As a rule, the content of or-
ganic matter in representatives of this group does not
exceed 60–70%. Animals belonging to this group are
dominant in their abundance and biomass and make
up the bulk of the ice, planktonic and benthic popu-
lations of the Antarctic sublittoral.
Animals whose caloric content is in the range of
3.5–5.0 calories are the high-calorie ones. Their or-
ganic matter content usually exceeds 80% of dry
weight. This group includes sea anemones, nema-
todes, nemerteans, the body of molluscs, some nudi-
branch and pteropod molluscs, most of amphipods,
some species of isopods, euphausiaceans, sea spiders,
some holothurians, and representatives of the Calanus
genus. Fishes belong to this group also.
Representatives of the cryopelagic biocenosis, tho se
are mainly various amphipods, are also belong to the
group of high-calorie organisms.
Especially interesting animals of which the caloric
content of body is above 5 calories. Usually these are
representatives of zooplankton belonging to the Crus-
tacea Subphylum. Species such as C. propinquus,
C. acu tus and other calanoids, euphausiids contain
about 90% of organic matter with a high fat content.
In certain seasons the caloric content of calanoids
can exceed 7 calories per unit of dry matter. Having
such a high calorific value, due to the high content
of organic matter and occupying a dominant posi-
tion in plankton biomass, such species play an im-
portant ro le in the overall energy assessment of total
plankton.
The energy equivalents of the body of some repre-
sentatives of zooplankton and zoobenthos can reach
1000 kcal (giant jellyfish, sponges). The energy equi-
valent of the biomass of animals in certain areas of
the bottom or under-ice surface can also reach large
values. So, for example, the energy equivalent of the
biomass of animals of the ice fauna in some cases can
reach values of about 150 kcal/m2.
Acknowledgments. The authors are sincerely thank-
ful to the experts from the Zoological Institute of the
Russian Academy of Sciences — B.I. Sirenko, I.S.
Smirnov, A.V. Neyelov and other researchers for the
taxonomic identification. We express special acknow-
ledgment to the pioneer divers in the Antarctic who
have left us already, Evgeny Nikolaevich Gruzov and
Alexander Mikhailovich Sheremetevskiy . Without their
enthusiasm and sacrifice the richest material in the
Davis Sea would not have been collected. Our thanks
go to the permanent assistant of biologists during col-
lecting the material in the Antarctic, the head of the
BAE A.A. Gaida shov — the unique material has been
collected due to his diving under the ice.
126 ISSN 1727-7485. Ukrainian Antarctic Journal. 2019, № 2 (19)
Yu. G. Giginyak, Dz. A. Lukashanets, O. I. Borodin, V. E. Miamin, V. M. Baichorov
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Received 27 November 2019
Accepted 02 January 2020
127ISSN 1727-7485. Український антарктичний журнал. 2019, № 2 (19)
Energy content of sublittoral biologically-relevant resources in the East Antarctic seas
Ю. Г. Гігіняк*, Д. О. Лукашанець, О. І. Бородін, В. Є. Мямін, В. М. Байчоров
Державне науково-практичне об’єднання «Науково-практичний центр
Національної академії наук Білорусі з біоресурсів», вул. Академічна,
27, м. Мінськ, 220072, Білорусь
* Автор для кореспонденції: antarctida_2010@mail.ru
Енергетична цінність біологічно-релевантних ресурсів субліторалі морів cхідної Антарктики
Реферат. Мета роботи. Визначити енергетичну цінність представників окремих груп біоти морів Східної Антарктиди,
виявити відмінності за показниками калорійності як різних таксонів, так і екологічних груп (кріопелагель, бенталь та
ін.). Методика. Відбір проб відбувався за допомогою традиційних методів (бентосні пастки, збір при водолазних зану-
реннях), а також застосовувався дистанційний відбір проб (за допомогою телекерованих підводних апаратів). Енерге-
тична цінність організмів визначена за допомогою методів мокрого спалювання. Результати. Вперше визначені енерге-
тичні показники основних біологічних об’єктів субліторалі трьох морів Східної Антарктиди. Показано, що в досліджу-
ваних районах субліторалі морів Космонавтів, Співдружності та Дейвіса домінантним видом морського зообентосу є
морські їжаки виду Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900). Визначено калорійність морських зірок, поліхет, немертин,
губок, асцидій, голотурій, ракоподібних та деяких інших видів морської біоти. Показано, що вміст органічної речовини
у антарктичних видів змінюється від 12 до 94%, а калорійність від 0,7 до 7,3 кал/мг сухої речовини, максимальна кало-
рійність відмічена для донних амфіпод і каланоід. Для морського зообентосу розраховані енергетичні еквіваленти на
одиницю площі дна. Розраховано рівняння залежності калорійності речовини досліджуваного об’єкта від вмісту в ньому
золи. Висновок. В цілому, можна дійти висновку, що величини калорійності морського зообентосу у всіх трьох досліджу-
ваних нами морях близькі між собою. При цьому калорійність окремих представників морської фауни змінюється в
значних межах і в цілому, залежить від пори року. Представникам флори і фауни Антарктики з низькими величинами
калорійності відповідають високі величини зольності речовини їх тіла. В залежності від показників енергетичної цін-
ності були виділені декілька груп морської біоти, які представлені різними таксонами.
Ключові слова: енергетична цінність, величина калорійності, морська біота, зообентос, фітопланктон, зоопланктон.
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
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>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|