Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features
Коли ми чуємо, як хтось каже “Норвегія”, то в уяві одразу постають картини ідеального світу: казкові будиночки, яскраво зелена трава, мальовнича природа, неймовірні фіорди і заможні та щасливі люди. Загалом усе вищеперераховане має місце в традиційній Норвегії. Це північно-західне королівство є, маб...
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irk-123456789-1686592020-05-08T01:26:03Z Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features Balanchuk, I.S. Інноваційна економіка Коли ми чуємо, як хтось каже “Норвегія”, то в уяві одразу постають картини ідеального світу: казкові будиночки, яскраво зелена трава, мальовнича природа, неймовірні фіорди і заможні та щасливі люди. Загалом усе вищеперераховане має місце в традиційній Норвегії. Це північно-західне королівство є, мабуть, єдиною у своєму роді державою, у якій економічні та політичні реформи ідеально поєдналися з суспільними змінами й еволюційними ступенями громадського суспільства, даючи на виході те, що сьогодні ми називаємо “модель ідеального соціалізму”. Когда мы слышим, как кто-то говорит “Норвегия”, то в воображении сразу же возникают картины идеального мира: сказочные домики, ярко зеленая трава, живописная природа, невероятные фьорды и состоятельные и счастливые люди. В целом, все вышеперечисленное имеет место быть в традиционной Норвегии. Это северо-западное королевство является, пожалуй, единственной в своем роде страной, в которой экономические и политические реформы идеально сочетаются с общественными изменениями и эволюционными ступенями гражданского общества, давая на выходе то, что сегодня мы называем “моделью идеального социализма”. When we hear someone say “Norway”, in the imagination immediately emerges pictures of the ideal world: fairytale houses, bright green grass, picturesque nature, incredible fjords and wealthy and happy people. All in all, the above is the case in traditional Norway. This northwestern kingdom is perhaps the only state of its kind in which economic and political reforms are perfectly combined with social change and the evolutionary stages of civil society, giving what we now call the “ideal of socialism” model. 2019 Article Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features / I.S. Balanchuk // Наука, технології, інновації. — 2019. — № 4 (12). — С. 53-60. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — укр. 2520-6524 DOI: 10.35668/2520-6524-2019-4-07 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/168659 332.12:001.895 uk Наука, технології, інновації Інститут досліджень науково-технічного потенціалу та історії науки ім. Г.М. Доброва НАН України |
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Інноваційна економіка Інноваційна економіка |
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Інноваційна економіка Інноваційна економіка Balanchuk, I.S. Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features Наука, технології, інновації |
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Коли ми чуємо, як хтось каже “Норвегія”, то в уяві одразу постають картини ідеального світу: казкові будиночки, яскраво зелена трава, мальовнича природа, неймовірні фіорди і заможні та щасливі люди. Загалом усе вищеперераховане має місце в традиційній Норвегії. Це північно-західне королівство є, мабуть, єдиною у своєму роді державою, у якій економічні та політичні реформи ідеально поєдналися з суспільними змінами й еволюційними ступенями громадського суспільства, даючи на виході те, що сьогодні ми називаємо “модель ідеального соціалізму”. |
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Article |
| author |
Balanchuk, I.S. |
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Balanchuk, I.S. |
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Balanchuk, I.S. |
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Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features |
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Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features |
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Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features |
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Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features |
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Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features |
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social innovation in traditional norway:background and features |
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Інститут досліджень науково-технічного потенціалу та історії науки ім. Г.М. Доброва НАН України |
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2019 |
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Інноваційна економіка |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/168659 |
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Social innovation in traditional Norway:background and features / I.S. Balanchuk // Наука, технології, інновації. — 2019. — № 4 (12). — С. 53-60. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — укр. |
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| fulltext |
ІННОВАЦІЙНА ЕКОНОМІКА
INNOVATIVE ECONOMY 53
INTRODUCTION
The pacifist, democratic and extremely stable
Scandinavian countries have always been a role
model in Europe and the rest of the world. Social
policy and economic development of the northern
countries have shown their advantages over other
systems in the world.
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
Norway is a leader in the Scandinavian region
by many indicators: life expectancy, well-being
of citizens, economic growth, level of democratic
rights, etc. Despite a number of tragic cases, in-
cluding the terrorist act in Oslo and on the Norwe-
gian island of Utea on July 22, 2011, committed
by the multiculturalism opponent Anders Breivik,
Norway remains one of the examples of a suc-
cessful democratic state. For many years, it has
been a leader in GDP per capita among European
countries and in the world (4th place) [1]. The Fjord
country also ranks first in the UNDP Human De-
velopment Index [2]. Statistics can still be cited,
but the main question still remains: what exactly
contributed to such a significant separation of
Norway from the rest of the world? What factors
have played a key role in making this Scandina-
vian country into one of the leaders in the social
innovation sector? Let’s try to answer this ques-
tion further.
OBJECTIVE
The report proposes a brief excursion into the
history of the Norway’s birth as the sample of the
twentieth century country and outline the key el-
ements that have defined the current kingdom’s
course in innovation, in particular social orien-
tation.
ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH AND
PUBLICATIONS
The author used a number of sources with
statistical material during the study of develop-
ment and formation of social innovation in Norway,
in particular, economic data on production, fluc-
tuations in gross domestic product, the level of
revenues to the state treasury from fisheries, the
degree of pollution, etc. Some Norwegian social
project websites have also been analyzed. Among
them, public associations of cities, youth organiza-
tions, creative circles. In general, information on
social projects in Norway and ways to innovate in
the country’s public life is sufficient.
http://doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2019-4-07
UDC 332.12:001.895
I.S. BALANCHUK, Senior Researcher
SOCIAL INNOVATION IN TRADITIONAL NORWAY:
BACKGROUND AND FEATURES
Abstract. When we hear someone say “Norway”, in the imagination immediately emerges pictures of the ideal
world: fairytale houses, bright green grass, picturesque nature, incredible fjords and wealthy and happy people.
All in all, the above is the case in traditional Norway. This northwestern kingdom is perhaps the only state of its
kind in which economic and political reforms are perfectly combined with social change and the evolutionary
stages of civil society, giving what we now call the “ideal of socialism” model. However, it is quite obvious that the
path to such a model was quite difficult; the Norwegians received their “ideal” state, through a total restructuring
of their own consciousness, the creation of a unique system of upbringing of the younger generation, the belief
in the common future of every Norwegian, which is both unique for each and for all. It is harder for a person
who is not accustomed to hearing such postulates and, moreover, to live by following them, to grasp the whole
content of these ideas. However, to make it easier to understand, there is only one fact: the gap between the
very rich and the very poor in Norway is the lowest in the world. However, in Norway there is no such thing as
“very poor”. Like the “very rich” by the way. Every Norwegian lives in the community, following the ten so-called
“Yanté laws”, according to which “you, as an individual, do not exist; there is only a collective organism”. And as
in every normal healthy organism, all the components cooperate together for the sake of further health of that
organism. Amazingly? Yes. Radically? Yes. But does it work? Yes. Following this logic, the Norwegians have built
a practically ideal place where all migrants and the needy want to live. Norway has become a kind of “Eldorado”
for residents of third and, what to hide, second world countries. The author suggests in this study to familiarize
with the main components of Norwegian “ideal socialism”, the preconditions that prompted the government to
move in one way or another, as well as to list some of the most significant socially oriented innovative projects
in Norway.
Keywords: Norway, social innovation, Yanté law, renewable energy, fisheries.
НАУКА, ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ, ІННОВАЦІЇ • 2019, № 4
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGIES, INNOVATIONS • 2019, № 454
RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH
Innovation is at the heart of social, cultural,
economic and technological change. At the most
fundamental level, innovation can be understood as
a process that involves generating new ideas, prod-
ucts and services and adopting, implementing and
disseminating them. Almost all people — regardless
of race, gender, age or social class — have the ca-
pacity to innovate. Driven by curiosity, creativity and
empathy, people innovate when solving real-world
problems, addressing personal and community
needs, and influencing their local context.
Looking at the history and geography of the
region, we can outline three main areas that have
become fundamental to the development of mod-
ern Norwegian statehood:
• natural resources and “oil democracy”;
• free citizenship: trust and equality;
• social innovation.
Let’s look at each direction in more detail.
1. Natural resources and “oil democracy”.
About 99 % of all electricity produced in Nor-
way comes from hydropower, one of the cleanest
modern energy sources; in turn, renewable energy
accounts for more than 60 % of the country’s total
energy consumption. In addition, Norway has ac-
cess to more than 50 % of Europe’s hydroelectric
power plants through agreements, contracts, joint
projects, etc. [3]. Norwegian company Statkraft,
as a European leader in renewable energy, also
exports its hydropower knowledge and experi-
ence, assists in the construction of green facilities
around the world.
However, easy access to clean energy has its
disadvantages, in particular, open access gener-
ates inappropriate and wasteful energy use. In
fact, Norway is known for being one of the high-
est rated energy per capita. For comparison, the
total area of Norway is 8 times bigger that the area
of Switzerland, but the population of Switzerland
is 8,4 million inhabitants, while Norway is only
5,2 million. At the same time, one third of the Nor-
wegian region is hardly populated. However, this
does not prevent to the Norwegians annually con-
sume 26,000 kWh per person, that is 3,25 times
more than the average in Switzerland [4].
Another major source of energy is the oil and
gas fields under the North Sea. Norway is self-
sufficient in terms of natural gas and oil and does
not need to import such resources.
When in 1969 a small kingdom with 3 million
inhabitants began to exploit “black gold” after the
opening of the Ekofisk oil field in the North Sea,
Norway was one of the poorest countries in Eu-
rope. Today, the country is the world’s 7th largest
oil exporter and the 3rd largest gas exporter without
being a member of OPEC [5]. There are a number
of large crudes of oil and gas fields under the sea-
bed that will provide the country with energy for
the coming decades.
The state can charge only 4 % of oil revenue
each year. According to the Independent Financial
Fund (Sovereign Wealth Fund), Norway’s oil turn-
over is estimated at NOK 7 billion (around EUR 817
million) [6]. The share of oil in the fund accounts
for about 1,3 % of world capital turnover; in order
to maintain a healthy investment situation in the
economy, this fund invests more than 9,000 com-
panies worldwide. Recently, however, the UN Eth-
ics Commission has reviewed the activities of the
Oil Independent Fund and found a large amount
of inconsistency with the reports submitted. In
particular, numerous human rights violations and
environmental pollution were recorded. More than
60 oil-financed companies have been closed. Si-
mi lar inspections were carried out in the future.
Finally, on June 5, 2015, it was decided to close the
Oil Independent Fund and liquidate all assets [6].
However, despite the “oil monopoly”, strong
positions of valuable energy resource occupy water
resources. Rich fishing resources, an extremely
long coastline, favorable ocean currents have ac-
celerated the development of the marine industry
in Norway, as nowhere else more.
Today, Norway owns 90 % of the salmon mar-
ket in the Atlantic Ocean and more than 50 % in
the Global oceans (since 2012, Norway has been
supplying more than 60 % of salmon on the world
market annually) [7]. However, the rate of cultiva-
tion of this type of fish has caused a number of
environmental problems, in particular the increase
of the level of marine pollution (through the use
of pesticides and persistent organic pollutants),
especially on farms near the coastline, where the
level of marine pollution is always higher. According
to the Norwegian Environment Agency, emissions
from a medium-sized business producing an aver-
age of 3120 tons of salmon per year are equivalent
to annual emissions of a city with a population of
50,000 [8].
The most critical situation is in the north, where
the mining industry is directly “competing” with
fisheries in terms of ecosystem destruction rates.
Citizens do not stay on the sidelines, taking an
active part in addressing environmental pollution.
In particular, several Norwegian projects, such
as Extractive Industries Transparency Initiatives
or Green Warriors, are fighting for the protection
of the Norwegian environment and the setting of
much more restrictive and clear legal rules for the
extractive industries in Norway.
2. Free Citizenship: Trust and Equality.
Norway is a social-democratic state. Howe-
ver, after the elections in 2013 and the coming to
ІННОВАЦІЙНА ЕКОНОМІКА
INNOVATIVE ECONOMY 55
power of the Conservative Party, the government
has embarked on a more liberal economic policy
while maintaining strong social and environmental
orientations. According to the Global Democracy
Ranking, Norway has the highest level of democ-
racy — the country has been in the first place for
5 years in a row [9].
Norway is a country of universal, inclusive well-
being, equality of citizens and access to all rights
and freedoms. The country financially helps its
citizens: by decree on child-rearing, education,
employment, health, retirement, etc. For example,
after graduating from high school, students may
enter the so-called People’s School. Attending
such a school does not imply traditional academic
premises, classes, diplomas. However, here you
can participate in the original training in nature.
In Norway, there are more than 80 “people’s
school”: most of these schools provide the oppor-
tunity to play sports and recreation in the outdoors,
as well as creativity, tourism, communication. Such
schools are attended annually from 25 to 35 %
of young Norwegians, their tuition is paid by the
state [10].
The state protects and supports a strong dem-
ocratic system based on transparency and honesty,
simplicity and pragmatism. Very often, to describe
the Scandinavian mentality, they use the postulates
of the so-called “Law of Yanté” (from Norwegian —
“Janteloven”). This document is a collection of rules
formulated by writer Aksel Sandemose in his novel
“The Fugitive Crosses Its Trail”, published in 1933,
according to which society does not recognize
the rights of its members to individuality [11]. The
novel sets out 10 rules that society follows. They
can all be combined into one: “don’t think you’re
special”. Therefore, in traditional Norway, it is not
customary to attract, praise or attach special im-
portance to your achievements.
That is why, money in Norway is not an end in
itself, they do not appear in corruption schemes
(because such schemes are practically absent in
the country), they are not a cause of conflict (as in
most countries of the world). Norwegian society is
a “society of trust”; it is characterized by a higher
level of transparency in all spheres of public life —
for elected officials and entrepreneurs as well as
for ordinary citizens. In particular, the wage gap
between the least skilled worker in the enterprise
and the CEO of the firm remains one of the smallest
company in the world. This attitude demonstrates
the strong social cohesion of the country and the
result of a long tradition of social economy.
The Norwegian economy is based on tax trans-
parent contributions from individuals and legal
entities. All content is displayed on the Internet,
anyone can read the information. The situation
here is absolutely unknown when citizens flee the
country, taking on the citizenship of another state,
in order to avoid paying taxes (as is common, for
example, in France).
According to recent research, Norway has one
of the lowest unemployment rates in the world —
about 4 % [12]. However, according to the Orga-
nization for Economic Co-operation and Develop-
ment, Norway occupies such a high position to
a large extent due to social unemployment ben-
efits, primarily to migrants. However, in Norway,
the number of upper-middle-income citizens is
one of the largest in the world compared to lower-
income citizens.
This approach to education of youth and popu-
lation involvement has its consequences: the high-
er the level of the economy in a country, the more
expensive it becomes. This applies to all areas of
life: the price of products, rental housing, cloth-
ing, medicine, transportation, etc. A more detailed
situation can be considered in Fig. 1.
Based on the data shown in Fig. 1, as well as
evaluating similar data from previous years, we
can state that Norway has been one of the most
expensive countries in the world for many years,
which clearly shows the high level of development
of its economic system.
3. Social Innovation.
Before going into the analysis of the state of
social innovation in Norway, it is necessary to fa-
miliarize with the general situation in the country.
Thus, according to the information presented in
the ranking of the Global Innovation Index in 2018,
Norway closes the second ten countries with the
highest indicators of innovation (Table 1).
Norway has an average innovation score. It
is difficult to clearly explain why this happened.
There are a number of reasons. However, the main
point is that practically all the latest solutions and
innovations have already been implemented in the
country, so now it does not feel a particular need
for so-called “innovation races”. And it is paying
more attention to social innovation, establishing it-
self as a welfare state with a high culture of charity.
Social innovation changes depending on the
local context and cultural values of different com-
munities. In Norway, a welfare state with a high
level of involvement in social and environmental
responsibility, social innovation is carried out by
many actors. Moreover, in this situation, social
innovation is often supported by both the public
and private sectors. Despite being a high-level
social development country (ranked first in the UN
index) and free, universal access to high quality
services (such as education, health), there are a
number of problems in Norway. Social issues are
addressed (for example, the exclusion of disad-
НАУКА, ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ, ІННОВАЦІЇ • 2019, № 4
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGIES, INNOVATIONS • 2019, № 456
vantaged groups and the gender gap in learning
outcomes).
Given the strong culture of volunteering that
exists in Norway, people find multiple opportunities
for collaborating and solving real-world problems.
There is even a word in the Norwegian language for
describing volunteer work: “dugnad.” This term re-
fers to work that is done without payment, voluntar-
ily, in groups, and usually rewarded with food and
drink. “Dugnad” (from Eng. — “Voluntary work”)
is part of a Norwegian ancient tradition in which
people work together to complete tasks such as
outdoor spring cleaning, gardening, and building
houses [16].
The concept of an ecosystem is useful for un-
derstanding and modeling the complex processes
156 152 148
138
127 127 123 119 117 112
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Pr
ice
le
ve
l i
nd
ex
Fig. 1. The most expensive countries in the world in 2018 (Eurostat data)
Source: compiled by the author based on the data: Price level index for final household consumption expenditure
(HFCE) 2018, Eurostat. Statistics Explained. — Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.
php?title=File:Price_level_index_for_final_houshold_consumption_expenditure_(HFCE)_2018,_(EU-28%3D100).png#filelinks
[13]
Table 1
Global Innovation Index 2018 (compared to 2017)
No (2018) Country Score No (2017) Score
1 Switzerland 68.40 1 67.69
2 Netherlands 63.32 3 63.36
3 Sweden 63.08 2 63.82
4 Great Britain 60.13 5 60.89
5 Singapore 59.83 7 58.69
6 United States 59.81 4 61.40
7 Finland 59.63 8 58.49
8 Denmark 58.39 6 58.70
9 Germany 58.03 9 58.39
10 Ireland 57.19 10 58.13
19 Norway 52.63 18 53.14
Source: compiled by the author based on the data: The Global Innovation Index 2017. WIPO Data. — Retrieved from:
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2017.pdf [14] The Global Innovation Index 2018. WIPO Data. —
Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2018.pdf [15]
ІННОВАЦІЙНА ЕКОНОМІКА
INNOVATIVE ECONOMY 57
that take place in our social world, including in-
novation.
In Norway, a so-called system (or rather a
strategy) was developed to measure entrepre-
neurial activity. It includes four indicators: con-
centration, flexibility, interconnection і diversity.
Each metric has three quantitative variables. For
example, diversity can be measured using statis-
tics on immigration, social mobility and economic
specialization. This strategy is described in more
detail in Table 2.
After introducing the structure of the ecosys-
tem and explaining its application, it is possible
to consider the types of community activity that
are exemplary of the Norwegian version of social
innovation. They are as follows:
Human capital assets: skills, knowledge, ex-
periences, and leadership capacities. Examples:
academic experience/education level, computer
skills, organizing skills, spoken languages.
Technological assets: the technologies used
for producing and circulating ideas, products, and
services. Tools for managing communities, build-
ing networks. Examples: computers, mobile de-
vices, multimedia software, social media.
Economic assets: the institutions and organi-
zations that cultivate or support innovation. Exam-
ples: incubators, financiers, venture capitalists,
business support services, accelerators, proof-
of-concept centers, universities, grants, charities.
Physical assets: the spaces (public and pri-
vate) that stimulate new and higher levels of con-
nectivity, collaboration, and innovation. Example:
co-working spaces, libraries, old buildings.
Social capital assets: the relationships be-
tween all the elements of the ecosystem (actors,
resources, institutions). Relationships have the
potential to generate opportunities to make new
social ties, access new resources. Examples: net-
works, partnerships, mentorships, friendships, or
other associations.
Legal and regulatory assets: the local laws
and regulations that support innovation and en-
trepreneurship in a society. Examples: business
and property rights, labor laws, tax rates and in-
centives, government services [16].
All positive, “social” solutions in Norway have
led to the emergence of a phenomenon such as
“social innovation”. In general, it has historically
happened that any country at some stage in its
development must address the following question:
what way to move on — through national economic
prosperity or through civil society. The vast majority
of Western countries, as well as countries in other
regions, have chosen this or that path of devel-
opment. In Norway this has not happened. In the
Table 2
Norwegian version of “social innovation” of the country
Indicator Components Possible sources
Concentration The emergence of new firms per
1,000 people
Databases, statistics of business
dynamics
Exchange of employees between new
firms
Databases, statistics of business
dynamics
The niche occupancy of the sector,
especially high-tech components
Institutions subordinate to the
authorities
Flexibility Population flow Internal Revenue Service
Redistribution of the labor market Quarterly figures of labor
Fast-growing companies Databases
Interconnection Communication of various programs Projects under development
Side projects Social networks
Dealer networks Other sources of personal information
Diversity Several economic specializations Quarterly census of employment and
wages
Social Mobility Equal Opportunities Projects
Immigrants Survey of the population
Source: compiled by the author based on the data: 16. Exploring Social Innovation in Norway: A Workshop on Mapping
Innovation Ecosystems. Berkman Klein Center. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/exploring-
social-innovation-in-norway-a-workshop-on-mapping-innovation-ecosystems-c82bcc1b58a6 [16]
НАУКА, ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ, ІННОВАЦІЇ • 2019, № 4
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGIES, INNOVATIONS • 2019, № 458
country there was a simultaneous development of
social innovations together with state-regulated
measures. In the course of evolutionary changes,
several key players stood out in this area, including:
1. A number of interesting public organizations
and institutions have been established in the capital
city — Oslo. Coworking Center “SoCentral” [17]
brings together 70 members — entrepreneurs and
ordinary residents of the city - working in various
sectors of the industry, from healthcare, education,
wellness, nutrition to transportation and construc-
tion. “SoCentral” also works as a platform for social
business, offering consulting services to the public
sector, and plays the key role of mediator between
the state and legal entities in it. Public Association
“Epleslang” [18] — is a social integration company
that requires a reduction in food waste during the
manufacturing process. An interesting initiative of
the association is to grow apples at home (in private
plots, in villages) and further processing them into
100 % natural juice without impurities and dyes.
The firm “Kooperativet” (Eng. — “The cooperative”)
is a leader in local organic produce sales in the food
industry [19]. Network Open Food [20] was recently
established in Norway. Its mission is to facilitate
communication between producers and consum-
ers, thereby reducing the need for intermediaries.
In the education sector, it is worth mentioning the
company “Bua” [21], the main focus of which is to
reduce social inequalities in health care for young
people and children. Children's circle “Abildsø
skolegård” (Eng. — “School yard “Abildsø”) [22]
positions itself as an “agricultural training ground”;
according to the group's founders, “spending time
on the farm as an educational tool for children and
young people will help reduce children's cravings
for bad habits and bad companies”. Organization
“Pøbelprosjektet AS” (Eng. — “Project “Pøbel”)
[23] aimed at helping young people outside the
established education system and the labor market.
A group of enthusiasts called “Forskerfabrikken”
(Eng. — “Researcher’s factory” [24] helps young
scientists and inventors rebuild their scientific de-
velopment in Norway.
2. Bergen, Norway’s second largest city, has
a network “Impact Hub” [25]; there are several
social enterprises based on it. Including “Baer-
kraftige liv pâ landâs” (Eng. — “Sustainable life
on land” [26] — an association inspired by the
“moving cities” movement — the voluntary move-
ment of citizens to sparsely populated regions of
the country. The main activities of the Association
are to support and promote the development of
a sustainable food system, a common economy,
clean transport and sustainable housing.
3. The city of Stavanger, Norway’s oil capital,
is also known by the recently created Association
“Urban Sjofront” [27], which aims to further de-
velop Stavanger as a “positive city”, moving away
from the glory of the “oil treasure” of the country.
The Association works closely with local residents,
business owners and elected officials. Together,
they address urban planning and housing, open
access to utilities for all citizens, free education,
a clean environment, etc. Close contact of citizens
from different segments of the population, with
different interests and specialties led to the con-
struction of so-called “communal” (or cooperative)
housing. The index of such cooperatives in Stavan-
ger is the largest among other cities in Norway.
CONCLUSIONS
Today, it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when
the turning point came, when a key decision was
made, an important reform was carried out, in
short, what made the Kingdom of Norway a leader
in social development in Europe and the world. The
following can be said precisely: a clear, planned
and balanced economic policy, the right political
decisions, a solid civic position of the Norwegians
created for Norway a chance to become not just
another country in the Northern region of Europe.
Norway’s “social paradise” has become real thanks
to the continuous and continuous cooperation of
the state, production and society in order to make
all the best social innovations for every citizen of
the country a reality.
And as always, traditional advice for Ukraine:
it is not about a complete replication of the Norwe-
gian experience in innovating the social component
of the state; however, the power and responsibility
of the national power-holders should take on the
experience of the Scandinavian country in trans-
forming its own natural resources and historical
features into its own advantages and “weapons” in
the fight for a better future for its citizens.
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ІННОВАЦІЙНА ЕКОНОМІКА
INNOVATIVE ECONOMY 59
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І. С. БАЛАНЧУК, с.н.с.
СОЦІАЛЬНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ В ТРАДИЦІЙНІЙ НОРВЕГІЇ: ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ
Резюме. Коли ми чуємо, як хтось каже “Норвегія”, то в уяві одразу постають картини ідеального світу:
казкові будиночки, яскраво зелена трава, мальовнича природа, неймовірні фіорди і заможні та щасливі люди.
Загалом усе вищеперераховане має місце в традиційній Норвегії. Це північно-західне королівство є, мабуть,
єдиною у своєму роді державою, у якій економічні та політичні реформи ідеально поєдналися з суспільними
змінами й еволюційними ступенями громадського суспільства, даючи на виході те, що сьогодні ми називаємо
“модель ідеального соціалізму”. Цілком очевидно, що шлях до такої моделі був досить нелегким. Норвежці
отримали свою “ідеальну” державу шляхом тотальної перебудови власної свідомості, створення унікальної
системи виховання підростаючого покоління, віри в спільне майбутнє кожного норвежця, яке є єдиним
водночас і для кожного, і для усіх. Людині, яка не звикла чути такі постулати і, тим паче, жити, дотримуючись
їх, тим важче осягнути увесь зміст цих ідей. Однак для полегшення розуміння варто навести лише один
факт: розрив між дуже багатими і дуже бідними в Норвегії найнижчий у всьому світі. Варто зауважити, що
в Норвегії взагалі не існує такого поняття, як “дуже бідний”, як і “дуже багатий”, до речі. Кожен норвежець
живе в суспільстві, дотримуючись десяти “законів Янте”, за якими “тебе, як індивідуальності, не існує; є лише
колективний організм”. І як у кожному нормальному здоровому організмі всі складові співпрацюють разом
заради подальшого здоров’я цього організму. Дивно? Так. Радикально? Так. Але це працює? Так. Саме
відповідно до такої логіки, норвежці побудували практично ідеальне місце, де хочуть жити усі, куди прагнуть
мігранти та знедолені. Норвегія стала таким собі “Ельдорадо” для жителів країн третього, та й другого світу.
Автор пропонує в цій статті ознайомитися з головними складовими норвезького “ідеального соціалізму”,
передумовами, що спонукали керівництво держави рухатися тим чи іншим шляхом, а також перерахувати
деякі найбільш значущі соціально зорієнтовані інноваційні проєкти Норвегії.
Ключові слова: Норвегія, соціальні інновації, закон Янте, відновлювальна енергетика, рибальство.
И. С. БАЛАНЧУК, с.н.с.
СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ИННОВАЦИИ В ТРАДИЦИОННОЙ НОРВЕГИИ: ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ И
ОСОБЕННОСТИ
Резюме. Когда мы слышим, как кто-то говорит “Норвегия”, то в воображении сразу же возникают карти-
ны идеального мира: сказочные домики, ярко зеленая трава, живописная природа, невероятные фьорды
и состоятельные и счастливые люди. В целом, все вышеперечисленное имеет место быть в традиционной
Норвегии. Это северо-западное королевство является, пожалуй, единственной в своем роде страной, в
которой экономические и политические реформы идеально сочетаются с общественными изменениями и
НАУКА, ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ, ІННОВАЦІЇ • 2019, № 4
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGIES, INNOVATIONS • 2019, № 460
эволюционными ступенями гражданского общества, давая на выходе то, что сегодня мы называем “моделью
идеального социализма”. Совершенно очевидно, что путь к такой модели был достаточно нелегким. Норвеж-
цы получили свое “идеальное” государство путем тотальной перестройки собственного сознания, создания
уникальной системы воспитания подрастающего поколения, веры в общее будущее каждого норвежца, кото-
рое является единственным одновременно и для каждого, и для всех. Человеку, который не привык слышать
такие постулаты и, тем более, жить, соблюдая их, тем труднее понять весь смысл этих идей. Для облегчения
понимания следует привести только один факт: разрыв между очень богатыми и очень бедными в Норвегии
является самым низким во всем мире. Стоит обозначить, что в Норвегии вообще не существует такого поня-
тия, как “очень бедный”, как и “очень богатый”, кстати. Каждый норвежец живет в обществе, соблюдая десять
“законов Янте”, по которым “тебя, как индивидуума, не существует; есть только коллективный организм”.
И как в любом нормальном здоровом организме все составляющие сотрудничают вместе ради дальней-
шего здоровья этого организма. Странно? Да. Радикально? Да. Но это работает? Да. Именно следуя такой
логике, норвежцы построили практически идеальное место, где хотят жить все, куда стремятся мигранты и
обездоленные. Норвегия стала неким “Эльдорадо” для жителей стран третьего и второго мира. Автор пред-
лагает в данной статье ознакомиться с основными составляющими норвежского “идеального социализма”,
предпосылками, побудившими руководство государства двигаться тем или иным путем, а также перечислить
некоторые наиболее значимые социально ориентированные инновационные проекты Норвегии.
Ключевые слова: Норвегия, социальные инновации, закон Янте, возобновляемая энергетика, рыболовство.
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Balanchuk I.S. — Senior Researcher of Ukrainian Institute of Scientific, Technical Expertise and Information,
180, Antonovicha Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03680; +38 (044) 521-09-81; balanchuk@uintei.kiev.ua; ORCID: 0000-0002-
5179-7350
ІНФОРМАЦІЯ ПРО АВТОРА
Баланчук Ірина Сергіївна — с.н.с. Українського інституту науково-технічної експертизи та інформації,
вул. Антоновича, 180, м. Київ, Україна, 03680; +38 (044) 521-09-81; balanchuk@uintei.kiev.ua; ORCID: 0000-
0002-5179-7350
ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ОБ АВТОРЕ
Баланчук И.С. — с.н.с. Украинского института научно-технической экспертизы и информации, ул. Антоновича,
180, г. Киев, Украина, 03680; +38 (044) 521-09-81; balanchuk@uintei.kiev.ua; ORCID: 0000-0002-5179-7350
http://doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2019-4-08
УДК 339.923: 330.341.1
Л.В. ВОЛОШЕНЮК, с.н.с.
Н.І. ГОРНОСТАЙ, с.н.с.
О.Є. МИХАЛЬЧЕНКОВА, заввідділу
ІННОВАЦІЙНЕ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВО
ЯК ЕФЕКТИВНИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ ТРАНСФЕРУ
ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В ІЗРАЇЛІ
Резюме. У статті авторами виявлено, яким чином здійснюється передача технологій з університетів у бізнес
і відбувається усунення “розриву на рівні розробки” в Ізраїлі. Проаналізовано політику, моделі та принципи
у сфері передачі технологій, механізми стимулювання передачі науковими співробітниками технологій біз-
несу. Вивчено те, яким чином реалізується підприємницька ініціатива дослідних установ Ізраїлю. Підтримка
передачі технологій надається декількома способами. Одним із них є цільові програми, які спрямовані на
стимулювання взаємодії наукової спільноти та бізнесу, що проводиться за ініціативою уряду в особі Управ-
ління Головного вченого і за його фінансової підтримки. Ще один механізм стимулювання передачі науко-
вими співробітниками технологій бізнесу — це звільнення від сплати податків. Найчастіше підприємницька
ініціатива у сфері технологій може бути реалізована без всебічної участі дослідника-винахідника. У таких
випадках компанія-ліцензіат бере на себе керівництво процесом розробки технології та продукту. Моделі
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