Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode
The origin variant of ignition the secondary emission magnetron injection gun at low voltage (3…25 kV) with use pulse magnetic filed and additional gas filling is described. Beam current up to 5 A with pulse its duration up to 10 ms was achieved. Perspectives of the gun application for generation of...
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| Zitieren: | Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode / S.A. Cherenshchykov, V.D. Kotsubanov, I.K. Nikolskii // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2010. — № 3. — С. 40-43. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-170102011-02-19T12:03:28Z Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode Cherenshchykov, S.A. Kotsubanov, V.D. Nikolskii, I.K. Физика и техника ускорителей The origin variant of ignition the secondary emission magnetron injection gun at low voltage (3…25 kV) with use pulse magnetic filed and additional gas filling is described. Beam current up to 5 A with pulse its duration up to 10 ms was achieved. Perspectives of the gun application for generation of electron beams and high charge ions are discussed. Описан оригинальный вариант запуска вторично-эмиссионной магнетронной пушки при пониженном напряжении (3…25 кВ) путем использования импульсного магнитного поля и дополнительного напуска газа. Достигнут ток пучка до 5 А с длительностью импульса до 10 мс. Обсуждены перспективы использования пушки для генерации электронного пучка и многозарядных ионов. Описано оригінальний варіант запуску повторно-емісійної магнетронної гармати при зниженій напрузі (3...25 кВ) шляхом використання імпульсного магнітного поля та додаткового напуску газу. Досягнуто струм пучка до 5 А з тривалістю імпульсу до 10 мс. Обговорено перспективи використання гармати для генерації електронного пучка та багатозарядних іонів. 2010 Article Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode / S.A. Cherenshchykov, V.D. Kotsubanov, I.K. Nikolskii // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2010. — № 3. — С. 40-43. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/17010 en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Физика и техника ускорителей Физика и техника ускорителей Cherenshchykov, S.A. Kotsubanov, V.D. Nikolskii, I.K. Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode |
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The origin variant of ignition the secondary emission magnetron injection gun at low voltage (3…25 kV) with use pulse magnetic filed and additional gas filling is described. Beam current up to 5 A with pulse its duration up to 10 ms was achieved. Perspectives of the gun application for generation of electron beams and high charge ions are discussed. |
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Cherenshchykov, S.A. Kotsubanov, V.D. Nikolskii, I.K. |
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Cherenshchykov, S.A. Kotsubanov, V.D. Nikolskii, I.K. |
| author_sort |
Cherenshchykov, S.A. |
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Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode |
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Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode |
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Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode |
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Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode |
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Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode |
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secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode |
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Физика и техника ускорителей |
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Secondary emission magnetron injection gun that controlled by magnetic field in long pulse mode / S.A. Cherenshchykov, V.D. Kotsubanov, I.K. Nikolskii // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2010. — № 3. — С. 40-43. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
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AT cherenshchykovsa secondaryemissionmagnetroninjectiongunthatcontrolledbymagneticfieldinlongpulsemode AT kotsubanovvd secondaryemissionmagnetroninjectiongunthatcontrolledbymagneticfieldinlongpulsemode AT nikolskiiik secondaryemissionmagnetroninjectiongunthatcontrolledbymagneticfieldinlongpulsemode |
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SECONDARY EMISSION MAGNETRON INJECTION GUN THAT
CONTROLLED BY MAGNETIC FIELD IN LONG PULSE MODE
S.A. Cherenshchykov, V.D. Kotsubanov, I.K. Nikolskii
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine
The origin variant of ignition the secondary emission magnetron injection gun at low voltage (3…25 kV) with
use pulse magnetic filed and additional gas filling is described. Beam current up to 5 A with pulse its duration up to
10 ms was achieved. Perspectives of the gun application for generation of electron beams and high charge ions are
discussed.
PACS: 29.17.+w
1. INTRODUCTION
Secondary Emission Magnetron Injection Gun
(SEMIG) was proposed and tested in 1990 [1]. Path-
breaking test of the gun was made in short pulse mode
with duration nearly 50 ns. A main advantage of the gun
in comparator with another cold-cathode vacuum gun is
possibility to achieve a long pulse mode up. Next steps
of pulse duration were show in table 1. Naturally pulse
duration depend of level of current and increase with
decreasing of the beam current. Come on beam current
depend of voltage pulse amplitude. Therefore the gun
for long pulse mode must be tested at low voltage pulse
amplitude. In the first time secondary emission magne-
tron injection gun was ignited by the action of voltage
pulse slope. A feature of the method is boundary of ig-
nition at low-voltage side. The boundary may be high as
several tens kilovolt. Moreover the voltage slope speed
must be high enough. Besides the secondary emission
mode may be supported by more low voltage up to sev-
eral kilovolts. In this research low voltage ignition was
tested. For this purpose pulse magnetic filed and addi-
tional gas filling was used. The similar method was used
by Vaughan in secondary emission cold-cathode magne-
tron [2]. Recently we successfully tested this method in
cold-cathode gun [3] and achieve pulse duration up to
1ms with current nearly 1 A. Pulse duration increasing
was limited by arc ignition. The goal of follow research
is next increasing of the pulse duration.
2. METHOD AND FACILITY
For the next increasing of pulse duration the arc ig-
nition must be suppressed. We used two methods. The
first one is outgasing of the cathode surface by heating
in vacuum. The second is covering of cathode by refrac-
tory material.
The facility «Rassvet» was upgraded for the provid-
ing of experiments. Schema of the facility is shown in
Fig.1.
The heater made from thick nichrome wire with
2 Ohm resistance was installed inside the hollow cath-
ode for the removing of gases adsorbed on the cathode.
The heater was connected to a step-down isolation
transformer. The transformer could supply the cathode
voltage up to 20 kV relatively the grounded anode dur-
ing the heating up. The step-down transformer was con-
nected to an adjustable-ratio laboratory autotransformer.
The heater voltage could be adjusted in the range
0…5 V. The thermocouple based on the alloys copel-
alumel was mounted beside the heater in order to con-
trol the temperature of the operating part of the cathode.
Such thermocouple supplies high measured voltage.
Fig.1. Facility “Rassvet” (“Sunrise”)
1 - tube vacuum chamber (ceramic insulator);
2 - collector with luminescence cover; 3 - tube anode
(stainless steel); 4 - coils of pulse magnetic field;
5 - cathode; 6 - metal flange for cathode maintaining;
7 - protective resistor; 8 - kilovoltmeter;
9 - oscilloscope with memory; 10 - digital camera;
11 - signal resistor; 12 - high-voltage source;
13 - storage capacitor;
14 - optical windows for observation
The thermocouple connected to digital multimeter
DT-830B operating in the voltage measurement mode
within the voltage scale 200 mV controls the tempera-
ture with acceptable accuracy. Calibration curves loaded
from the web was revised in two temperature points:
ambient temperature and water boiling temperature. As
far as the cathode was made from relatively long
(50 cm) thin-wall stainless steel pipe and was placed
into vacuum, it has good thermal insulation. The heater
having relatively low power (≈12 W) has been suc-
ceeded to heat it up to 440°C during approximately 2
hours. Such design had also considerable thermal time
lag. The disconnecting of the heater during few seconds
didn’t change the thermocouple multimeter readings.
The thermal contact of the heater and pipe interior was
provided due to the proper mechanical contact in the
outside ambient. After the switching off the heater it
was cooling down to the pipe temperature quickly. This
fact pointed on the validity of the temperature readings.
If temperature discontinuities should take place, it
would point on the heat over-flow directly from the hea-
ter to thermocouple and on the invalidity of readings of
the last one.
____________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2010. № 3.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (54), p.40-43.
40
The improving of the cathode resistance to the arc ex-
citation can be made by its coating by a refractory con-
ducting material. Nitride of titan was chosen for the coat-
ing. The temperature of its melting point achieves
2950°C. This material is cheap relatively and the technol-
ogy of its coating on stainless steel is well worked out.
Another important factor of the cathode material choice is
a value of a secondary emission coefficient. Nitride of
titan has the secondary emission coefficient that corre-
sponds approximately to the secondary emission coeffi-
cient value of refractory metals (1.3 in a maximum)
[4, 5]. The operating part of the cathode was coated by
the nitride of titan layer with thickness 10 μm using the
method of arc dispersion in a nitrogen environment.
Fig.2. Vacuum schema of the facility “Rassvet” (“Sunrise”)
1 - forepump; 2 - valve of fall-over of air; 3 - cryogen
trap with liquid nitrogen; 4 - rough-vacuum gauge;
5 - hot-cathode high-vacuum gauge; 6 - vacuum valves;
7 - managed vacuum breech-block;
8 - turbomolecular pump of TMN-200; 9 - vacuum
chamber; 10 - gas filler; 11 - gas reducing gear;
12 - bulb with working gas
The possibility of secondary emission discharge ex-
citation was tested recently [3] applying the pressure
increasing in a vacuum system by a partial closing of a
pumping-down valve of a vacuum pump. In such condi-
tions a self-sustained secondary emission discharge is
excited at low voltage values in the few kilovolt range.
Electron beam current in this case is in the range from
the tenth fractions to few units of ampere. However, the
duration of the beam generation was limited by the arc
discharge excitation and achieved 1 ms. One of the rea-
sons of the arc discharge excitation may be the residual
oxygen at the decreasing of a pumping-down speed. It is
known that oxide films conduce to the arc discharge
excitation [6]. To prevent the formation of such films
for the excitation of a gas discharge passing into a sec-
ondary emission one it was applied a leak-in of hydro-
gen like in the Vaughan magnetron [12]. As far as a
turbo-molecular pump was used for the installation
pumping out, hydrogen was injected into the exhaust
pipe of the pump. The purity of the leaking-in hydrogen
was provided due to a considerable difference in the
compression degree of air and hydrogen components.
Vacuum schema of the facility is shown in Fig.2.
41
For the discharge excitation at higher voltage values
one may refuse a gas leak-in and apply more conven-
tional method based on electron avalanche excitation
during a voltage pulse falling down. The special excit-
ing device was developed for this purpose. Electric
schema of the facility is shown in Fig.3.
Fig.3. Electric schema of the facility “Rassvet” (“Sunrise”)
1 - coils of pulse magnetic field; 2 - battery of pulse
capacities 4500 mkF, 5 кV; 3 - antivibration diode of
D181-320-16; 4 - tiristor of T173-1250-28;
5 - measuring shunt 300 A, 75 mV; 6 - high-frequency
high-voltage transformer; 7 - signal of current of sole-
noid; 8 - dividing transformer of block for tiristor start;
9 - signal of voltage on a cathode;
10 - signal of current of collector;
11 - Signal of current of anode
3. EXPERIMENTATION AND RESULTS
Before the experimentation the maximal achieved
pulse duration was 1 ms [3]. At the beginning of ex-
perimentation the storing capacitor of less capacitance
of 0.25 μF was used to protect the cathode surface from
damage by arc discharge. The capacitance has been in-
creasing up to 4.5 μF within the increasing of the beam
pulse duration. The pulse duration in this case may be
achieved 10 ms and the arc excitation may be sup-
pressed. The beam current was generating usually after
turning on pulse magnetic field during both the field
rising slope and the field falling slope. This depended
on the leaking-in gas concentration. The increasing of
the gas concentration may move the moment of the
beam generation from the field falling slope to the field
rising slope. The cathode heating up caused the reduc-
ing of the beam current pulse duration with further its
increasing. The pulse duration was increasing after the
cathode cooling down. Then it increased after multiple
triggering of the gun (20-30 times). The maximum pulse
duration value and the most unoften arc discharge exci-
tation were observed after the end of the heating and
trigger conditioning of the cathode. The gun was trig-
gered even without additional leak-in of the gas before
the cathode heating up. The gun was triggered in high
vacuum i.e. at the pressure of few thousandth fractions
of Pascal. After the cathode heated up it was not suc-
ceeded to trigger the gun without additional leak-in of the
gas even using the triggering pulse synchronized with a
magnetic field pulse. The arc discharge was observed on
an oscillogram as sharp increasing of the cathode current
up to the value defined by a nominal impedance of a bar-
rier resistor in the cathode circuit. The voltage fell down
up to zero on it at the same time. The cathode current
appeared some times in the chain cathode-anode across
magnetic field. In an insignificant time interval the cur-
rent transferred then from the anode to the collector along
magnetic field direction. In the most cases the current of
the cathode arc transferred to the collector at once. Oscil-
lograms of the current and voltage at maximum pulse
duration are shown on the Fig.4.
Fig.4. Oscillograms: 1 - the beam (collector) current
(upper); 2 - the gun voltage (down)
After experiments the cathode was extracted from a
vacuum chamber and the cathode’s picture was taken
using Canon S5 IS digital camera. The picture of the
cathode is shown on the Fig.5.
Fig.5 Cathode photo after performance.
Diameter of cathode road 20 mm
One may see that the cathode rod is covered by the
dense layer of carbon in the operating area of the gun.
Only the end of the cathode remained almost clean.
Such a carbon usually appears on anodes of electron
guns wherein the fraction of the beam is intercepted by
an anode. The reason of carbon formation is the polym-
erization of oil tracks and other organic contaminations
on a surface under electron bombardment. The presence
of a carbon may be an additional evidence of the self-
sustained electron-electron secondary emission since it
related directly with a cathode electron bombardment.
Ion bombardment vice versa results in cleaning of cath-
ode. The argument of the arc discharge excitation on the
cathode is erosion traces of the arc operation on its sur-
face. As one may see on the zoomed in area of the cath-
ode picture these traces are branched and extended
along magnetic field direction. Such direction features
the cathode spot of a vacuum arc. The conductivity of
the carbon film was tested using the multimeter by
touching of probes of the surface in places of the most
continuous and thick carbon film. The resistance be-
tween probes was less one Ohm. The contact of the car-
bon covered surface with white paper sheet tracked it
sharply. It is possible to assume that the basic compo-
nent of the carbon is graphite providing high conductiv-
ity of the film. Oil and other organic impurities provide
the iridescent coloring and the secondary electron emis-
sion coefficient exceeding unit.
The further increasing of the beam current pulse du-
ration was limited in our case by the duration of the
magnetic field pulse. It was impossible to increase the
magnetic field pulse duration without the further con-
siderable reconstruction of the magnetic field feeding
source.
4. ASPECTS OF FURTHER PULSE
DURATION INCREASING
Unlike of high-current cold cathode electron sources
based on explosive emission the operation of the con-
sidered secondary emission source is not associated
with electron-ion plasma generation. The source has not
principal limitations of the pulsed duration associated
with a cathode plasma movement. However, the combi-
nation of high-current at relatively low voltage with
long pulse duration may result in plasma formation
along a beam track in high vacuum conditions. The ini-
tiation of the beam instability will result in further
growth of concentration of charged particles retained by
a magnetic field. Fractures on beam current pulses sat-
isfy the similar considering. They, it seems, correspond
to plasma formation and to further plasma processes of
the initiation of plasma-beam discharge and to the step-
like change of a plasma generation mode in such dis-
charge. One may assume that it is necessary not only to
remove adsorbed gas from a cathode but also to increase
vacuum in the gun considerably for achieving the con-
tinuous operation mode of similar source. The proper
estimations and calculations are difficult enough and are
beyond of the present research frame. Besides, the prob-
lem of the collector heat removing should be solved for
the continuous mode. At the same time using a collector
made from a refractory material with sufficient thermal
inertia one may increase pulse duration in one-two or-
ders of magnitude. To implement long life time it is
necessary to operate with clean vacuum systems without
oil vapors being the origin of a carbon on a cathode. It
not always possibly because of relative costliness and
complication of vacuum options those are fully free of
oil in a vacuum volume. The problem of a carbon for-
mation may be solved also by choosing of optimum
temperature condition providing desorption of organic
vapors from the surface of a cathode at its heating up by
electron bombardment during the operation time or by
using an additional heater. Another approach can be the
dosed leak-in of gases (for example, heavy inert, in par-
ticular argon) for pickling out of the film due to an ion
cathode dispersion.
5. POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF THE
OBTAINED RESULTS IN ACCELERATING
TECHNOLOGY
Cryogenic superconducting accelerating structures
are applied more frequently in an accelerating technique
recently. They, as a rule, operate in a long-pulse or con-
tinuous mode. For example, the most known design for
the TESLA project can operate with pulse duration
1.5 ms at pulse repetition rate 10 Hz. The application of
a cold cathode may reduce thermal influxes to initial
sections of the accelerator considerably. The high cur-
rent density of such cathode may be the factor permit-
ting to achieve the high brightness of a beam within
long pulse duration. This factor together with the cath-
ode resistance to back electron bombardment and with
the possibility of a beam modulation directly in a gun
may serve as an important advantage. This advantage
against thermionic guns applied now and got distribu-
tion recently guns based on laser driven photoemission
42
43
cathodes together with the simplicity of the similar gun
and long life time may serve the basis for application of
such guns in the developing resonance linear accelera-
tors. High vacuum that is free of oil vapors and other
contaminations featuring superconducting cryogenic
accelerators will allow preventing the formation of a
carbon film on the surface of a secondary-emission ca-
thode. Another potential advantage may be a polarized
electron beam generation using only the cathode from
proper material [7].
Long pulse duration mode or the continuous one is
usually used in industrial high-power accelerators. Sim-
plicity, reliability and long life time may be basic ad-
vantages here.
RF power for such accelerators is supplied by vac-
uum electron devices comprising a high-current electron
source that operates with the same pulse duration. Such
RF power sources always have own magnetic field
source which may be applied for the proper secondary-
emission electron source practically. Vacuum-brazed
design will provide the cleanness of a vacuum system
and the absence of a carbon on a cathode.
Multi-charge ion sources with the high ionization
degree may become another essential application do-
main of such gun. Ions with maximum charge are gen-
erated exactly in such sources in present time. The cath-
ode of such source operates in magnetic field. Besides,
electric parameters of the electron gun in such sources
are close to the obtained ones in the described experi-
ments. Such sources are featured by oil-free super-high
vacuum pumping down. The leak-in of the operating
gas in the source may trigger secondary-emission gun.
The prospects of application of such electron gun are
described more detailed in the article accepted to the
publication [8].
CONCLUSIONS
Cold cathode magnetron gun may generate electron
beam pulses with the duration exceeding 10 ms. It was
successfully achieved by the cathode heating up and by
its conditioning.
The further increasing of the pulse duration was lim-
ited not by the gun properties and an arc discharge ex-
citing, but by the parameters of the used installation. It
is assumed to upgrade the installation properly in the
near future.
The presence of oil vapors in the vacuum system on
the cathode surface results in a considerable carbon
coating of the cathode within so long pulse duration that
prevents to stable gun operation.
To provide the long-term stable operation of such
gun it is necessary to prevent formation of a carbon on
the cathode. This probably can be achieved by applica-
tion of the fully oil-free super-high vacuum pumping
down. These types of pumping down are of a tendency
in the newest accelerating technology presently.
There are other possibilities to overcome the conse-
quences of the found out phenomenon.
REFERENCES
1. S.A. Cherenshchikov, B.G. Safronov, V.S. Balagura.
Short-pulses Electron Guns with no Heating Cath-
odes for Linear Accelerators // Problems of Atomic
Science and Technology. Series “Nuclear physics
research” (25). 1991, №4, p.48-51 (in Russian).
2. J.R.Vaughan. Gas-filled magnetron with cold cath-
ode // Crossed Field Microwave Devices. New
York: “Academic Press”. 1961, v.2, p.268-279.
3. S.A. Cherenshchykov, V.D. Kotsubanov, I.K. Ni-
kolskii. Excitation of Self-Sustained Secondary
Emission by Gas Discharge and Hollow Beam Gen-
eration in Magnetron Injection Gun // Problems of
Atomic Science and Technology. Series “Plasma
Physics” (15). 2009, №1, p.162-164.
4. S. Michizono, et al. Secondary electron emission of
sapphire and anti-multipactor coatings at high tem-
perature // Applied Surface Science. 2004, v.235(1-2),
p.227-230.
5. I.M. Bronshteyn, B.S. Fraijman. Secondary electron
emission. M.: “Nauka”, 1969.
6. I.N. Slivkov. High voltage processes in vacuum. M.:
“Atomizdat”. 1986, p.256.
7. S.A. Cherenshchykov. Proposal about high-current
polarized electron source with long lifetime on the
base of secondary-emission magnetron injection gun
// The 18th International Conference on High Energy
Accelerators. Epochal Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan,
March 26-30, 2001.
8. S.A. Cherenshchykov. Novel Modes of Vacuum
Discharge in Magnetic Field as the Base for Effec-
tive Ion Generation // Problems of Atomic Science
and Technology. Series “Nuclear Physics Investiga-
tions” (52). 2009, №5, р.149-153.
Статья поступила в редакцию 07.09.2009 г.
ВТОРИЧНО-ЭМИССИОННАЯ МАГНЕТРОННАЯ ПУШКА, УПРАВЛЯЕМАЯ МАГНИТНЫМ
ПОЛЕМ В РЕЖИМЕ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОГО ИМПУЛЬСА
С.А. Черенщиков, В.Д. Коцубанов, И.К. Никольский
Описан оригинальный вариант запуска вторично-эмиссионной магнетронной пушки при пониженном
напряжении (3…25 кВ) путем использования импульсного магнитного поля и дополнительного напуска га-
за. Достигнут ток пучка до 5 А с длительностью импульса до 10 мс. Обсуждены перспективы использования
пушки для генерации электронного пучка и многозарядных ионов.
ПОВТОРНО-ЕМІСІЙНА МАГНЕТРОННА ГАРМАТА, КЕРОВАНА МАГНІТНИМ ПОЛЕМ
В РЕЖИМІ ТРИВАЛОГО ІМПУЛЬСУ
С.О. Черенщиков, В.Д. Коцубанов, І.К. Нікольський
Описано оригінальний варіант запуску повторно-емісійної магнетронної гармати при зниженій напрузі
(3...25 кВ) шляхом використання імпульсного магнітного поля та додаткового напуску газу. Досягнуто
струм пучка до 5 А з тривалістю імпульсу до 10 мс. Обговорено перспективи використання гармати для ге-
нерації електронного пучка та багатозарядних іонів.
|