О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры
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Дата: | 1976 |
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Автор: | |
Формат: | Стаття |
Мова: | Russian |
Опубліковано: |
Одеський археологічний музей НАН України
1976
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Назва видання: | Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья |
Теми: | |
Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/171044 |
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Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Цитувати: | О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры / К.В. Зиньковский // Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья: Сб. научн. тр. — 1976. — Вип. 8. — С. 36-49. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — рос. |
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irk-123456789-1710442020-09-09T01:25:53Z О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры Зиньковский, К.В. Статьи 1976 Article О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры / К.В. Зиньковский // Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья: Сб. научн. тр. — 1976. — Вип. 8. — С. 36-49. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — рос. XXXX-0126 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/171044 ru Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья Одеський археологічний музей НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
Russian |
topic |
Статьи Статьи |
spellingShingle |
Статьи Статьи Зиньковский, К.В. О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья |
format |
Article |
author |
Зиньковский, К.В. |
author_facet |
Зиньковский, К.В. |
author_sort |
Зиньковский, К.В. |
title |
О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры |
title_short |
О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры |
title_full |
О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры |
title_fullStr |
О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры |
title_full_unstemmed |
О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры |
title_sort |
о методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры |
publisher |
Одеський археологічний музей НАН України |
publishDate |
1976 |
topic_facet |
Статьи |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/171044 |
citation_txt |
О методах изучения домостроительства племен трипольской культуры / К.В. Зиньковский // Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья: Сб. научн. тр. — 1976. — Вип. 8. — С. 36-49. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — рос. |
series |
Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT zinʹkovskijkv ometodahizučeniâdomostroitelʹstvaplementripolʹskojkulʹtury |
first_indexed |
2025-07-15T06:25:21Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-15T06:25:21Z |
_version_ |
1837693111163158528 |
fulltext |
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Ha Tp~nOJihCKHX noceJieHHHx 13• AnaJI.ornqHoe MO:IKHO · cKaaaTb :H o peKoH
crpyKI.I;'HH KpbIIil, TI.QIClKOJII:>KY ,HX C.'I•e,l(bI ;rnpn ,PaCKOTIKax npa1Krnrq1ecKH 1He
y.'IOBiHMbl. 3mor:patjliH11ecKHe ;U.aHHhI<B . B 9TIOM C.'ly'l!.ae .He1Ha,n,eJK1HbIH •ttcroq
mnt HanpttMep, Ha YKpanHe H B MoJI,UaBHH 30He HaH60Jihrnero pacnpo
crpaHeHHH rpHnO.'lbCKHX DJieMeH - ce.iJbCKHe rJIHH06HTHhie .lI,OMa HMeror
trnor,n.a OOJio:MeH.Hy10, KaMbIWOBYIO HJIH fJIHH06!HHYlO. KpOBJIIO, ·. npHqeM B
nepBbIX. ll.BYX c.1yqa51x IlOCTpofiKa HMeer JJ.OIIO.'!HHTeJibHOe !IIOMern:e1me
B BH,Il.e ti:ep,n,aKa, qTo HCKJiroqeno npH IlJIOCKOH c ne60JibWHM HaKJIOHOM
Kpmne, 3a6yroBaHHofi rJIHHOfi. TaKHe .iKe no ycrpoil:cTBy .UBycKarnhie rJIH·
12
L.I\ozlowski. Budowle kultury ceramiki malowanei W·swiefle badan przepro
wadzonych w I\oszylo;vcach, Nezwiskach i . Buczazu. Lwow, 'I 9\30; T. C. rr a cc e K,
E. IO.~ K iJJ ,H q e B c K H n. T•pH!ITOJibOK~ noce.1eH11e KovmMHlirn;.HHa (Oirrb!T peiKOHC'I'.pyK-
U:HH). I(CHHMI<, Bhln. XII, 1946, M. JI. MaKap.e1Bnl!. 06 HA!WJioml!ecroHx rrpei!l.
eTa!BJreHJHIX y Tp1mo.'!00Knx. nJieMeH. ~ 30AO, T.. I (31.4). Oii:occa, 1960;
Y .. Pa u 1.. Tn lega;tur~ l~cu:ntelor de syprafata cu platforma din asezarile culturHor
Petr~ity s1 Cucutem·Tnpohe; ~ SCIV, t. >18, N L Bucutesti, 1967.
T. I1 a •Cc e !K. l/pllnOJJbCl!{He .MOD:MH lKl!JlllU~. BJU1, N2 4. M., 1938; T. r. M 0 ll-
IU a. 0. HeKOTOphlx MOITT:'7~Hx .IKH.~nm; 'llpllrroohK:umii Ky.wr.y;ph!. K:COfAJ\11 3a 1962 r.
0.rr.e~~' 1964; H. ~ um 1 t r es cu. Un modele de sanctuaire decuuvert dans la station
eneo
1
htique de Casc1oarele. - Dacia, n.s;, t. ){JL Biucuresti 196& Apxecm.oriH Bllrr l
!\., 971 (rwe-rHa51 &:KWTett~a). · ' · ' · · · · · ' - .. \ ·'
0 Meroilax usytteftUJl OOMOCTfJOUTeAbCTBa n.11e.Meft rpuno.A.&CIWU KY.A.f>TUPbl. 39
H06H'I'Hble. KpOBJIH HacTOJlhKO ynJIOI.U:eHbI BO H36e2KaHHe CMhIBa rJIHHbI, 'ITO
qep)laKH H3-3a orpaHHqeHHOH BbICOTbI cJiy}l{aT mil.Uh Ten.'IOH30JIHIJ,J{OHHbIM
ycrpOHCTBOM, ,LJ.e-ra.1H33UHH BHeurnero ocj>opMJieHHH JJ.OMa Ii ero HHrepbe·
pa, y'lHThIBaH HeBblpa3HTeJihHOCTh n Ma.1oqHcJiettnocTh T?.KHX ocraTKOB,
KaK rnryKarypKa, OKpaCKa Ii ,n,p., M02KeT ,n,onycKaThCH JIHUih ycJIOBHO rrpn
HCTIOJib30BaHHH )laHHhIX MO,IT.eJieH rpHno.1bCKHX }l{HJIHI.U:, IlOCKO.'IbKY .. BpHJl
JIH B03MO.iKHa HX IlOJIHaH H,II.eHTH!}>HK3IJ.HH c pea.'!bHbIMH nocrpo:HKaMH, HC-
CJie,Il.OBaHHhlMli B IlOCJie,n.Hee BpeMH 14• . . .
ifipaKT1HIK3 'HCC.'!e,LJ.OB81HHH BOH:pO.OOB ip·C.KOIHCr:pyK!U\Hili 1KHJI•HIJJ: rH .TIOCeJI~
HHH no H3Jio.iKeHHOH nporpaMMe no,n,rnep.II.H•'Ia ee II,eJiecoo6pa3HOcTh H
nepcneKrHBhI. fJiaBHOe npenMyrn:ecrBo npmrnTOro HanpaBJieHHH 3aKJiro
qaeTcH B Heo6XO,II.HMOCTH DOCTOHHHOro pa3.BHTHH MeTOJlHKH, B TOM l.J:IiCJie
H TIOJI.eBoro H3yJ.IeHHH naMHTHHKa 15• 8ro Il03B0•1HJIO CAeJiaTb HeO.iKH)J.aH
Hble OTKpbITHH B TI.113HHpOBKe H ycrpoi'icrne He TOJibKO OT,UeJibHbIX nocrpo
eK, no H Bcero noceJielIHH. B ueJIOM, a TaKJKe BHecrn cymecraeHHhle Kop
peKTHBhI B Mero,rr. KOMDJieKCHoro HCCJie,Il.OBaHHH 'f PHilOJihCKHX naMH.THHKOB.
3Ha'lHTeJihHbIH BK.'13)1. B COBeprneHCTBOB8HHe npHeMOB no.'!eBOH MeTO·
AHKH C,!leJiaH KOJIJieKTHBOM HCC.'Ie,Il.OBaTeJieH c yqaCTHeM aBropa B xo.ue
pacKonoK noceJicHHH .9TIOXH pa3BHToro TpHnOJihH y ceJI PaKosen. Ii Bap
Bapo1BKa B MoJI,n.aBirn no.n. pyKOB()JJ.CTBOM E .. K. qepHbIUI H B. 11. MapKe·
Bff'la. TaK, craJ(ii''oqeBHAHhIMH ue,n,ocTaTKH <j>HKCaUHH H ee reXHHKH. 0Ka-
3aJIOCh qro TpaJJ.HIJ.UOHHhie qepTe.iKH B M3'CUITa6e l: 20 C•THillKOM MeJIKH
,l(.'IH n~pe.n.aqn cyrn:ecTBeHHbIX ti:epT 3aJieraHHH OCTaTKOB TpHnOJibCKHX }l{H
JIHIII,, oco6eHHO B pa3pe3ax; HaH60Jiee nptteM.'!eMbIMH • HBJIHlOTC.H H3o6pa
:1KeHHH, BblDOJIHeHHbie B MacUira6e l :10. 3cj>cj>eKTHBHhlH npHeM ,UJIH TIOJIY·
ti:eHHfl BepHoro npe.ucraBJieHHH o crparnrpacj>HH. «nJiorn:a.UOK» npe,n.Jio}l{eH
E. K. qepHbIIII, COCTOHIII,HH B TOM, qTo. B,UOJih JIHHHH p_a3pe3a rrpH pa36op·
Ke ocraB.'IHIOTCH ycrynhl HH}l{HHX TIJI3CTOB o60JK:IKeHHOH fJIHHbl. c H3XOAKa·
MH Ha HHX. 8ro II03BOJIHeT xopomo npe,n.craBHTb KapTHHY B3aHMOpacnOJIO
}l{eHHH cTpOHTeJihHhIX H 6bIT0BhIX OCTaTK·OB H pa3pyUieHHfl AOMa, cnoco6-
CTJ3 er TO'IHOH IH OObreKTHBIHOH 1qrnKC8!IJ.HH qeipreJK•OM H ¢ 10TOCH.H<MKQM.
Bn~pBhie 6hIJrn c)J.eJiaHhI rr.wHhI oTneti:arKOB )lepeBHHHhIX KOHcrpyKII.Hi'i 16~
o60JK2KeHHOH fJIHHe, KO'I'Opb1e paHee JIHillh OllHChIB8JlHCh c yKa3aHneM 0
rn:ero HanpaBJieHHH HX CJie,!l,OB. . . •
T•oti:HhliM H •9KiOHiOM'HtIIHhIM oKa3a.i1CH M-erOJl TIOKBa)lpawott ¢moc'WM~
KH c IBhitWThI 6 M, ITTJPeAJio1KeHHhIH B. 11. Ma;p1K€\BHll!eM, nepe,n,a10~HH
o6beMHOCTh «nJiorn:aJJ.KH». B .n:eHh MOJKHO orcHHTh nJiorn:a.n:h AO 200 M H
noJiyti:HTh pa6oti:He orneqarKH B ycJ'IOBHHX noXoAHOH cpoToJia6oparopHH,
ror,n.a Ka.K qepre}l{HHKY )J;JIH BblTIOJIHeHHH IIJiaHa «nJIOI.U:a,llKH», 3aHHMa,ro
III,eH AO 100 Mz, ·I10T:IJe16yerCH He Me1Hb!Ille Mecfllll;8. 3T•OT MeT•OllI: 'TeXHHllteCK·H
14 MHaro.'!eTHRe nccJie:n;osa•HIJlill noce'!e1mii: 'll}llHillOlllbCKaii KYJibTJ;pbI yc'lla>HOBHJI!l paaBn
TYIO 00pilf301!1Ta.'!I>HYIO, a BOOc.1e;:{CTBHH Beprnr1rn:JlbHYIO rr~aH~poBIKy )!{rl!.'!Htl{. 0.QH3KO M-O·D:e
Jlll nocTpoeK c rraMH'!1HlHKOB TpnnOJIBCKoii n poncrBeHHOH en KYJihrypbl fy:Me.'lbHHUbl nepe·
JHllOT JJIJ6o onHoKaMepHoe ( apxaH'IJHae?) coopyi1rnmre, JLHDo u:eHTpaJrbHoe rrm,iemeHne AQMa
c rnprH3HaKa~rn Bep11H11rn.'lbHoro pa:mll'll!!H (MWJ:eJll+ us Cyum-OB!KH H ITonyAHJH), Jrnoo BHern
Hllli BHD: llOCTpOH•Kill, KOTOpblH JTI03BOJIHeT cyJ(HTb TOJ!bKO 0 Bep'!mK~"1bHOH l1JlaHlfpOBKe )i{iH·
JIHlll;a (MIO,ll,eJJb us PoccoxyB•arK!l) H 11acrmrno o rop·H30ma.1hHOH Ha. y;poom~ sepxHero
:::iTa)!{a no MOAeJL!l 1'13 ryMe.1hlHHIJ,Koni 110.ceJJeHW! }\3c111ttoapeJie. C11Ie.uosaTe.1nmo, na,HHbie
~mneJIH MoryT CJ!Yll{'!lTb .'mlllb KOCBel!HblM !!O)lTBep)!{.!l.eHUeM roit HJIH HrHOH j)el«l!JICTPYKU!liH.
15 B. A. •fop-O;'.l;ll!OB·, paryH sa -06'heK'l'HIBIIb!H JTQJJ.XQJ(, cpalBH!llBa.'! 'llCCJieJJ;O'BaTeJIH. c
•neuoM itHnr.lf (cM. ApxeoJrornH, T. I. M.-JI., 1923, c. 16). OnHarKo on, K co.lKa.neH1nio, ne
yi:rnrhrna.lJ, 11ro «iKill1Hra» a•pxeo.'!ornqecKillx llCTO!'lJH'.l!KiOB, KarK nrparuiJio, rpe6yeT cneuuqrn'le
CKOW MeTona qreHJIH. Han6oJiee 06'.beK11n&HblM npeJJ.crarBJIHeTCH yKa3alll!e <I>. B0\1llKOBa
0 Heo6JCO>ll;iHMOCT.H ITOCTOH!HHOH pa31pa60TKH rrpaeMOB paOKOillill B sarBllC!lMJQCT,!J OT xa:PaJITepa
o6'heKTa If ue..1eii HCCJIMOB,arHHH (cM. <I>. Bo JI Ko a. YKaa. col!., c. 138}.
40 K. B. 3wtbKOBCKUil
ycoBepweHCTBOBaH HaMH H HeOJl.HOKpaTHO npoBepeH Ha TipaKTHKe. Mbt
npHMemvur JierKyro pa36opHyro .. H yJJ.o6Hyro TIPH TpaHcnopTHpOBKe CTaHH
HY H cnycKOBOe ycTpolicrno, TIPHfOJl.HOe Jl..TJH cpoToaTITiapaToB pa3HbIX cuc
TeM, HecJio;>Knoe TIO KOHCTPYKU.HH. HaH6oJiee npHrDJl.HbIMH Jl..TJH c'beMKH
OKa3aJIHCb aTITiapaTbI THTia «CMeHa» H «JlI06HTeJib».
Cepbe3HOH Tipo6JieMOH CTa.TJa TiepeJl.aqa cTeTierrn o6:arnra rJIHHbI Ha
qepTe)l{aX, IlOCKO.i'IbKY TIPHMemrnrnaHCH . CHCTeMa yc.TJOBHb!X o603HatJ:eHHl!
yKpenJIHJia HeBeprrne TipencTaBJieHHe 06 aBTOHO!>fHOCTH HeKOTOpbIX ytJ:a- .
CTKOB Ii TipaKTHKy HX H)J,eHTHcpHKall,HH c pa3JIH'IHhlMH BHyTpeHHHMH coopy
)l{eHIMIMH B JI.O:\rnX (iHa!IlpUM6p, TietiaMH)' !He OTpa,:>H:aH n·C'CTen·eHHOlCTll .nepe-
1X>OJI.a OT CH.1biHOOtOO)l{)l{CH<HhIX K 1cJiai601oi6ot1KiKBHHb!M MelCTaM 13a.TJera11mH ,C"~po
HTe.llbHhlX OCTaTKOB.
TiepeJJ.aqa UBeTa H ero OTTeHKOB B MecTax Tiepexo.n.a, oco6ernro TIPH
CJIO>KHOH raMMe KpacoK, xapaKTepHoi'r )l.JIH TPHTIOJibCKHX «TI.1oru.aJl.oK», c
noM01IU,hIO u,,Bemw.ro .pucyH1Ka c.1oiK1Ha u 1cyi6oe!KTH.B1Ha, a TaKJK>e ,ney~o:oHa
TIPH Tiy6JIHKaII,HH. Tia::1ToMy u.e.1ecoo6pa3Ho H306pa:>H:aTh CTeTieHh 0611rnr'l
rycTOToii TOtJ:eK, TIPHHHTb!X na emrn1n.1,y TIJibill,aJl.H TIO !llKaJie, YtIHTbrnaro
ru.eli COO,TBeTCTBHe CHJibI o6iKHra H U,BeTa fJIHHhI 16
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noMOill,bro yKaaanuhlx MeTOJJ.OB, TI03BO.i'IHJIII CJJ.eJiaTb cJieJJ.yIOIU,He BblBOJI.hI.
KpynnoMacwTa6Hbie, qepTeiKH H ipoTOCHHMKH, a TaK:>H:e TIJiaHhI ornetiaT
KOB JJ.epeBHHHhIX Hal{aTOB TIOKaaaJIH, qT,O «TI.10IU,a)l.KH» HBJIH!OTCH OCTaT
Ka1'rn r.1HHHHOH aa6yTOBKH nepeKphITHH )1,0MOB, HMeBWHX BeptHK8JlbHOe
pa13!BHTHe "'. COlnocTa:BJieHHe mJia111101B, ,oTpaiKaIOIU,HX 1crene1Hh oiOilKHra, H ·C,T
neqaTKH )l.epeBHHHbIX IWHCTpyKUHH c pa3pe3aMH CBH)l.eTeJibCTBOBa.110 0
TOM, trTo ytiactKH 3aJieraHHR ctpo1neJibHhIX ocTaTKOB, TIP!IHHMaeMbre 33
CJie)l.bl 1neq.ei'r,, HeCMOTip1H :Ha dI,pw-1y~wiliBbie 1cpop<MhI, 1npeJiiCTaB.r:lHIOT <Ipe3:BhI
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ill)O·Ma.
TecttaH :CBH'3b n1pouec1rnB 1paa16op1rn II cpIIKca1U,uII, 'Heoi6xo\ll;HMa>H rnpH
pacKOIIKe TPHTIOJihCKHX )KHJIHill,,. TI03BO.JJHJia y:IB:e B xoAe noJieBhIX IICCJie·
)1,0B.iiHHH pa3rpaHHqHBaTb OCTaTKii BepXHiiX Ii Hii:iKHHX TiepeKpblTiiH, a TaK
;>Ke CBH3aTh HaXO,lJ.KH c OTipe)l.eJieHHb!M 3Ta)KOM nocrpoii:KH.
«TI.101UaJl.KH», HBJiflIOIU,HeCH ocTaTKaMII .noroJIKOB. )KIIJIHill.,. ObIJIH OT
KPhlThI n Ha II03)].HeTpHnOJibCKIIX rraMHTHHKax BapBapoBKa-8 H Bpbrn3eHh
Ub!raHKa B MonJJ.aBHH 18• MaTepHaJibI pacKonoK H pa3Be)l.OK Ha 4epKac
ru.nue TIOKa3aJIH, 'ITO H 'B 3TOM pai'IOHe pacnpocrpaHeHHH TpHnOJibCKOH
KYJibTYPhI rrocrpoiiKII IIMe.TJH BeprHK8JlbHYIO nJiaHIIpOBKy, KOTOpafl npHMe
HHJia•Cb, ino JJ.aHrHbIM pa<CK•Cill01K 1II01ceJiemrn BipeM•ecHH .pa<Hueno T:prnnoJihfl
AneKCaH.npoBKa .B .OJJ.eccKoH: 06.rraCTH, Y*e B Ha'!aJie 0pa3BHTHH Ky.1bTY
pbr 19• EcJIH JJ.OOaBIITb, 'iTO npeATI0.1o:IB:eHne 11. Tiayn o pa3BHTHH nocTpoH:
KH BBepx TaKiKe OCHOBaHo Ha rraytJ:eHIIH OCTaTKOB THIIa «IIJIOIU,a,ll;KH» Ha
pyMbiiH•cwoii reppIItopHH H ra1K11e '3aJierannH oootJK·iKeHHoii: r.11H1Hhl HIB.TJHIOT·CH
xa1pa1KTepH01ii: <IepTOH TPHTIOJ.lbCKH:X na1M\f!TiHH'K01B, T'O ;IJ.10M c IB·epTH!KaJibiHbIM
pa3BHTHeM MOiKHO C'IHTaTb OCHOBHhIM THTIOM noctpOHKH Ha noce.'IeHHHX
16 o. A. 'Ky Jl b c b Ka, H. n. n y 6 i u b K a. By .iJ:!.ne.'lbHi M.aTepiaJI11! rpcrmi.!JbCbK.Oi
Ky.'lbTyp!!. - · Tp1nnii.i1bCbKa Ky.'lbTypa, r. I. K., 1940, c. 332; K B, 3 H H b Ko B c K H ii:. YKaa.
coq., piHc. 1-2.
17 .no.npo.6iro 06 3TOM cM. K B. 3 11HbKo.BcK1H :i1. HeKoropb!e HrorH pacKOIIIOK
pa~merp1mo.%1()Koro noceJJeHIH! AJieKcan.npoBKa. Te:1ll ll:Orrosineii XV HayKoBoi mH<jlepeH-
llii IA AH YPCP. Oneca, 1972.
18 B. 11. Nl a p Ke u H "I. I1Torn pal'SoT MoJJ.J.\aBcKoif Heo.1HrJiqec'f{ol\ 3Kcne,ll;H!J,l!f!,. -
AO 1970 r. Nl., 1971. .
19 l\. )3. 3 11 H b IC() IJl c I!{ 111 ii. f{eKOTopbie ilJTOI'H pa'OK\>ll<;>K ...
O Meroaax uay•w1w1 8oMocrpoureAbCTBa rueMeH. rpunoAbCKOU KYAbTYP!Jl .41
tpHno.'IhCKoi'! KYJihtyphI. Mb1 noJIHOCThIO npHcOe)l.IIHHeMCH K MHeHmo
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reJihCTBa 20.
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ycJIOBHB cepbe.1rnyro IIOCTaHOBKY Bonpoca 0 KaTIHTaJlbHbIX . CTeHaX )l.OMOS,
crroco6Hhrx BhIJl.ep>KHBaTh narpy3KY HeCKOJihKHX nepeKphITHH, 3actaBHJia
TiepeCMOtpeTb H rrpe.u.npmrnTh TIOilbITKY ycoaepweHCTBOBaTb MeTOJI.HKY
HCCJieJJ.OBaHHH JJ.OMocrpmneJihCtBa TpHnOJihH. Ha ocnoBaHHH apxeo.1orn
qecKnx H 3THOrpacpH<IeCKHX )l.aHHbIX, a TaK)l{e co6cTBeHHbIX Ha6.TJrop.eHHH
aBTOpOM BbICKa3aHO rrpeJJ.nO.TJO)l{eHHe, qTo Hecyru.He KOHCtpyKUHH noctpoeK
6hIJIH r.JJHH06HTHbIMH 21 • TpHno.TJhCKHe «1nJioru.aJI.Kn» 3a.TJeraroT, KaK npaBH
JIO, B HHiKHeM OT)l.e,,1e qepH03eMa, a rJIHHOOHTHhie He060iK)l{eHHhle OCTaTKH
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y)Ke o pacnauIKe TiaMHTHHKOB), reM He MeHee uaM yJJ.aJIOCh Bblpa6orarb
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o6pa30BaHIIIO 30Hbl oc.1a6JieHHH y OCHOBaHHH, TIOKa CTeHa He rrpnMeT BH,(I.
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HHH, OT.'IH"IHO npe)l.OXpaHHH OT pa3pyweHHH OCHOBaHHH CTeH li ,II.pyrne r.TJH
HOOHTHbie KOHCtpyKU.HH, II03TOMY xopomo coxpaHfllOTCH OCTaTKH )l{HJIHill,
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