Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье
Збережено в:
| Дата: | 1976 |
|---|---|
| Автор: | |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Russian |
| Опубліковано: |
Одеський археологічний музей НАН України
1976
|
| Назва видання: | Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья |
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/171046 |
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| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье / И.Г. Черняков // Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья: Сб. научн. тр. — 1976. — Вип. 8. — С. 61-69. — Бібліогр.: 55 назв. — рос. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
irk-123456789-171046 |
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irk-123456789-1710462020-09-09T01:25:56Z Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье Черняков, И.Г. Статьи 1976 Article Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье / И.Г. Черняков // Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья: Сб. научн. тр. — 1976. — Вип. 8. — С. 61-69. — Бібліогр.: 55 назв. — рос. XXXX-0126 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/171046 ru Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья Одеський археологічний музей НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
Russian |
| topic |
Статьи Статьи |
| spellingShingle |
Статьи Статьи Черняков, И.Г. Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Черняков, И.Г. |
| author_facet |
Черняков, И.Г. |
| author_sort |
Черняков, И.Г. |
| title |
Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье |
| title_short |
Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье |
| title_full |
Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье |
| title_fullStr |
Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье |
| title_sort |
начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в северо-западном причерноморье |
| publisher |
Одеський археологічний музей НАН України |
| publishDate |
1976 |
| topic_facet |
Статьи |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/171046 |
| citation_txt |
Начало изучения эпохи энеолита и бронзы в Северо-Западном Причерноморье / И.Г. Черняков // Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья: Сб. научн. тр. — 1976. — Вип. 8. — С. 61-69. — Бібліогр.: 55 назв. — рос. |
| series |
Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT černâkovig načaloizučeniâépohiéneolitaibronzyvseverozapadnompričernomorʹe |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-15T06:25:29Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-15T06:25:29Z |
| _version_ |
1837693120187203584 |
| fulltext |
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JJ,a 6bWH BKJIIOtieHbl BOnpOCbl Il3YlleHHH ·naMHTHHKO.:B 3IlOXH 6pOH3bl H paH
Hero .}l{eJie3a. 11HTepecHhI B t9TOM OTHomeHH Te3HChl A C. YsapoBa 06 orr
pe.ue.1eHHH HaqaJia 6pOH30BOro BeKa, nepBO:\l noHBJieHHH ll{eJie3a, 0 CBH35IX
naMHTHHKOB snoxn 6poH3hI A3HH H EsponbI 13, JI.OKJiaJJ, B. E. AHTOHoamrn
o paCKonax KypraHoB Ha paccMarpirnaeMoii TeppHTopnH 14• CBe.n:eHnH o
6 A. CK a JI b Ko B c iK 11! it Onb!T CTBTl!CT1Hf'leCm)ro orim:a·HJrn HoBopoccuii:cKoro K!Jal!,
'I; L reonpaqurn, 3'11H0!1P8QJillJl H Hapo,n:oHaceJieHIIe HoB10poccHiic1wro Kpal!. Qn:ecca, 1000.
7 M. By x T e e B. Onb!T craTHC11I!t1ecKoro onttcaHl!ll Hoaopoccunc1m.ro KpaiH A. CKa,1b·
KOBCK1om 300l1,U, T. HI. O,n:etca,, ·1852, c. 470.
8 A ill M1l!T. Ooo6eJHnocTH KypraH<OIB Xe·pcoH1cwoi!i .ryoop:H,J!H.~OOH,LI,, T. IV. O,n:ecca,
li8518,c. 467-469; C. Kphl:>K11a11(~BCKl!i1. IQ3e¢m:in!>CKHe il!PeBHOCrI\H.-300H,U, T. IX.
0.n.ecca, 111875, c. 445-446; r. c n a cc K H ii:. 0 CXO)J,CTBe Ky1praHOB B IO:>K1HOH PoocrnH c
1KyplfaHalM11! B lO>KHOH G!!i6!!p!!. - 30011,U, T. m. 0.n.ecca, 1863, c. ·52~535; J. 0 JI 0 ¢·
c 0 H. nj)IH.MelfaTeJJbHettml!e KypraHbl 5eccapa60KOH 06.i!acTJI B BeH)l.epCKOM ye3)J.e. -
30011,IJ:, T. II. O.n,eoca, 1848, c. 550-!554 ..
9 ·B. H. 51 c T p e 6 o ·B. OnhlT Tonorpalj;Hf'!ecKoro 0003peam1 ApeBHOOTer'f XepcGHCKOH
ry6epH!!<I!. . 300HLJ:, T. XII. 0.n.ecca, 1894, c. 63:--176; n. 0. By pa 'l·K 0 B. 06'bl!ICHeHHe
K apxOOJiorn11eoKoii: K3pTe HoaopoccHlicKoi'! ry6epinJ11H I! ~hlMa. ,llpe1>Hoc11H, T. XII. M.,
1·888, c. 7 ~116; er o :>Ke. O MecTono.110.lKenm1 .mpea:nero ro.po.n;a K1ap1lill!1HJHTeca H M<0HeTax,
ei.ry npHHa\fl:JJell<a:J.UHX. - 300HJI:. T. IX. OJiecca, 18'75, c. 512.
10A. M. T a 1 I g r e n. La pontide prescythique apres l'introduction des metaux. -
ESA, I I. Helsinki; 1191'26. . •
II A. M. J1ecK0 B. 0 CeBep-O·flj}l!<'leJl)HOMQp-OKOM 011are 06pa100'J1KiH M'.eTaNia B 3111oxy
ll'Oi3.llHei!i. 6p•OH3b!. - B KH.: :I1a•Mc1ITH<ll!KH 6pom:io1eo.ro BeKa 10Ta1 e,apQl!reif~'OH 11acTI! CCCP.
K, 1967, c. 1'43-'-' !17'8.
12 H. T. 4 e p 'H ll K 0 B.. }fa HCTOpl!il! QpOH30JI!fl'eH.HOrO . IliP(lll!3BOACTB3 B CeaepHOM
np1H'lei}HIOM!Opbe. - 301AQ, T. Iii (35). (),necca, 1967, C. 23r-37.
13 T1PYAb! Vl AC, T. I. OJJ.eicca, IJ1886,. c. XXIV.
14 B. B. AH To 1H o B 1J!, 'l. 0 paollionKax KyipnaiHoo, n:p01H3BeJJ;eH1HblX B nope'lbHX ,UnecTpa,
Byra I! 11i!ll"y.1a. PeQ:iepaTbl 3ace,lla'HHH VI AC. O;i:ecca, 1884, c. 1.4.
Ha<1aAo u3y'leHuR anoxu aHeoAuw u 6poH3bt e Cenepo-3anaam:J.M flpu'lep1t0Mopbe 63
Haxo;:i;Kax :1rroxH 6poH3bI B EBponeliCKOM PocCHH, B TOM ttH~.rie H Ha Tep
pHTopirn Ceaepo-3a1naJI.HOro T1p11qepHOMOpbH, Halll.'IH oTpall{eH!:ie H B 3a-
py6e:11rnoli .'!HrepaType 15.
Pa3BHTHe apxeo.r1ornttecKoH: HayKH B KoHue XIX H naqaJie. XX B. xa
paKrepnsyercH ycnJieHlieM HHTepeca K Jl.OHCTOpHtieCKHM npe~HOCTHM. Ha
t!:HHaIOTCH ue.1enarrpas.1eHHhie paCKOilKH KypraHOB, KOTOpbie . BeJIH iiaCTO
Herrpo4:JeccnouaJihHhie apxeo.10rn. TaK, B 1895-1896 rr. 3eM.rreBJ1a.n:e.1b1.1,eM
B. 11. CTamweBntteM 6bIJI paCKorraH KypraH c MHoroqncJieHHblMH uorpe6~
Hl!HMH a c. 3arnlllhe THpacnoJlhCKOro ye3JJ,a XepcoHcKoii ry6epHHH .
KypraH, oqeaH.11.Ho, 6hIJI cJIOiKHhIM naMHTHHKOM c MHoroll,HC.rieHHhIMH .n:o
ChITIKaMH pa3HhIX rrepllOJI.OB. B HeM . oKa3a.'IOCh HeCKO.'IhKO Tiorpe6eHHf:t
3noxH 6pon3hl. PacKorrKn, K co:iK:a.n:eHHIO, 6bIJIH Tipcme.n:eHbI T~amneHMH
C 10ra Ha ceBep. (MeTOJ],OM, 33HMCTBOBaHHhIM y KJI8Jl.OHCKaTeJieH). Dono~
:arnre.'IhHOH qepToii pacKonoK B. 11. CTaHHJieB11iia 6bIJIO noBe.n:eHHe Tpaw
llleH JI.O MaTepllKa. .
Oco6eHHO TIJIO..'lOTBOpHhIMH 6b!mI pacKonKH KypraHOB B 6b!BllleM Ttt
pacnoJihCKOM ye3.n:e, npoBeJJ,eHHbie CMOTpHTeneM 3eMCKOH 60.ribHHUbl H
apecraHrcKoro 11.oMa B TnpacnoJie 11. 51. CTeMnKOBCKHM. C 1896 TIO 1911 r.
HM. :Ha m:1B1CJ16epe*he )l>wecT,pa y ce.,'I 1K·o1porua, f.n:uiHHOe, CJI1oi60J:l·Ka, iK1pa!C
noropKa, CyKJieH H JJ,p. 6bI.IJO pacKonaHo 60Jiee 400 KypraHOB. KpoMe
11. 51. CreMnKoBcKoro, a pacKonKax rrpHHHMaJlH yttacTHe ero >KeHa
Jl. n. CTeM1IIK:O!BCKa•H - 1C!)l1Ha Hl3 ril!epiBbIX ·PYC'Cfl<HX }l{e1HW.H>H-apoce10.TIOII'01B.
c 1899 r. Jl. n. CTeMTIKOBCKaH 6b!.i'Ia PYKOBO,ll.HTe;1eM paCKOIIOK. 0Ha TW.8-
TeJibHO CJie\11.H•1a. 3a xo~·oM ipa•6or, 1Be.,'Ia ·notn:.poi6Hble lll:HeBHH>KH ·H .cocra.BJiflJia
m11BeHTa1pHbie CIIIIl'CH .
. PacK:o.naHHhie 11. 51. n Jl. fl. Gre.!\11rnWB>CKHMH 11Vy1p!raHbl <O'I\Ho-
CHTCSJ: K pa3HhIM apxeo.1orntteCKHM nepHo!l.aM • M apxeo.1orttttecKHM
KYJihrypaM OT 3noxn MeJJ,H JI.o rr03Jl.HHX KoqeBHHKOB. CTp111;,ieHHBWaHCH
HMH MeTOJI.HKa pacKonoK JJ,.'IH roro apeMeHH 6bl.1a Tiepe;'loBOH. KypraHbl
'larn.e acero pacKaTibIB3JIHCb IlOtJTH Ha CHOC TIO BCeH n.r1orn.a11.H HaChIIIH rrpH
IlOMOW.H BTIHCaHHoro B OK'PY*HOCTb KypraHa ]{Ba,Upara. CTpH STOM Hepac
KOI1aHHhlMH OCTaBaJI!fCb .'IHlllb He3HattHTe.l!bHble y11aCTKH - TIOJibl KypraHa.
Pe}l{e OHH npHMeHHJIH pacKorrKH np11 noMOlll.ll urnpoKHX Tpamrrefi, nepe
ceKaIOrn.nx Kypratt rro.n. TIPHMhIM yr.10M B BH.ll.e 6yKBhI T HJIH KpecTa. B
JJ,HeBHHKax H. 51. 11 . JI. IT. C:reMnKOBCKHX TmarenhHO OTMeiieHbl oco6eH
HOCTH Hacblneii, pa3Mepb! KypraHOB, o6pHJ:i norpe6eHHH H ~orpe6aJibHblfi
HJrneHTaph 17. B OTAeJihHOH TeTpMH COCT3BJIH.'I3Cb IlOJleBaH OTIHCb Haxo,
JJ,OK c pHCYHKaMH, KOTOpbie IIOMOraIOT H)leHTH4:JHUHpOBaTb MHOrne Ha~o.n:
KH xpainiHW.HeOH IB Ha,croH,lll;ee IB(peM'H 1s X1eip,co1Jic-K·OM 111y·3ee. PHcy1H1KH
no~pe6eHHH, norpe6aJihHhIX coopy}l{eHHH, c;'leJiaHHbie B ,n:HeBHHKax, cxeMa
THtIHhI 6e3 M3CillTa6oB. )1..TIHTe.rrhHble H 3HatIHTe.'IbHbie paCKOilKH KypraHOB
11. 51. 'H Jl. IT. CTeMrrKOBCKll.MH Ha TttpacnoJihIUHHe .u.o cnx rrop rro .n.ocro
nHcrsy He 01.1,eHeHbI B HayKe. )1.HeBHHKH H M3Teptta.'IbI pacKOilOK IIO.rIHO·
CTb!O He 6bIJIH H3;I.aHbl. 06o6rn.eHHbie H HenoJIHhie CBeJJ;eHHH 06 HX pac-
1s F. Martin. Werkstatt,Fund aus der Umgebun~ von Odessa. Verhandlun·
en der Berliner Geselschaft filr Antropologie, Ethnologie und Ur.geschich~e ... - Die
teilage "Zeitschrift fur Ethno\ogie", 1888, c. 144; I. R. Asp el 1 n. Anhqu!tes du
Nord-Agrie.n. Helsinki-Hellsingfors, 1877, c. 83; I. Dech e I et t e. Manuel d arche·c
logie prehi<storique, .antique et gallo•romain, II. Paris, ,4910, s. 1185-186.
J6AH3, 1896, Ng 2, c. 54.,-55 (,[LHeB•Hl!K pacironoK B. H. CTammeBH'l.a xpaHHJICfl B
XepconcKoM My3ee).
11 Aatop nOJJb3•0IBaJrcH KO!flllfHMI! ,1J,HeBH1HKOB H. 51. .I! JI. TI. CTe,M:rrK01icKo11x, xipa•H·ll·
JI(l!XCH B XepconcKOM M•y3ee (e:p1HirrnHa.ribI AHeB'Hl!KOB Ha'XOIAWJ'CH s · a:pxuae JIOHA
AH CCOP).
64 H. T. llepwuwe
Kon.Kax IIMeIOTOI .'IIIlllb B pa6ornx B. 11. f olllKeB1:1qa II I1. B. <Pa6pmu1yc ts.
T. c. nacceK ony6JHIKOB!UibI COCYJJ.bl 1103)lHeTpIInQ.'IbCKoii KYJibTYPbI 19,
a A. I1. MeJIIOKOBoii - norpe6eHIIH CKHcpCKoro BpeMeHH H3 pacKonoK
CTeM:nKOBCKIIX 20• MaTep11aJihI JKe opOH30BOrO BeKa COBeprneHHO 3a6bITbI,
xorn II npe;:i:cTaBJIHIOT 60.1Jbl110H IIHTepec ,ll)UI II3yqeHIIH 3TIOXII 6pOH3hI B
CeBepo-3anall.HOM DpIIqepHoMopbe.
B 1899. r. ~OMeIIJ:IIKOM B. H. 3pJJ.eJIII pacKonaH KypraH c MaTepIIaJia·
Mii KaTaKOM6HoII KYJihTYPhI B c. MocToBOM 21 • B 1888-1889 rr. npocpecco
poM K:aeBcKoro yHnBepcIITeTa <P. 11. KHayepoM 6bIJJII npoBell.eHhI pacKon
KII 2~ypraHoB B lOJKHo:if Beccapa61rn no 6eperaM peK CapaTbI II KoruJib
HHK ; ' .PaCK·OmllH'Hhie HM tKyipraiHbl HMeJIH MHOI'O'IHCJICH;Hhie )lOCbIHKH,
TIOtI'pe6eHIIH H MaTepHaJibI OTH01CHTCH rK pa~3Jl'lf'IHbIM XpOHOJIOfil''IeCimM >nepH
O)laM. MeTOAHKa pacKonoK,. K coJKaJie1m10, 6wia HecoBeprneHHOH. Kypra
Hbf, pacKomrnHhie <P. 11. KHayepoM, npe,n:cTaBJJflIOT 60.'IblllOH IIHTepec · A•1fl
TIOHHMaHIIfl IICTOPHH )laJieKoro npournoro He H3y'IeHHOH paHee TeppHTOpmI
IOJKHOH Beccapa6tta. B XOJJ.e pacKonoK KHay3p npttrneJI K BbIBOAY, ·'ITO·
paCK0'11aHHble IIM KypraHbl He OTHOCflTCfl K O,UHOMY IICTOpH'IeCKOMY nepIIO
;:i:y, a flBJIHIOTCH «MHoronaJKHhIMII», )lOCbIIlaBlliHMHCfl B pa3HOe BpeMfl,
)lpeBm1e norpe6emrn, nochmaHHhre KpacHoH: oxpoi'I, <P. I1. KHayap H
B. B. AHToHOBII'I 01'JIOCHJIH. K caMoM:y ,ll.penHeMy nepHoJJ.y qe.10Be'IeCKoii
HCTOpHH 3TIOXe. «KaMeHHOfO BeKa» 23• Dorpe6eHHfl H MeTaJIJIH'ICCKije
npe,ll.MeThI 3TIOXII. 6pOH3hI OHM cquTaJIII 6oJiee Il03,ll.HHMH, 'IeM 3TO 6bIJIO
IB 1Ae·ii·cr1BHTeJibrHocr.ft !M.areip11aJihI 4>. H. KiHay3;pa TaKJKe ilTOi<ITH. 1He 11cinoJib-
30BaJIHCb B 60.'Iee .Il03J(Hee BpeMfl ,ll.Jlfl xa paKTepHcTHKH 3UOXH TI03,ll.Heii
6poH3hI Cesepo-3anaJJ.Horo DpuqepHOMOpbH. ·
BoJibrnoii BKJiaA B. 113yqeH11e. apxeoJiorH'lecKHX naMHTHHKOB CeBepo-
3ana,ll.Horo DpH'IepHOjIOpbH BHec B. 11. romKeBH'I TaJiaHT.'lHBbIH HCCJie
,rI,OBaTCJib, OCHOBaTe.'lb XepCOHCKoro My3eH, KOTOpbIH B. HaqaJJe xx B .. CTa
HOBHTCH O)lHH,Nl Il3 caMhIX. nporpeCCHBHhIX apxeoJJaruqecKHX yqpeJK,neHHH
Ha rore Poccmi.. MHorue HaxOJJ.KH H3 apxeoJJoruqecKHX pacKonoK B no
BpeMH }l.aJKe c .TeppHTOpHH no,ll.HeCTpOBbH rnona,ll..aIOT He B O,n:eCCKHH Myseii
HJill 3pMHTa)K, a B XepCOHCKHH My3eil. B. 11. r.onIKeBH'I 6bIJI Hay'IHhIM
PYIKOIBOJJ.·HTeJI•eM 1paciK·OIUO!K, IIliP•OiB·OUl.HMbIX H. 5I. H .n. n. CTeMJIIKrOBCKII:\fH;
MaTepHaJihI KoropbI:X TaKJKe 6bI.'IH nepe,llaHhl B XepcoHCKHH Myseif no ero
XOJJ.aTaHCTBY nepe,1I. Apxeo.1ornqecKo:ii KOMHCCHe:ii. B. 11. rornKeBH'I BCIO
CBOIO )KH3Hb co6HpaJI MaTepttaJihI K apxeoJioruqecKOH 'KapTe XepCOHCKOH
ry6epHHH. B" 1903 r. Bbllll .• 'la B CBeT ero KHHra «K.1a,IT,bI lI .upeBHOCTH
18 B. l1. r 0 Ill Ke B H q_ KJia,llbl H llpeBHOCTIH XepOOHCKOH ry6eplIHrH, q. I. XepcoH,
1903; er 0 )!{ e. I1o11pe6eH!lll, Jl.3'!lH1pOBaHHbie .llMY'!!lJ,Ui:lKHMIH MOilleTaM>H. lb pacKOTIOK
H. 51. CTeM1nrKJOBOKoro. BOKK, Ce:Kl.lill apxeo.~or., '!. 4-5, O,neca, 1193:(), c. 104-llrl;
l1. B. <I> a 6 rp H rui y c. Apxeo,1011ttqecKaH Kaprn . JlpHqepHOMOphH YRpa•HHCKoii: CCP. K,
1951; Jiern.rrnCll XeprOOHCKoiro My3ell 1J1909-l.91'1 rr. Xepc<OH, t.914.
19 T. c. n a1c,c e K. ITepHO;il:l!33[.tllll 'lm·HITIIO.~iJ;>CIKHX 1nooeJieHHH. ~ MHA .No 10 M l 950. ' ' . ,.. ' ' - ' ' ' .,
20 ·A. l1. Me JI ro ·K -0 B a. CKHcPCKJHe KypraHhl T1ilipacno.'lblllJl1Hh! (Ho MaTepttaJiaM
l1. 51. H JI. n. CTeMnKOB'CKIHX). - MHA, N'g Jil.5. M., 1962, c. lil4-166.
21 R 11. r 0 Ill Ke B H q, KJia,Qhl H JI.peBrHOiC'flH .. ., c. 87.
2
2 <I>. l1. K •Hays p. 0 Kyi,praHax, pacKJonaHHblx B IO>KHOH Beccapafurn. lIHOHJJ,
KH., 3, ow:. I. K., 1S89, c. 39-419; er o lK e. · BTopaH apxeoJiornqe;cKall pacKonKa OKOJIO
cen,a CapaThl (:> IOMHoli Beccaipa61rn). - lIHOHJI, KH. 4, OT.ll. I. K., tl890, c. 30-41;
er o Me. PacKonKH B AKKepMl:IHCKOM yea,lle Becca•pal"icK0H ry6e!JH:l!ll!. - Tp. XI. AC, T. II.
M., 1902, c. 1:50-·l5t1; OAK aa 1891 r. CB6., 1893, c. 89; OAK aa !1899 r, CB6., 1902,
c. 39--41; JI. C. B e pr. Beocaparnrn. ITr., 19lr8, c. 38-40. .
23 F. I. K n ia u er. Meusenlriche Kno·chen mit roten Flecken aus bes·sarabischen
Grab~rn. ~ Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie. Berlin, 1900, XXXII, c. 315; B. B. A 11 To Ho B JI q.
3aMeqaHHll no. flOB10)];y paioKOfliKH, ncpOH:i.BetJJ,eHHOfi 41. H. KHa,y.9:p()i~1. - 1.IHOH.n, KH. 4,
OT)];. l. K., 1890, C, J5. . .
Ha<taAo usy<teHUH anoxu ::meo11ura u {jpoH3bt e Ceeepo-3anaaHoM llpu<tepH.OMOpbe p5
XepcoucKoii ry6epttHH» 24, ueJiblO Koropo:ii 6hI.'Ia ·nponaraHJJ.a Hc1'01:rn~i:ecKH.X
3HaHHH, 6opb6a npoTHB XllIIJ:Hl:l'ICCKHX pacKOTIOK KypraHOB, CTpe~rne1me
coxpaHHTb apxeo.1ofH'IeCKHe naMflTHHKH u opraHH30BaTb .11x nayquoe H3Y
'IeHHe.
B. H. fOllIKeBHll BnepBhie )laJI KpaTKHH oqepK Hay'IHblX J.iccJie,ll.oBamrii
apxeoJioruqecKHX naMHTHlIKOB a CeBep.HoM DpttqepHoMopbe u. nonbITaJICfl
HaMeTHTb HX HCTOPlI'I'C!CKYIO KJiaccII<ji.H1~a!ll.HIO. )lpe1uneH:mltMH ITTaMHTHHrKa
MH OH cirnTaJJ norpe6eHHfl B KypraHax (B rpy.HTe, HacblnH HJjK.Ha MaTepw
Ke) B CKOp'IeHHOM TIOJlO}{{CHHll Il KOCT51KaMH, OKpaliICHHhlMH oxpoll:.
B. 11. rornKeBH'I He pactI.'ICHHJI Bee 3TH norpe6eHHR Ha pa3..1M'IHhle xpOHO
v'IOflltJ:eCKlle lI.llH '3THO·Ky.'lhTyp1rne rpynnhI, a OTHOCIIJI HX K KHMMeputt
II.aM 25
. Do3roMy a Oil.HY rpynny norpe6eHHH nonaJIH, uanpuMep, norpe6e
HHH u HMHO:ii, .H no3,ll.HeTpHnOJlbCKon (ycaTOBCKo:if) KYJihTyphl, u KaTaKoM6-
Hh!e TIOrpe6eHHH, H horpe6eHllfl TI03)].HCH 6pOH3bl. Do ero MHCHHIO, KllMMe
pHHIJ,hl 6bIJIH KotieBblM Hapo,n:oM, aac.eJIHBIIIHM CeBepHoe HpH'IepHOM()phe
nocrOHHHO c JlpeBHe:iimttx apeMeH. HecMOTp>I Ha ornH6oqHoCTb TaKOro
B3rJJH}l.a, 3aC.'Iyrofl B. J1. roIIIKeB.HtJ:a flBJifleTCH H3Y'ICHHe TanorpacpHH
.upemie:iiiIIHX norpe6eHHii B Kyprattax XepcoHcKofI ry6epHHH, ycTpoiicTBa
MOfllJJbHbIX HacbmeH:, cnocoooB norpe6eHHH, oco6enaocTefi rpyHTOBblX HM,
TeXHHKH pacKafihIBaHHH MOrH.'I H T. A• B. 11. romKCBlI'I o6paTHJl BHHMaHIIe
Ha opHeHTHpOBKY 11. IIOJIOJKeHHe CKe.'leTOB, OKparuHBaHHe (nocblnKa) oxpofi
noKo:iittl:l:KoB, crpeMHJICH ,n:aJKe onpeJJ.eJIHTb pocT JJ.peBHHX «KHMMepHHH» Ha
OCHOBaHHH pa3MepoB KOCTefi norpe6eHHbIX. B. 11. romKeBH'I C'IHTaJI, 'ITO
KH1MM'!:iP'H.Hrrl,bl Sa<HHMaJIH {J16IIIH,PHYIO Te1ppumpHIO or)lyHaH i!I!O Bo.11irH H Ypa
JJa, OT npe)leJJoB. 6hIBmei! KIIeBCKO:ii, KypcKo:H, OpJJOBCKoiI, BopoHe)l),CKofi.
riett3eHcKo:ii H CapaTOBCKOH ry6epHHH JJ.O 4epttoro MopH H CeBepHoroKaB.
Kaea. OciROIBHa151 Maraca 'KHMMe1PIIIHICKlIIX [110f,pe16eHH.H, iIIO MHCHHIO B. 11. rrnu
KeBH'Ia, OTHOCHTCH K XII B. Jl.O H. &., KOr,n:a KlIMMepHHUbI HMel!H TOprOBbie
CBH3H c ,u,peBHHMII rpeKaMlI, OT KOTOpbIX IlOJiyqaJrn H3,ll.eJIHH H3 6pOH3bl H
30,10Ta, a TaKJKe KepaMHKy. Dpe,n:MeTaMH roproB.111 c rpeKa.Mn B. I1. foIJ.I
KeBH'I onrn:6oqno C'IHTaJI ,ll.aJKe pacnHCHhie no3JJ.HeTpHnOJibCKHe (ycaTo,B~
cKIIe) cocyAbI, nai'Ii:LeHirne BO BpeMH pacKonoK 11. 5!. CreMnKoBcKoro B KYP
raHe .N'<? 50 y c. DapKaHbI Ha T11pacnoJibIIJ:HHe 26• )lpeBHei'IIIIue KHMMepHH
cKHe rtorpe6emrn OH OTHOClIJI KO BpeMeHlI, npe,llJUeCTBOBaBII1eMy pa3pyme
HHIO rpeKaMH TpoH, T. e. ,u,aTHpOBaJI Hx 60.'!ee paHHHM BpeMeHeM, 'IeM
XII B: ,n:o H. a. B. 11. rourneBH'I yJKe Tor,n:a nocTaBHJJ Bonpoc o IIpo11cxo)K-
1le11Hn KHMMepHiiUeB, pellIHTb KOTOpblH B 6yJJ.yIII.eM ,rI,OJJJKHa apxeo.'IOf"Hlle
CKafl HayKa.
06oe,n:HHCHHe BCex ,UOCKH<jlCKH~ naMHTHHKOB II OTHeceHHe HX K KHM~
MepHHCKHM 6btJIO c.11a6o:ii CTOpOHOH BO B3f.'Ifl}l.aX B. 11. f OmKeBH'Ia, O,IT,HaKO
B uaqa.'Ie xx B. He TOJibKO OH no.'lb30Ba.rICH TaKOH TepMHH0.10rue:ii. 3a He
CKOJlbKO Jie,r )IO Bbrxoµ:a B cset KHHru B •. H. f oIIIKeBH'Ia A, A. CnHuhIH
OJJ.HHM H3 nepBbIX 'UbITaJJCfl KJJaCCH<jlHuHpOBaTb norpe6eHHfl co CKopqeiIHbl·
MH KocrnKaMH; B TOM 'IHc.1e 11 Ha TeppHTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.u.Horo Dpttqep~
HOMOpbR 27• 3Ta K.11accHqrnKauHR He TIOJIY'IHJia IlIHpOKoro npH3HaHHH, pK
KaK B OCHOBY ee 6hl<1fl noJJO}{{CHbI HeMHOfOLIHCJieHHhle, HHQr}l.a BTOpocre-
24 B. H. r 0 111 Ke B H q, KJia,llbl H ,npe:ilHOCTH . XepcoHCKOH ry6epHHH, Kl!. k XepcoH,
1903.
'25 Ta M /1< e, c. 92~157.
26 B. H. r 0 ill Ke B H ti. YKaa. CO<!., c. 155.
27 A. A. Cn Hu hi H. Kypra'H<hI c o~parueHHhI:J\m .KOCT~1Ka/MIR. - 3PAO, r. XI, Bh!IT. 1
H 2 (TpyJI.bl OT,IJ,eJieHHH. c.'laBflllCKoft H pyccKoli apxeoJIOrHH, K.H. 4}. Cil6., 1899.
5-1927
H. T. l/epH.1ucoe
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C1KHH MaTepHaJi Hr3 ey·pra1HOB 1H(} npy.rnnaM, 1KOT·01pble ·OI003'Haqa.,1 HiMBH8·MH
HCTOpHtieCKH H3BeCTHbIX HapOJlOB (KHMMepHHU.eB, CKmpoB, capMaTOB; CJia
!BIHH, T8Ta1p) 28
, OTlf<OCHJI IBCe naM1HTHHIKH 13ITICIXH, ITT1p~rnecroMJ1Ba1Bmeii UOiHIB
JieHHIO CKHC}>OB, K OJlHOMY «,ll,OHCTOpHqecKOMY» nepHOJlY KHMMepHHCKO
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,Z1,eil:, 0 KypraHaX KOTOpbtX B ycrhe )lHecrpa .nHCaJI fepO,ll,OT. )l,'IH 3TOfO On
o6c.rie,Z1,0BaJI f'.le.peira )lH1ecrpOBiCKOro JirHMaHa H paCK'OIIa.'I IHreCOOJ"'1bKO Kyp
raHOB IO'llrnee AKKepMaHa (Illa6mrar, 1\aropm:n H Jlp.), B KoropbIX 6bl.'IH
o6Hapy:meHhI noa,ll,HerpnnoJihCKHe, HMHbie, norpe6eHHH noa,ll,Heii 6poH3bl
H capMaTCKOH 3Il0XH 29•
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qepHOMOpbe B .ffaqaJie XX B. Ha11a.11 npoBOJlHTh 3. P. lllrepH, ,ll,OJiroe Bpe·
MH BoarnaB.'IHBIDHH 0JleCtKHii apxeoJiornqecKHH My3eii. Xorn 3. p, lllrepH,
ljlnJionor-KJiaccHK no o6pa30BaHH!O, 3aHHMaJICH npettMyru;ecrBeHHO aHrHq
HOH GtcropiHeii n <(IK"'1aiCicH'ieC1KHMM J1.ipeBHOCT•HM1H», ero 1pa6orhI, nocBHru;eH
Hble BopoJlHHCKoMy KJia,uy, HMeJIH aHaqem~e H ,ll,JIH H3y'ieHHH 6poU3oBoro
BeKa 30, 3. P. lllrepH c•mraJI MarepHaJibI Bopo,ll,HHCKoro KJia,z:r,a npoHBJie
HHeM npHMhIX casi:3efi Ceaepo-3anaJlttoro TipttqepHOMOpbH c Tpoeii H MH
KeHaMH. HeKoropbie npe,ll,MeTbl BopOJlHHCKoro KJia,ll,a OH CBH3bIBaJI no npo
HCXO>KJlemuo c reppHropmIMH BeHrpHH H 1\aBKa3a. OTKphlrne Bopo,ll,HH•
CKOro K.'la,ll,a HMeJIO 60JibIDOe 3HatieHHe Jl.'IH pernemrn npo6JieM HCTOpmI
3noxH 6p6Hahl Ceaepo-3anaJlHoro TipH'iepHoMopbH. 3Ta aaMeqaTeJibHaH
1-1axo;1J,Ka Bhl3bIBaer.orpoMHhlii HHTepec H ceii11ac 31 .
.B 1910-1911 rr. HeMeU.KHM apxeonoroM M. 36eproM 6h!JIH npoBe,ll,e
HbI pac1wnKH KypraHOB B OKpecTHOCTHX ce.TI Am1rnroJI, TieryxoBKa H x. Ma
PH!JJ.b!;HO a2. B BiOCh'M'H Ky,pratHax, ipaC'K!OlllaHIIbIX y x. Ma:p1H!IJ.bIIHIO (coBpeMeH
Hoe HaaBaHHe OcTpOBKa), o6Hapy*eHbl norpe6eHH.R HMHOH KYJihT}'pb1 H
3n'.OXH cpe,ll,Heii H noa,ll,Heii 6poH3ht; HeKOTOpbre M. 36epT paa,IJ,emm t:J:HCTO
q,opMaJibHO Ha qeTblpe rpynnhI 33. HaXOJlKH H3 KypranoB 6bIJIH BbIBe3eHbl
B fepMaHH!O.
28 JI,. 51'. C a Mo KB a co B. OcH0Ba•Hlu1 xpoHoJiornqecKoi'l KJiaccmjmKaUHH :11 KaTaJior
KOJIJI.eKu:11it ApeBHOCTeii:. Baprna•Ba, 1892,. c. I-VIII; er o iK e. OcHoBailHH xpoHo.wrn·
11ecKoro pacrrpe)l.eJiemrn: &THorpaqmqecKHX MaTep:11a.110B, OTKpb!Tb!X B IO:HCnoii. H ll.eHTpa.11b·
noii Poccmi. TpyAbl MocKOBCKoro apxeo,wrnqecKoro cuea.na, T. II. M., 1895; er o :HCe.
MornJJhl pyccKol\ aeM.11:11. M., 1908. ·
29 JI.. 5L C aM o KB a co B. Morn.%1 pyCcKoii: 3eMJI.H, c. 20-21.
ilO a. P. IIlTepH·. 5QpQ:,1J,1!1HCJ{lHH KJl<l,/l. ·~MAP, 34. ITr., 1914, c. 1-14.
31 A. A. . c ·ITH u bl cH. Bop.WJ::HHICJQHH IKJ!a,;J,. C6. CTaTeH ·B qecTb rp. :Vsa,pOBO.ii.
M., 1916, .c. 108; 0. A. K!PHIBll.OBa-Tpa1K01Ba. Beccapa6mrnii KJJaJI.. M., '1949;
H. 71. M e1P ".1 e p T. Opy6Ha51 iK.YJibTYP~ IO:lKHOii 4yBaunrn. - JvU1A, N~ l lil. M., 1962,
c. 16; .M. G 1 m but.as .. Borodmo._ Se1.rna and their Contemporaries. - PPS, v. XXIJ.
Cambnd.ge, 1957, c. 143; T. Su J 1 ml rs k i. Barrow 6 at Komarow. ~ Bulletin of
the Institute of Archeology, v. 4. London, 1964; B. A. C ai<fi.poHoB. JlarnpoB'l<a Bopo
JtHHCKoro 1KJ1a;i,a.. ITipo(iJieMbl aipxeMOrHH, 1BbLri. 1. Jl., 1968, c. 75.....;128; B. C. B 0 q Ka
pe B. Hpo()JieMbI BoiPOAHHCKoro K.rta.n:a. - Hpo6JieMbl apxeOJiorHH, IBhllll. 11. JJ., ·1968,
c. 129---<154;. E. H. 4 e pH bl x. Pe.3yJibT:aTbl 1Heyqeum1 XHiMH'!OOKoro cocraaa MeTaJIJia
Beoca;pa6cKoro IKlllaJJ;a, CA, J965, ·N2 :I, c. 270-272. .
32
M. Eb er t. Ausgrabungen auf dem Gute Maritzirr. - Prahistorische Zeitschrift
Bd. III, H. 3/4. Leipzig, 1911; er o :lK e. Si.idrussland im Altertum Bonn -.Leipzig'
1921. . '
33 M. Ebert. Reallexikon .der Vorgeschichte. Berlin, 1924; A. A. Ctll HI.I, bl H. Kyp-
r~m,i oi:H~o11Hiaxapeii. - HAK, IBbln. 65; !1918, c. 93; D. Rau. Die Gruber der fri.ihen ·
Eisenze1t m uneren Volgagebieten. Pokrovsk, 1929.
Halla.Ao usy'le11uJ1. snoxu s11e0Aura u 6pouaoi e Ceeepo-3ana8110M flpu<1epu0Mopbe 6,7
B 1912-1913 rr. Ha oKpaHHe r. 0,IJ,eccbI M. <I>. llIKaJlblllleKHA. B. )lo6-
poBO.'lhCKHii no nopyqeHH!O OJI.eccKoro o6ru;ecTBa HCTOPHH H ,z:r,peBHocreii
npOH3BeJIH oxpaHHble p.aCKOilKH IIOJiypa3pyrneHHOro KypraHa Ha TeppHrO·
PHH 60.11bHHU.hI (CJI060,z:r,Ka-P0Ma!fo13Ka) 34. A. B. )loopoBoJihCKHil:, Koropb1li
Ha'IHHaJI B TO BpeMH CBOIO HayqHO-HCCJie)l.OBaTeJibCKY!O ,lleHTeJihHOCTb, no.n
I"OTOB,HJI ,}I!OCTaroqHo KBa.'Ili'iPJi'U.Hp10Ba11rny10 ,ll,.TJ:H :roro BpeMeH!H ny16JI'HKall/H•lO
MaTepHaJIOB pacKonoK 35,
,3rH pacKOnKH npe,ll,CTaB.'IHIOT orpoMHbIH :irnrepec, IlOCKOJibKY KypraH
HMeer BaiKHOe 3HaqeHHe JJ.JIH xpoHO.TJ:OfHH H rrepHO,ll,H3aUHH anqXH Me,ll,H -
6poH3hI 'cTenHOH qacTH CeBepo-3ana,IJ,Horo TipH11epHOMOpbH. B KypraHe
o6Jiapym:eHbI rrorpe6enurn TIOOJl1HeT,pH:no.n1><)Ko.H, HMHOH, :K,ara.koM6Uoii M: c·py6-
HOH KYJibTYP· ' .
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cKoro H nocBHTHJI cneu.HaJibHYJO crarhJO pa36opy norpe6eHHH · O.tr.eccKoro
KypraHa, npHB.'leKaH Jl,'IH 3Toro aHaJIOfHqHhle MarepHaJibI H3 paCKOITOK Kyp
raHOB B BaxMyTCKOM H lfa!OMCKOM yea,ll,ax 36• 0.H paa,ll,eJIHJI norpe6eHHH M3
0,IJ,ecCKoro KypraHa Ha 11erb1pe rpynm:>t, BhIJl.eJIHB HMHhle, rpynny Kara
koM6Hblx, Hru;HqHbJX H, naKoHeu., norpe6eHHH B Hacblnsi:x. MarepHaJibI no
rpe6eHHn 0,ll,eCcKoro KypraHa noMorJJH B. A. fopO.llU.OBy co3,ll,aTb «KypraH
nyJO» CXeMy nepHO,ll,H3al.l,H.H naMHTHHKOB 3Il0XH 6pOH3bI B crenHOH qacrn
CeaepHoro Tiptt11epHOMOpbH H TipHa30BbH 37• Bra cxeMa ,IJ,eJiemrn: nepuo,ll,a
3nOXH 6pOH3bl H. JlO HaIIIHX Jl.HeH .Han6oJiee npH3HaHa cpe,ll,H apxeoJIOfOB,
KOTOpble, KaK npaBHJIO, norpe6eHHH . .B Kyprauax OTHOCHT K HMHOH, KaTa
KOM.6HOH HJIH cpy6Hofi KYJibTypaM. C.11e,Z1,yeT orMeTHTh, 'IJTO B. A. ·fopo,ll,·
II.OB CBO!O cxeMy He pacnpocTpaHHJI Ha BC!O reppHTOpH!O crenHOH 30Hbl.
TaK, pa3,ll,eJieHHe norpe6eHHH 0.lleccKoro KypraHa y Hero KOHKpeTH3Hpo
BaHo H OTJIHq.aercH OT cxeMbI pa3,ll,eJieHHH norpe6eHHH )l.OHeUKHX KypraHOB.
)lJJH 0JJ.«Cimro 1Ky1puna OH y1rroTip1e6JIHeT T·ePM•HJI ne «cpy6Hble norpe6e
HHH», a «norpe6eHHH B Hill;HKaX». DOJibIIIOH aac.11yroii B .. A. ropo.z:r.uoaa
HBJ1HeTCH TO, llTO OH paapa6oraJI a6COJIIOTHY!O xpOHOJIOrH!O naMHTHHKOB
snOXH 6pOH3bl, KOTOpaH B OCHOBHOM coxpaHHeTCH H ceiiqac. HM .iKe 6bIJI
nocraBJieH Bonpoc o MarepHa.TihHOH KYJibType KHMMepuiiu.eB, K Koropoii
QH OTiHeC HeKOTI01pb1·e 1iHilbl IH.3JJ1e..'IHH U3 opOJl3bI, 1()161HapyiKelHIHbIX B crenH!(}H
qacrH· CeBeip1Horo Hp1tt·qeip•HOMOJ>bH 38• B 1Hacromu.ee Bpe:MH a-nH rn1nb1 6poH-
30Bblx H3,ll,e.'IHH CBH3blBa!OTCH c ca6aTHHOBCKHMH H 6eJI03epCKHMH n.aMHT·
HHKaMH B CeaepHOM TipHqepHOMOpbe.
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qecKHe Haxo,ll,KH snoxH 6poHahl Ha reppttropttH BocroqHoii EaponbI 6ptJIH
34 n. K. T p e T b 51 K 0 B. 0CTaTKH qeJIOBeqecKHX cKeJieTOB H3 Kypr&Ha Ha CJiot5o.D;Ke·
PoMaH'OBKe B Oitecce. 30011,ll, T. XXXII. 0.necca, ,J.!.J;J5, c. ZS<-40; M. <l>. Ill Ka :ri. hi·
III e K. fforpe6eHHlI .irn1Mennoro IBf·Ka B 0.ll.ecce. 30011,ll, T. XXXII. OJJ,ecca., 1915, c .. 3-9.
M. <l>. IlIKa.ll.billleK oxapaKTepH30BaJI KypraH, KaK <HeKporro.'Ib HJIH ropo.ll.m.ue, a rrorpet5eHHe
OTHec K srroxe rraJieoJimra HJIH HeoJIHTa. •
35 A. B. n {) 6 p 10 B 0 JI h c iK .H ii. PaCKOJIKH Ky.prana IB flp€:.[\'MecTbe 0.1J.ecChl-CJio6M-
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36 B. A. r 0 p 0 ,ll, u 0 B. K..11accH<fiHKaUH5! norpeoeHHff OJJ;ecc1wro KypraHa. _,. 0Tqer
HcTOpHqecKoro My3eH B MocKBe 3a 1915 r. M., 19'1<7, c. l17-'14Q. .
37 B. A. f·op oJJl'l.l,OB. PesyJJ'b'l1BThI apxeOJIOCHIJeCKHX HCCJie,uiaaaHH:ii B U310IMICK·OM
yes,ll,e XapbKOBC.'KOii ry6epHHH B 1901 r. - Tpyithl XII AC, T. I, M., 1907; er o iK e.
Pe3yJibTBThl apxeoJiornqecKHx Hcc.11eitoBaHHli B BaxMyrcKOM ye3.ll.e EKaTepH'1IOCJiaBCKOH
ry6epHHH B 1903 r. - Tpy,il.hl XIII AC, T. I. M., 1907; e.r 0 iK e. I(yJihTypbl. opOH30BOR
anox~ B Cpe.ll.tteii PocCHH. - 0TqeT HcTopHqecKoro MyseH B MocKBe sa 1914 r .• M., 1918.
B. A. r 0 p 0 ,ll, u 0 B.. I< BOrrpocy 0 KHMMepHiiCKOH Ky.'lhType. '.""" Tpy.D;bt ceKll.HH
apxeoJiorRH PAHHOH, r. II. M., 1928. . ·
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c.1e,noBaHHH ,npeBHero noceJieHHH. TaKoe JKe Tio.110JKem1e xapaKTepHo u .UJIH
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JIHH, cocy.n.oB H T . .IT.. B3HThie B OT;ll.eJibHOCTH npu3HaKrt roro u.11n HHoro
xpouonorwiecE:oro nepHo.n.a uJiu KYJihTYPhl no Mepe HaKOTIJieHHH 3HaHHft
rrpHXO.IT.HJIH B npOTHBopeque c COBOKynHOCTbIO .IT.pytHX a pxeoJiornqecKHX
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JieHlrn OTHOCUJICH K ·acrroxe 6poH3hI 45• B 1926-1940 rr. pacKonKII noceJie
HHH H MOru.'IbHHK.a npo,nomKaJIHCh rro.n. pyKOBO.IT.CTBOM M. <I>. BoJJTeHKo H
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39 A. M. T a I I gr e n. YKa3 coq
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42 H. T. 4 e pH ll Ko ·a. Ha 11cropHiH tlpOH30JrnrefiHoro npoaa0Q.llcTBa ..•
43 A. M. Ta 11 gr en .. Yirns. CO'l., c. 51, ip11c. 84.
44 M: <I>. Bo JI Te HK O; PacKO!lKH :YcaTOBCKo-Bo,1b1IIeKyRJibHHll;KOro noh:l! KYJibTYP·
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45 M. ·<I>. Bo.'! Te HK o. Crpa<rnrpaqmH H xponoJJorHll Bo.1hlllOro KyRJibHHKa. .:...,.
MACIT, r. L 0,!1,ecca, 1957, c. 24-30.
46 T a M iK e, c. 26.
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47 H. B. · <I> a 6 pH u 11 y c. j\pxeoJiomTiecKal! Ka pr a CTpH'IepraoMopbl! YCCP, !lbll!. 1.
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49 M. <I>. 5 o JJ re ,n Ko. Apxeo.~ornqecKHe pacKOTIKH ua aa.n&'l.HOM 6epery Be!JesaH
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51 M. <I>. E o JJJ re HK o. ,lloopeqec1Kai! O.%i>Hll-UeH·T1p 1Ka-71vmnHJI.OB. · ~ Apxllil;I' OAM.
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53 <I>. A. Ko a y 6 o B. c b K 11 Ii. ApxeoJ!orL'lHi ,!l,oc:Ii)l,2KeHH5! Ha repmropii Borecy
1930--<1932 pp. K.1 1933.
54 A. B. ,ll o 6 p o B o JJ b c b K ,11 Ii. nepllie . Caoa-rnlHiBCbKe noceneHHSI. An, r. IV.
K, 1952, C, 7&--:88. '
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