An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete
Dynamic split tensile tests of reinforced concrete were carried out using the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental technique to determine the failure modes of reinforced concrete at different strain rates, and the effect of reinforcement ratio and reinforcement layouts on the dynamic performanc...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
2016
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irk-123456789-1734192020-12-04T01:26:35Z An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete Zhao, Z. Jing, L. Pei, Q. Ma, H.W. Wang, Z.H. Научно-технический раздел Dynamic split tensile tests of reinforced concrete were carried out using the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental technique to determine the failure modes of reinforced concrete at different strain rates, and the effect of reinforcement ratio and reinforcement layouts on the dynamic performance. The specimens with nine reinforcement ratios were used in the tests. Experimental results show that the tensile strength of reinforced concrete exhibits a critical strain rate, beyond which larger increases in dynamic strength of specimens occur. The dynamic split tension strength of reinforced concrete is demonstrated to be greater than the plain concrete with the same strength grade over the range of tested strain rate. The results also indicate that the dynamic split tension strength of specimens enhances with the increase of reinforcement ratio. These findings are instrumental to guide the structural design of reinforced concrete in engineering constructions. 2016 Article An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete / Z. Zhao, L. Jing, Q. Pei, H.W. Ma, Z.H. Wang // Проблемы прочности. — 2016. — № 1. — С. 75-81. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. 0556-171X http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/173419 539.4 en Проблемы прочности Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Zhao, Z. Jing, L. Pei, Q. Ma, H.W. Wang, Z.H. An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete Проблемы прочности |
| description |
Dynamic split tensile tests of reinforced concrete were carried out using the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental technique to determine the failure modes of reinforced concrete at different strain rates, and the effect of reinforcement ratio and reinforcement layouts on the dynamic performance. The specimens with nine reinforcement ratios were used in the tests. Experimental results show that the tensile strength of reinforced concrete exhibits a critical strain rate, beyond which larger increases in dynamic strength of specimens occur. The dynamic split tension strength of reinforced concrete is demonstrated to be greater than the plain concrete with the same strength grade over the range of tested strain rate. The results also indicate that the dynamic split tension strength of specimens enhances with the increase of reinforcement ratio. These findings are instrumental to guide the structural design of reinforced concrete in engineering constructions. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Zhao, Z. Jing, L. Pei, Q. Ma, H.W. Wang, Z.H. |
| author_facet |
Zhao, Z. Jing, L. Pei, Q. Ma, H.W. Wang, Z.H. |
| author_sort |
Zhao, Z. |
| title |
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete |
| title_short |
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete |
| title_full |
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete |
| title_fullStr |
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete |
| title_full_unstemmed |
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete |
| title_sort |
experimental study of the dynamic split tension properties of reinforced concrete |
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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2016 |
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Научно-технический раздел |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/173419 |
| citation_txt |
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced Concrete / Z. Zhao, L. Jing, Q. Pei, H.W. Ma, Z.H. Wang // Проблемы прочности. — 2016. — № 1. — С. 75-81. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
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Проблемы прочности |
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UDC 539.4
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
Z. Zhao,
a
L. Jing,
b
Q. Pei,
a
H. W. Ma,
c
and Z. H. Wang
d,1
a Yuncheng Polytechnic College, Yun Cheng, Shan Xi, China
b State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
c College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
d Institute of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology,
Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
1 wangzh@tyut.edu.cn
Dynamic split tensile tests of reinforced concrete were carried out using the split Hopkinson pressure
bar experimental technique to determine the failure modes of reinforced concrete at different strain
rates, and the effect of reinforcement ratio and reinforcement layouts on the dynamic performance.
The specimens with nine reinforcement ratios were used in the tests. Experimental results show that
the tensile strength of reinforced concrete exhibits a critical strain rate, beyond which larger
increases in dynamic strength of specimens occur. The dynamic split tension strength of reinforced
concrete is demonstrated to be greater than the plain concrete with the same strength grade over the
range of tested strain rate. The results also indicate that the dynamic split tension strength of
specimens enhances with the increase of reinforcement ratio. These findings are instrumental to
guide the structural design of reinforced concrete in engineering constructions.
Keywords: reinforced concrete, dynamic splitting tension, the split Hopkinson pressure bar,
reinforcement ratio.
Introduction. Reinforced concrete has wide applications in structural engineering of
military and civilian applications, due to its unique advantages including high compressive
strength and simple processing. However, its relatively lower tensile strength and fragile
character are major weaknesses for application. Rebar, as an auxiliary material, can partly
improve the strength and bearing the capacity of concrete. Besides the basic load behavior,
dynamic loading, including blast and shock loads, are currently a hot research topic [1].
Recently, investigations have focused on compressive performance [2–4]. There are
scarce data on the dynamic tensile properties of the reinforced concrete. The split
Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique was used to perform the direct tensile testing
[5], while the split tensile test [6–8], and the compressive test [9–12] were used to
determine the mechanical properties of the concrete cylinder. The experimental results
show that under the tensile tests, the strain rates of the reinforced concrete vary from 0.1 to
20 s�1; and the dynamic enhancement factor is 6.47 under the strain rate of 17.8 s�1.
Antoun [13] also determines the splitting tensile properties, the corresponding range of the
strain rate is from 5 10 7
�
� to 70 s�1, using the SHPB; and the experimental results reveal
4.8 is the corresponding dynamic enhancement factor of the reinforced concrete. In [14,
15], perform the dynamical tensile test under the strain rates from 1 10 5
�
� to 2 10 2
�
� s�1,
and the corresponding results show the tensile strength of concrete is increasingly
reinforced with the strain rate.
In this study, the dynamic split tensile properties of the reinforced concrete were
investigated experimentally using the variable cross-sectional straight taper SHPB apparatus.
The relationships between the strain rate and the tensile strength of the reinforced concrete,
and the effects of strain rate on the failure mode of specimens are analyzed. How the
© Z. ZHAO, L. JING, Q. PEI, H. W. MA, Z. H. WANG, 2016
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 1 75
dynamical properties of the reinforced concrete are influenced by the reinforcement ratio
and the reinforcement method is also discussed.
1. Materials and Methods.
1.1. Specimens. Concrete/reinforced concrete materials were selected as the specimens.
Cloth muscle was used by the circumference reinforcement and the axial reinforcement two
methods. Heights of the internal and the external longitudinal reinforcements equal to 60 mm,
whereas outer and inner stirrup diameters are 60 and 30 mm, respectively. Nine
reinforcement ratios were used, i.e., 0, 0.998, 1.374, 1.621, 1.749, 1.996, 2.372, 2.619, and
2.995%. The reinforced concrete specimens were simply numbered by Rabc . Here R
denotes that the base material is concrete, a is the number of the stirrups, b is the number
of longitudinal bars, and c is the serial number of the specimen. For example, R692 means
that this reinforced concrete specimen is the second specimen with six stirrups and nine
longitudinal bars. The concrete specimens were numbered by the alphabet of c.
1.2. Experimental Protocol. The static experiment was performed to determine the
tensile strength of specimens using a servo-hydraulic test machine, and the test was
terminated when the load achieved to 100 kN. The mean values of the tensile strength of
the concrete and the reinforced concrete are 3.86 and 7.96 MPa, respectively.
The dynamic split tensile experiment was performed using the device of SHPB (Fig. 1).
The diameter and the length of the SHPB used here are 74 and 800 mm, respectively. In the
experiment, trip rod strikes the incident bar and then produces the compression stress wave,
whose amplitude is dependent on the impact velocity and the wave impedance. This acting
time is dependent on the length of the trip rod and the wave velocity. Adjusting the air
pressure of the pistol, the different impact velocities were obtained and then the different
strain rates were obtained. To get a more accurate data, the semiconductor gauge was used
in this experiment. The corresponding incident, reflect, and transmission waves of the stress
pulse of a specimen are shown in Fig. 2.
Z. Zhao, L. Jing, Q. Pei, et al.
76 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 1
Fig. 1. The SHPB device scheme.
Fig. 2. Data trace from the SHPB dynamic split tension test.
1.3. Analysis Method. The specimens were produced as the additional strap test
specification of American Society for Testing and Materials. The additional strap can
effectively reduce the stress concentration of the specimen. The tensile strength is defined
as
f P LDtd � 2 � , (1)
where
P R T� � �
2 , (2)
where P is the maximum load measured through the test, L and D are the length and the
diameter of the specimen, respectively, R is the SHPB diameter, and �T is the peak stress
of the output bar.
The stress rate and the strain rate are respectively defined as
� ,� �� ftd (3)
� � ,� �� E (4)
where � is the rising time of the transmission wave and E is the Young modulus of the
reinforced concrete specimen.
In this paper, the dynamic increase factor (DIF), which is defined as Eq. (5), is used to
describe the enhancement effect of the concrete or reinforced concrete,
DIF f ftd ts� , (5)
where ftd is the dynamic tensile strength and fts is the quasistatic tensile strength.
2. Results and Discussion.
2.1. Strain Rate Effect. The corresponding experimental results of the dynamic
splitting tensile tests are summarized in Table 1. The results as shown in Table 1 reveal that
the strain rate effect is obvious in the specimens with different reinforcement ratios, i.e., the
dynamic split tensile strength of concrete/ reinforced concrete is increasingly improved
with the strain rate. The possible reason is the microcracks, which largely exist in the inner
of the concrete/ reinforced concrete. Under the action of the external loads, crack in the
inner core of the concrete/ reinforced concrete gradually evolves to damage. The shock
load, in case of higher strain rates, acts during a short time period for a crack to bypass the
aggregate and to extend in the weaker direction, and then the damage of the aggregate
happens. This phenomenon can also be observed in the rupture surfaces of the specimens.
The relationship between the DIF and the strain rate, as shown in Fig. 3, reveals that
the reinforced concrete has some effects of the strain rate under the dynamic loads. The DIF
is correlated with the strain rate; its growth factor is approximately linear with the strain
rate and the corresponding slope is nearly two. When the strain rate exceeds a certain value,
which is defined as the critical strain rate, the tensile strength will sharply rise. In this
paper, the fitted curve reveals this critical value is ~ 2 1s� . Also, the experimental data are
discrete due to the defects of materials, e.g., the inhomogeneity and the microcrack. The
concrete/reinforced concrete are brittle materials. Prior to loading, the variation of the
mortar volume happens due to the cement hydration induces the chemical and physical
shrinkages. This is the reason for the disorder cracks appearing on the surface between the
coarse aggregate and the mortar. Under the external loads, the stress concentration early
happens in the crack defect and then the microcrack propagates across the specimen until
the specimen damages.
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties ...
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 1 77
2.2. Reinforcement Ratio Effect. The failure mode and the quantitative experimental
results were used to analyze how the reinforcement ratio influences the tensile strength of
the reinforced concrete. Under the same strain rate, the concrete specimens completely
break into two segments; while the reinforced concrete specimens crack rather than break
due to the dynamic loads being counteracted by the reinforcements. The damage degree is
gradually weakened with the reinforcement ratio (Fig. 4).
78 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 1
T a b l e 1
Collection of Experimental Data
Spec. ftd ,
MPa
Stress rate
(GPa/s)
Strain rates
(s–1)
DIF Reinforced
concrete DIF
C3 4.38 31.79 1.33 1.13 1.00
C9 5.87 64.53 2.08 1.52 1.00
R23 8.35 96.55 1.87 1.05 1.62
R23 10.97 68.76 1.33 1.38 2.14
R26 9.48 80.02 1.99 1.19 1.85
R26 12.16 113.62 2.82 1.53 2.37
R29 11.78 106.58 2.78 1.48 2.30
R29 13.80 166.21 4.33 1.73 2.69
R43 10.90 113.34 2.88 1.38 2.14
R43 13.75 150.25 3.82 1.73 2.68
R46 12.74 126.12 3.71 1.60 2.48
R46 13.00 68.95 4.81 1.63 2.53
R49 14.56 168.23 3.88 1.83 2.84
R49 15.28 252.58 5.83 1.92 2.98
R66 12.26 139.35 3.61 1.54 2.39
R69 9.32 97.63 1.76 1.17 1.82
Fig. 3. Strain rate effects on the DIF of concrete.
Z. Zhao, L. Jing, Q. Pei, et al.
Different reinforcements have different influences on the tensile strength of the
reinforced concrete. As the images shown in Fig. 5 at v� 9 m/s, the cooperation between
stirrups and longitudinal bars directly influences the failure mode of the reinforced
concrete. Setting the same number of the longitudinal bars, the specimen with two stirrups
damages like that the concrete completely breaks from the center and the reinforcement
does not break; while the specimen with four stirrups and six stirrups slightly crack rather
than break. Therefore, the dynamical tensile strength of the reinforced concrete can be
effectively reinforced by selecting the advisable cooperation between stirrups and
longitudinal bars.
In order to quantitatively analyze how the reinforcement ratio influences the tensile
strength of the reinforced concrete, the reinforced factor K , which is defined as the ratio
between the dynamic tensile strengths of the reinforced concrete and the concrete, i.e.,
Eq. (6), is introduced to demonstrate the enhancement effect (Fig. 6),
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 1 79
Fig. 4. Reinforcement ratio effects on failure pattern.
Fig. 5. Reinforcement form effects on concrete failure pattern.
Fig. 6. Effect of strain rate on the reinforcement factor of concrete.
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties ...
K f ftr tc� , (6)
where ftr and ftc are the dynamic tensile strength of the reinforced concrete and the
concrete, respectively.
The results shown in Fig. 6 reveal that the tensile strength of the reinforced concrete
obviously stronger than that of the concrete. Under the same strain rate, the value of K
increasingly grows with the reinforcement ratio. The corresponding reason is that rebar can
effectively prevent the propagation of the crack and delay the damage time, and then
reinforce the tensile strength.
Conclusions. In this study, the dynamic splitting tensile tests were performed on the
nine different reinforcements to determine the tensile strength of the concrete/reinforced
concrete. The corresponding experimental results reveal that the dynamic tensile strength of
the reinforced concrete increasingly reinforces with the strain rate, and that will sharply
reinforce after the strain rate beyond the critical value. Implanting rebar can effectively
prevent the propagation of the crack and delay the damage time, and then availably
reinforce the tensile strength of the reinforced concrete. Different reinforcements have
different influences on the damage modes of specimens. Under the same strain rate, the
damaged condition of specimens depends on the number of the stirrups. More stirrups can
provide a better protection of the specimen.
Acknowledgments. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support provided
by the China National Natural Science Funding (Grant No. 11390362) and opening foundation
for State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology (Grant No. 33810005).
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80 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 1
Z. Zhao, L. Jing, Q. Pei, et al.
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Received 03. 08. 2015
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 1 81
An Experimental Study of the Dynamic Split Tension Properties ...
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/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|