Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite
Алюминиевые гибридные композиты Al+5%TiO₂, Al+5%TiO₂+2%Gr и Al+5%TiO₂+4%Gr из измельченных на грануляторе порошков синтезированы методом порошковой металлургии. Исследования методами сканирующей электронной микроскопии и энергодисперсионной рентгеновской спектроскопии показали, что упрочняющие добав...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
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irk-123456789-1734832020-12-06T01:26:29Z Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite Ravichandran, M. Anandakrishnan, V. Научно-технический раздел Алюминиевые гибридные композиты Al+5%TiO₂, Al+5%TiO₂+2%Gr и Al+5%TiO₂+4%Gr из измельченных на грануляторе порошков синтезированы методом порошковой металлургии. Исследования методами сканирующей электронной микроскопии и энергодисперсионной рентгеновской спектроскопии показали, что упрочняющие добавки по объему образцов распределяются равномерно. Испытания на горячую осадку образцов, нагретых до 450°C, проведены с подробным изучением характеристик уплотнения и деформирования путем корреляции истинного осевого напряжения с истинной осевой деформацией, продольной деформацией и теоретической плотностью. Показано, что генерируемые в процессе горячей осадки напряжения увеличиваются при добавке графита в композит Al TiO₂ и диоксида титана в Al без упрочняющих добавок. Выполнен анализ микроструктуры образцов после горячей осадки. Алюмінієві гібридні композити Al+5%TiO₂, Al+5%TiO₂+2%Gr й Al+5%TiO₂+4%Gr із подрібнених на грануляторі порошків синтезовані методом порошкової металургії. Дослідження методами сканувальної електронної мікроскопії та енергодисперсійної рентгенівської спектроскопії показали, що зміцнювальні домішки по об єму зразка розподіляються рівномірно. Випробування на гарячу осадку нагрітих до 450°С зразків проведено з детальним вивченням характеристик ущільнення і деформування шляхом кореляції істинного осьового напруження з істинною осьовою деформацією, поздовжньою деформацією і теоретичною щільністю. Показано, що генеруючі в процесі гарячої осадки напруження збільшуються при додатку графіту в композит Al TiO₂ і диоксиду титану в Al без зміцнювальних домішок. Виконано аналіз мікроструктури зразка після гарячої осадки. 2016 Article Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite / M. Ravichandran, V. Anandakrishnan // Проблемы прочности. — 2016. — № 3. — С. 135-146. — Бібліогр.: 32 назв. — англ. 0556-171X http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/173483 539.4 en Проблемы прочности Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Ravichandran, M. Anandakrishnan, V. Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite Проблемы прочности |
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Алюминиевые гибридные композиты Al+5%TiO₂, Al+5%TiO₂+2%Gr и Al+5%TiO₂+4%Gr из измельченных на грануляторе порошков синтезированы методом порошковой металлургии. Исследования методами сканирующей электронной микроскопии и энергодисперсионной рентгеновской спектроскопии показали, что упрочняющие добавки по объему образцов распределяются равномерно. Испытания на горячую осадку образцов, нагретых до 450°C, проведены с подробным изучением характеристик уплотнения и деформирования путем корреляции истинного осевого напряжения с истинной осевой деформацией, продольной деформацией и теоретической плотностью. Показано, что генерируемые в процессе горячей осадки напряжения увеличиваются при добавке графита в композит Al TiO₂ и диоксида титана в Al без упрочняющих добавок. Выполнен анализ микроструктуры образцов после горячей осадки. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Ravichandran, M. Anandakrishnan, V. |
| author_facet |
Ravichandran, M. Anandakrishnan, V. |
| author_sort |
Ravichandran, M. |
| title |
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite |
| title_short |
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite |
| title_full |
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite |
| title_fullStr |
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite |
| title_sort |
hot upset studies on sintered (al–tio₂–gr) powder metallurgy hybrid composite |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/173483 |
| citation_txt |
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO₂–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite / M. Ravichandran, V. Anandakrishnan // Проблемы прочности. — 2016. — № 3. — С. 135-146. — Бібліогр.: 32 назв. — англ. |
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Проблемы прочности |
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2025-07-15T10:08:53Z |
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2025-07-15T10:08:53Z |
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| fulltext |
UDC 539.4
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO2–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid
Composite
M. Ravichandran
a,1
and V. Anandakrishnan
b
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chendhuran College of Engineering and Technology,
Pudukkottai, Tamilnadu, India
b Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu,
India
1 smravichandran@hotmail.com
ÓÄÊ 539.4
Èññëåäîâàíèå ãîðÿ÷åé îñàäêè ñïå÷åííîãî ãèáðèäíîãî êîìïîçèòà
Al–TiO2–Gr, ïîëó÷åííîãî ìåòîäîì ïîðîøêîâîé ìåòàëëóðãèè
Ì. Ðàâè÷àíäðàí
à
, Â. Àíàíäàêðèøíàí
á
à ×åíäóðàíñêèé èíæåíåðíî-òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé êîëëåäæ, Ïóäóêêîòòàé, Òàìèëíàä, Èíäèÿ
á Íàöèîíàëüíûé òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò, Òèðó÷÷èðàïïàëëè, Òàìèëíàä, Èíäèÿ
Àëþìèíèåâûå ãèáðèäíûå êîìïîçèòû Al+5%TiO2, Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr è Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr èç
èçìåëü÷åííûõ íà ãðàíóëÿòîðå ïîðîøêîâ ñèíòåçèðîâàíû ìåòîäîì ïîðîøêîâîé ìåòàëëóðãèè.
Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ìåòîäàìè ñêàíèðóþùåé ýëåêòðîííîé ìèêðîñêîïèè è ýíåðãîäèñïåðñèîííîé
ðåíòãåíîâñêîé ñïåêòðîñêîïèè ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî óïðî÷íÿþùèå äîáàâêè ïî îáúåìó îáðàçöîâ ðàñ-
ïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ðàâíîìåðíî. Èñïûòàíèÿ íà ãîðÿ÷óþ îñàäêó îáðàçöîâ, íàãðåòûõ äî 450�C, ïðî-
âåäåíû ñ ïîäðîáíûì èçó÷åíèåì õàðàêòåðèñòèê óïëîòíåíèÿ è äåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïóòåì êîððå-
ëÿöèè èñòèííîãî îñåâîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ ñ èñòèííîé îñåâîé äåôîðìàöèåé, ïðîäîëüíîé äåôîð-
ìàöèåé è òåîðåòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ãåíåðèðóåìûå â ïðîöåññå ãîðÿ÷åé îñàäêè
íàïðÿæåíèÿ óâåëè÷èâàþòñÿ ïðè äîáàâêå ãðàôèòà â êîìïîçèò Al–TiO2 è äèîêñèäà òèòàíà â
Al áåç óïðî÷íÿþùèõ äîáàâîê. Âûïîëíåí àíàëèç ìèêðîñòðóêòóðû îáðàçöîâ ïîñëå ãîðÿ÷åé
îñàäêè.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: êîìïîçèòû ñ ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé ìàòðèöåé, ãîðÿ÷àÿ îñàäêà, íàïðÿæåíèå,
ïîðîøêîâàÿ ìåòàëëóðãèÿ.
Introduction. Metal matrix composites (MMC) are under attention for many
applications in aerospace, defense and automotive industries. Among MMCs, aluminum
metal matrix composites are being considered as a group of new advanced materials for its
light weight, high strength, low thermal expansion coefficient and good wear resistance [1].
In contrast, Al does not have enough tensile strength for many applications. Because of this
weakness, ceramic particles (e.g., zircon) can be added for better hardness and tolerating
high temperatures. Also, they can improve mechanical and tribological properties of the
composite [2]. Recently, ceramics particulate reinforced metal matrix composites have been
developed with promising results by several laboratories and companies. Despite the
advantages listed above, particulate composites have not yet found a wide employment in
the commercial applications because the hard particles embedded inside the matrix cause
very serious problems in machining [3]. To avoid machining problems in composites,
© M. RAVICHANDRAN, V. ANANDAKRISHNAN, 2016
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3 135
recently the hybrid composites are being developed. Ravindran et al. [4] suggested that the
graphite particulates are well suited to this application, and their addition improves the
machinability as well as wear resistance of Al–SiC composites. The use of TiO2 as
reinforcement in aluminum alloys has received a meager concentration although it possesses
high hardness and modulus with superior corrosion resistance and wear resistance [5].
Large volume of literature is available on the synthesis of powder metallurgy aluminum
composites using various reinforcements such as TiB2 [6], AlN [7], glass [8], graphene
nano sheets [9], Si [10], MgH2 [11], Al3Ti [12], B4C [13], BN [14], Fe [15], carbon nano
tubes [16], Ni3Al [17], fly ash [18], Al2O3 [19], ZrSiO4 [2], SiC [20], MoSi2 [21] however
very little attention has been given to the TiO2 reinforced composites through powder
metallurgy route.
Automotive manufacturers are always looking for new ways to reduce the weight of
vehicle components. The powder metallurgy (PM) process has become a considerable
interest in recent years. PM technique has been a traditional method of manufacturing
MMC materials and components [22]. Powder processes are more flexible than casting and
forging techniques, they are used in a wide range of industries, from automotive and
aerospace applications to power tools and household appliances [23]. The plastic deformation
of sintered powder preforms is similar to that of conventional fully dense materials, but
there are additional complications due to the substantial volume fraction of voids in the
preform. In particular, the voids must be eliminated by the application of metal forming
processes such as extrusion, forging, upset and coining [24]. Hot forging of sintered
aluminum preforms can also impart significant mechanical gains in terms of properties
[25]. In isothermal upset forging of pure aluminum, the change in the contact condition and
the lubricant behavior were evaluated by continuously measuring the ultrasonic reflection
intensity from the contact interface between the tool (die) and workpiece [26]. Forging
behavior of 2124 aluminum alloy containing 26 vol.% of SiC particles was investigated at
room and elevated temperature tensile tests. The results obtained were utilized to define the
forging parameters. The material exhibited excellent forgeability and after forging the
tested composite was found to be crack free. This feature is very likely due to the size of
the reinforcing SiC particles, smaller than those generally used for conventional metal/
ceramic composite processing. Furthermore, forging resulted in an increase of both tensile
strength and ductility with respect to the as-fabricated condition [27]. Composites of an
aluminum–silicon alloy containing different volume fractions of particulate silicon carbide
reinforcement and unreinforced matrix alloy samples were produced by the permanent die
casting technique. After forging, the yield strength of the matrix alloy and composite
samples was increased by about 80%, and the improvement in tensile strength was about
40%. The addition of increasing amounts of particulate SiC decreased the ductility and
increased the yield and tensile strength [28]. The mechanical response of AA2618
aluminum based metal matrix composite was investigated by means of hot compression
tests. The flow stress curves were obtained in the temperature and strain rate ranges of
350–500�C and 1–10 3� s�1, respectively in order to obtain the processing and stability
maps of the studied material following the dynamic material model [29]. Forming behavior
of Al–TiO2–Gr hybrid composites (Al+2.5%TiO2+2%Gr, Al+2.5%TiO2+4%Gr, Al+5%TiO2+
+2%Gr, and Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr) during cold upset under plane stress state conditions and
EDAX, XRD, and SEM analysis of the ball milled powders also reported in the previous
studies [30, 31].
The present work aims to study the behavior of unreinforced Al, Al+5%TiO2
composites, and Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr and Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr hybrid composites during hot
upset. The hot upset studies were carried out for all the sintered preforms by correlating
true axial stress with true axial strain, lateral strain and percentage theoretical density. In
this paper the results of SEM and EDAX analysis for the sintered preforms were reported.
Microstructure analyses for the hot forged samples are also presented.
M. Ravichandran and V. Anandakrishnan
136 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3
1. Experimental Details. Atomized aluminum (Al) powder of 99.7% purity was used
for the matrix material and rutile phase of titanium-di-oxide (TiO2) and graphite (Gr)
powders are used as reinforcement materials. The reinforcement materials (TiO2) and (Gr)
are blended with matrix material (Al) in the weight percentages to yield the different
composites namely, Al+0%TiO2, Al+5%TiO2, Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr, and Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr
for the present work.
The compaction process setup is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2a and 2b shows the green
compact before and after ceramic coating. The details of blending, compaction, ceramic
coating and sintering process were well explained in previous reports [31]. The sintered
preforms were cleaned and measurements such as initial height (H0), diameter (D0), and
mass (m) were carried out. Cylindrical compressive specimens 24 mm in diameter and 12 mm
in height were machined from those sintered billets. Hot upset tests were conducted in the
temperature range of 450�C in step of 25�C. Graphite lubricant was used to ensure
homogeneous deformation during hot upset. The specimens were heated at 20�C/min up to
the deformation temperature, held for 10 min and then compressed. In experimental
process, the computer-processor of Venus instruments collected the data automatically and
obtained true stress–strain curves using standard equations. Deformed specimens were
water quenched. The density of the hot forged sample was determined using Archimedes
principles.
The microstructure analysis of sintered composite preforms was investigated by
scanning electron microscope (SEM) using JEOL JSM-35 CF SEM instrument.
Compositional analysis of the Al, TiO2, and Gr sintered composite preforms was analyzed
by energy dispersive analysis using X-ray (make: EDAX-AMETEK-TSL). Microstructures
of hot forged samples were analyzed using optical microscope (De-Wintor Inverted
Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope with Material plus version-2 software).
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO2–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3 137
Fig. 1. Photograph showing compaction process.
Fig. 2. Photograph showing green compact (a) and compact after ceramic coating (b).
2. Results and Discussion.
2.1. SEM Analysis of Sintered Composite Preforms. SEM photograph of the sintered
preforms are shown in Fig. 3. The morphology of the sintered Al preform is shown in
Fig. 3a. Figure 3b shows the uniform distribution of TiO2 particles in the Al matrix. It can
be seen that the TiO2 particles distributed evenly within the Al boundary and there is no
agglomeration of TiO2. In Fig. 3c and 3d, it can be seen, that the uniform distribution of
graphite in the Al+5%TiO2 sintered composite preforms and also observed that the matrix
and reinforcements interfacial bindings are good in agreement.
138 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3
M. Ravichandran and V. Anandakrishnan
Fig. 3. SEM images of sintered (a) Al preform, (b) Al+5%TiO2 composite, (c) Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr,
and (d) Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr hybrid composite preforms.
2.2. EDAX of Sintered Composite Preforms. Figure 4 shows the EDAX spectrum of
the sintered Al, Al+5%TiO2, Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr and Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr sintered preforms
as an example of confirmation for the presence of oxide and titanium phases in Al phase.
Figure shows the appearance of peaks corresponding to the presence of Al, TiO2, and
graphite. Large number of peaks with highest intensity is pertained to Al who confirms the
major content is Al. The observed weight percentage of titanium dioxide content reveals
that, it is well incorporated into Al matrix.
2.3. Hot Upset Studies.
2.3.1. True Axial Stress versus True Axial Strain. Figure 5 shows the graph drawn
between true axial stress and true axial strain of Al, Al+5%TiO2, Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr, and
Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr preforms to study the deformation during hot upset. It clearly
understands from the graph, initially true axial stress required is more for lower rate of
deformation. Among the different preforms, the sintered unreinforced Al exhibits the
largest level of deformation at lowest axial stress values. Addition of 5%TiO2 to the Al
matrix and 2 and 4% of graphite to the Al+5%TiO2 composite requires more applied stress
than the stress required for pure Al preforms at any stage of deformation. The sintered
composite preforms contain 5% titanium dioxide and 4% graphite needed more applied
load for the same level of deformation. Hence it is understand that, the addition of
reinforcement resists the plastic deformation during hot upset. The hard as well as soft
reinforcement is surrounded in the soft Al matrix resulting greater resistance to plastic
deformation.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3 139
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO2–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite
a b
c d
Fig. 4. EDAX of sintered (a) Al, (b) Al+5%TiO2 composite, (c) Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr, and (d)
Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr hybrid composite preforms.
2.3.2. True Axial Stress versus Lateral Strain. Figure 6 shows the plot between true
axial stress and lateral strain for Al, Al+5%TiO2, Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr, and Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr
preforms. It clearly understands from these curves, the lateral deformation trend is similar
to that observed for axial deformation. But the value of lateral strain is smaller than the true
axial strain and it could be understood that the lateral deformation is lower than the axial
deformation for Al+5%TiO2, Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr, and Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr composites than
unreinforced Al preform. Better lateral deformation was observed for the unreinforced Al
preforms and the addition of TiO2 to the Al matrix and addition of graphite to the
Al+5%TiO2 composite affects the both axial and lateral deformation of the composites.
140 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3
M. Ravichandran and V. Anandakrishnan
Fig. 5. Plots of true axial stress versus true axial strain.
Fig. 6. Plots of true axial stress versus lateral strain.
2.3.3. True Axial Stress versus Percentage Theoretical Density. Figure 7 shows the
variation of percentage theoretical density with respect to true axial stress for the preforms
containing various weight percentages of TiO2 and Gr during hot upset. The better
densification was observed for the unreinforced Al preforms for the lowest applied load.
Addition of 5 wt.% of TiO2 to the Al matrix decreases the densification and requires more
applied load. In the same way, the addition of 2 and 4 wt.% of graphite to the Al+5%TiO2
composite decreases the densification and further the required applied true axial stress
increases. In the case of unreinforced Al preforms the presence of pores are deformed
during hot upset however for the composite preforms, the pores are occupied by the (TiO2
and Gr) reinforcements and it resists the deformation and requires a higher applied stress
for the further densification. The poor densification was observed for the Al+5%TiO2
composite containing 4 wt.% of Gr as compared to the unreinforced Al preform.
2.3.4. Percentage Theoretical Density versus True Axial Strain. Figure 8 shows the
plots of percentage theoretical density versus true axial strain to study the densification and
deformation behavior of the preforms during hot upset. The trend observed for all the
preforms are similar and the better densification and deformation was observed for the
unreinforced Al. Addition of TiO2 and Gr to the unreinforced Al matrix decreases the
densification and deformation due to the matrix work hardening.
It was observed during hot upset that, some of the tested composites were cracked.
Therefore, the ductile-brittle transition behavior was taken in consideration. Thus,
fractographs of different deformed composites at are shown in Fig. 9. The addition of
reinforcements caused circumferential cracks and the crack width increased with increasing
weight fraction of TiO2 and Gr reinforcements (Fig. 10). The similar results were obtained
by Abouelmagd during hot deformation and wear resistance studies of Al–Al2O3 PM
composites [32].
2.3.5. Microstructure Analysis of Hot Upset Samples. Microstructures of composites
with the content of 5%TiO2 and 2 and 4 wt.% Gr, hot upset at 450�C are shown in Fig. 11.
Because of difference between the densities of TiO2 and Al, the contrast of the micrographs
is high enough for further investigations. Al matrix and bright particles of TiO2 can be
clearly observed. The phases are indicated by arrows on the above images. It should be
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3 141
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO2–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite
Fig. 7. Plots of true axial stress versus percentage theoretical density.
142 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3
M. Ravichandran and V. Anandakrishnan
Fig. 8. Plots of percentage theoretical density versus true axial strain.
a b c d
Fig. 9. Photograph showing (a) Al, (b) Al+5%TiO2, (c) Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr, and (d) Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr
PM preform after hot upset.
Fig. 10. Fractography of Al+5%TiO2 composite and Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr hybrid composite.
noted that micron size TiO2 particles were well dispersed in the matrix of Al and just a
partial agglomeration in composites with high content of TiO2 can be detected in Fig. 11b.
As demonstrated, there are some black points representing the presence of graphite in the
composites. On the other hand, increasing the volume percent of TiO2 and Gr particles
decreases the uniformity and homogeneity of the samples, and the number of TiO2 and Gr
clusters tends to increase. The reason for fine distribution of reinforcement particles is to
determine the appropriate time and method of mixing.
Conclusions. Aluminum matrix composites composed of TiO2 and Gr as
reinforcements were synthesized by the powder metallurgy method. The hot upset studies
had been carried out and the following conclusions are drawn:
1. SEM and EDAX analysis of sintered preforms show the distribution of the
reinforcements (TiO2 and Gr) with the matrix material is homogeneous.
2. Hot upset studies reveal that the maximum true axial stress and minimum axial
strain obtained for hybrid composite preforms are higher than those in unreinforced Al
preform.
3. Addition of TiO2 and Gr reinforcements to the Al matrix decreases the densification
and deformation (both axial and lateral) during hot upset.
4. The addition of TiO2 and Gr causes the ductile-brittle transition phenomenon of
the investigated composites. The crack width increases with weight percentage of
reinforcements.
Ð å ç þ ì å
Àëþì³í³ºâ³ ã³áðèäí³ êîìïîçèòè Al+5%TiO2, Al+5%TiO2+2%Gr é Al+5%TiO2+4%Gr ³ç
ïîäð³áíåíèõ íà ãðàíóëÿòîð³ ïîðîøê³â ñèíòåçîâàí³ ìåòîäîì ïîðîøêîâî¿ ìåòàëóð㳿.
Äîñë³äæåííÿ ìåòîäàìè ñêàíóâàëüíî¿ åëåêòðîííî¿ ì³êðîñêîﳿ òà åíåðãîäèñïåðñ³éíî¿
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3 143
Hot Upset Studies on Sintered (Al–TiO2–Gr) Powder Metallurgy Hybrid Composite
Fig. 11. Microstructure of (a) Al, (b) Al–5%TiO2, (c) Al–5%TiO2–2%Gr, and (d) Al–5%TiO2–4%Gr
hot forged preforms.
ðåíòãåí³âñüêî¿ ñïåêòðîñêîﳿ ïîêàçàëè, ùî çì³öíþâàëüí³ äîì³øêè ïî îá’ºìó çðàçêà
ðîçïîä³ëÿþòüñÿ ð³âíîì³ðíî. Âèïðîáóâàííÿ íà ãàðÿ÷ó îñàäêó íàãð³òèõ äî 450�Ñ çðàç-
ê³â ïðîâåäåíî ç äåòàëüíèì âèâ÷åííÿì õàðàêòåðèñòèê óù³ëüíåííÿ ³ äåôîðìóâàííÿ
øëÿõîì êîðåëÿö³¿ ³ñòèííîãî îñüîâîãî íàïðóæåííÿ ç ³ñòèííîþ îñüîâîþ äåôîðìàö³ºþ,
ïîçäîâæíüîþ äåôîðìàö³ºþ ³ òåîðåòè÷íîþ ù³ëüí³ñòþ. Ïîêàçàíî, ùî ãåíåðóþ÷³ â
ïðîöåñ³ ãàðÿ÷î¿ îñàäêè íàïðóæåííÿ çá³ëüøóþòüñÿ ïðè äîäàòêó ãðàô³òó â êîìïîçèò
Al–TiO2 ³ äèîêñèäó òèòàíó â Al áåç çì³öíþâàëüíèõ äîì³øîê. Âèêîíàíî àíàë³ç
ì³êðîñòðóêòóðè çðàçêà ï³ñëÿ ãàðÿ÷î¿ îñàäêè.
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Received 09. 06. 2015
146 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 3
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/UKR <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>
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|