Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels
In the present study, the effect of the polyurethane foam filled lattice core sandwich panel on the energy absorption and the compression strength was investigated. In the compression tests, it was found that the foam filled sandwich panels have a greater load carrying capacity compared to the sum o...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
2016
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irk-123456789-1735582020-12-13T01:26:06Z Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels Rostamiyan, Y. Norouzi, H. Научно-технический раздел In the present study, the effect of the polyurethane foam filled lattice core sandwich panel on the energy absorption and the compression strength was investigated. In the compression tests, it was found that the foam filled sandwich panels have a greater load carrying capacity compared to the sum of the unfilled specimens and the filled polyurethane block. Besides, the energy absorption efficiency of foam filled sandwich panels with higher relative density (5.1 and 5.7%) lattice cores was lower than that of the unfilled specimen when the compressive strain was small, whereas it showed superior when the compressive strain arrived at about 0.1, and the superiority became more pronounced as the strain increased. Moreover, the energy absorption of foam filled sandwich panel’s with lower relative density (4.43%) lattice cores was superior to that of the unfilled specimen. Исследовано влияние наполнителя из полиуретановой пены на прочность и энергопоглощение ячеистых многослойных панелей при сжатии. Испытания на сжатие показывают, что несущая способность ячеистых многослойных панелей с наполнителем из полиуретановой пены выше, чем таковая таких панелей без наполнителя, либо образцов, состоящих только из полиуретановой пены. Эффективность энергопоглощения образцов с более высокой относительной плотностью ячеек (5,1 и 5,7%) оказалась ниже, чем образцов без наполнителя при низких уровнях деформации сжатия, однако по достижении последней уровня 0,1 и выше имеет место ярко выраженный обратный эффект. При этом энергопоглощение образцов с меньшей относительной плотностью ячеек (4,43%) выше, чем образцов без наполнителя. Досліджено вплив наповнювача з поліуретанової піни на міцність і енергопоглинання комірчастих багатошарових панелей при стиску. Випробування на стиск показують, що несівна здатність комірчастих багатошарових панелей з наповнювачем, що складаються із поліуретанової піни вища, ніж панелей без наповнювача, або зразків тільки з поліуретанової піни. Ефективність енергопоглинання зразків із більш високою відносною щільністю комірок (5,1 і 5,7%) є нижчою, аніж зразків без наповнювача за низьких рівнів деформації стиску, однак при досягненні останньою рівня 0,1 і вище має місце чітко виражений зворотний ефект. При цьому енергопоглинання зразків із меншою відносною щільністю комірок (4,43%) вище, аніж зразків без наповнювача. 2016 Article Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels / Y. Rostamiyan, H. Norouzi // Проблемы прочности. — 2016. — № 6. — С. 84-94. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. 0556-171X http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/173558 539.4 en Проблемы прочности Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Rostamiyan, Y. Norouzi, H. Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels Проблемы прочности |
| description |
In the present study, the effect of the polyurethane foam filled lattice core sandwich panel on the energy absorption and the compression strength was investigated. In the compression tests, it was found that the foam filled sandwich panels have a greater load carrying capacity compared to the sum of the unfilled specimens and the filled polyurethane block. Besides, the energy absorption efficiency of foam filled sandwich panels with higher relative density (5.1 and 5.7%) lattice cores was lower than that of the unfilled specimen when the compressive strain was small, whereas it showed superior when the compressive strain arrived at about 0.1, and the superiority became more pronounced as the strain increased. Moreover, the energy absorption of foam filled sandwich panel’s with lower relative density (4.43%) lattice cores was superior to that of the unfilled specimen. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Rostamiyan, Y. Norouzi, H. |
| author_facet |
Rostamiyan, Y. Norouzi, H. |
| author_sort |
Rostamiyan, Y. |
| title |
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels |
| title_short |
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels |
| title_full |
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels |
| title_fullStr |
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels |
| title_sort |
flatwise compression strength and energy absorption of polyurethane foam-filled lattice core sandwich panels |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/173558 |
| citation_txt |
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels / Y. Rostamiyan, H. Norouzi // Проблемы прочности. — 2016. — № 6. — С. 84-94. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Проблемы прочности |
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AT rostamiyany flatwisecompressionstrengthandenergyabsorptionofpolyurethanefoamfilledlatticecoresandwichpanels AT norouzih flatwisecompressionstrengthandenergyabsorptionofpolyurethanefoamfilledlatticecoresandwichpanels |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-15T10:18:44Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-15T10:18:44Z |
| _version_ |
1837707794837405696 |
| fulltext |
UDC 539.4
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption of Polyurethane Foam
Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels
Y. Rostamiyan
1
and H. Norouzi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
1 yasser.rostamiyan@iausari.ac.ir
ÓÄÊ 539.4
Ïðî÷íîñòü ïðè ñæàòèè è ýíåðãèÿ ïîãëîùåíèÿ ìíîãîñëîéíûõ ïàíåëåé c
íàïîëíèòåëåì èç ïîëèóðåòàíîâîé ïåíû
ß. Ðîñòàìèÿí, Õ. Íîðîóçè
Èñëàìñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò Àçàä, Ñàðè, Èðàí
Èññëåäîâàíî âëèÿíèå íàïîëíèòåëÿ èç ïîëèóðåòàíîâîé ïåíû íà ïðî÷íîñòü è ýíåðãîïîãëîùåíèå
ÿ÷åèñòûõ ìíîãîñëîéíûõ ïàíåëåé ïðè ñæàòèè. Èñïûòàíèÿ íà ñæàòèå ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî
íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ÿ÷åèñòûõ ìíîãîñëîéíûõ ïàíåëåé ñ íàïîëíèòåëåì èç ïîëèóðåòàíîâîé
ïåíû âûøå, ÷åì òàêîâàÿ òàêèõ ïàíåëåé áåç íàïîëíèòåëÿ, ëèáî îáðàçöîâ, ñîñòîÿùèõ òîëüêî èç
ïîëèóðåòàíîâîé ïåíû. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ýíåðãîïîãëîùåíèÿ îáðàçöîâ ñ áîëåå âûñîêîé îòíîñè-
òåëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ÿ÷ååê (5,1 è 5,7%) îêàçàëàñü íèæå, ÷åì îáðàçöîâ áåç íàïîëíèòåëÿ ïðè
íèçêèõ óðîâíÿõ äåôîðìàöèè ñæàòèÿ, îäíàêî ïî äîñòèæåíèè ïîñëåäíåé óðîâíÿ 0,1 è âûøå
èìååò ìåñòî ÿðêî âûðàæåííûé îáðàòíûé ýôôåêò. Ïðè ýòîì ýíåðãîïîãëîùåíèå îáðàçöîâ ñ
ìåíüøåé îòíîñèòåëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ÿ÷ååê (4,43%) âûøå, ÷åì îáðàçöîâ áåç íàïîëíèòåëÿ.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ìíîãîñëîéíàÿ ïàíåëü, ñåðäöåâèíà ðåøåòêè, ïîëèóðåòàíîâàÿ ïåíà,
ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà, ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïîãëîùåíèÿ ýíåðãèè.
Introduction. Super-lightweight sandwich panel structures attract much attention of
researchers due to their desirable efficiency and high level of building energy absorption
[1–4]. These structures are widely used in aerospace and submarine industries. Sandwich
structures have recently been developed with different combinations of surface and core
plates, in order to improve their performance. These structures contain lightweight and robust
surface plates [5] and dense cell cores made of metallic foams [6, 7] and honeycomb cores
[8–12] from polymers such as Nomex [13–16], while networked trusses are made with light
metals such as aluminum [17–20] and titanium alloys [21, 22].
The outstanding interest that exists for sandwich structure application with foam
cores in industrial fields seems to be very topical. Foam cores can play the role of structural
equipment, cooling machine or acoustic dissipater [23]. For this purpose, rigid and light
materials are used to make sandwich structures. Sandwich panel structures made up of
carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) are significantly linked to the recent studies
[24–28]. Various networks of such structures can be made using the hot press molding [24,
25] or snap fit methods [18, 27]; therefore, they are used to produce honeycomb structures
[26].
Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to achieve a high compressive strength
by changes in the honeycomb core designs. Another aim of the study was to apply the
polyurethane foam injected into honeycomb cores, in order to raise the peak of compressive
strength and to compare the performance of foam-filled cores with unfilled ones.
© Y. ROSTAMIYAN, H. NOROUZI, 2016
84 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6
1. Specimen Fabrication.
1.1. Composite Laminate Material. In this study, the laminate sheets were fabricated
from 14 layers of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy resin prepreg sheets (T300/ epoxy
composited, �s � 1760 kg/m3) with a thickness of 0.17 mm (as shown in Tables 1 and 2)
by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method (Fig. 1) which is the best
method for minimizing the laminate porosity. Also, all laminates thickness was 2.8 mm.
After the end of the VARTM processing the laminate was subjected to room
temperature for 12 h. Then, these specimens were subjected to 60°C temperatures for 15 h.
1.2. Fabrication of Sandwich Panels with Lattice Cores. The lattice sandwich panels
were manufactured from 0/90� laminate sheets of thickness t � 2.8 mm by a three-step
procedure. Briefly, patterns as shown in Figs. 2 and 3 were water-jet-cut from the laminate
sheets. Then, these patterns were snap-fitted into each other (Fig. 3b) to produce a lattice
core. Finally, the lattice was bonded to 2.8 mm thick composite face sheets using an epoxy
adhesive (Fig. 3c and d). The cure cycle consisted of 12 h at room temperature, followed by
heating to 40�C for 3 h. The critical parameters describing the geometry of the core are
sketched in Fig. 4.
1.3. Fabrication of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Lattice Core Sandwich Panels. In the
present study, the foam material consists of four-part polyurethane foam precursors in the
form of liquid supplied by the Mokarrar Company (Mokarrar Industrial Group Co. Iran).
Part A is polyol, part B is catalyst, part C is etan gas, and part D is isocyanate. When parts
T a b l e 1
Properties of Plain Carbon Fiber Sheets (T300)
Density
(kg/m3)
Tensile strength
(MPa)
Tensile modulus
(GPa)
Strain
(%)
1760 3500 230 1.5
T a b l e 2
Properties of Epoxy Resin and Hardener
Material Commercial
name
Viscosity
at 25�C
(mPa�s)
Initial mixture
viscosity at 25�C
(mPa�s)
Pot life
at 25�C
(min)
Density
at 25�C
(g/ml)
Resin EC 130 LV 1.2–1.6 500–800 95–117 1.14–1.16
Hardener W340 45–55 0.92–0.94
Fig. 1. VARTM method setup.
Fig. 2. Pattern of water-jet cutting
from the laminate sheets.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6 85
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption ...
A, B, C, and D are mixed, heat is generated as a result of the polymerization reaction
between the isocyanate and polyol; the resulting heat gives rise to the volatile liquid
blowing agents to evaporate and form gas bubbles, which expands the mixture to produce
foam. The process of filling the polyurethane foam to the lattice core sandwich panels is
carried out in two steps. At the first step, parts A, B, and C are mixed with part D using a
high-speed stirrer at about 1500 rpm. The mixing ratios of parts A, B, C, and D are 44.4,
1.32, 5.32, and 48.7 wt.%, respectively. Finally, the fabricated filled sandwich specimen is
shown in Fig. 5b. The fabricated foam in the present study has a density of 80 kg/m3.
a b
c d
Fig. 3. Schematic of the manufacturing process of the carbon fiber lattice core sandwich structures:
(a) cut continuous snap-fit truss patterns; (b) assemble the lattice core; (c) bond the lattice cores with
facesheets; (d) the fabricated sandwich structure with lattice core.
Fig. 4. Geometry of the lattice pattern with relevant core design variable.
86 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6
Y. Rostamiyan and H. Norouzi
2. Flatwise Compressive Tests of Polyurethane Foam and the Foam-Filled Lattice
Core Sandwich Panels. All the honeycomb cores tested and manufactured in this study
have a strut angle �� �45 and all the cores have a strut thickness t � 2.8 mm, node width
t � 2.8 mm, core height h� 30 mm, whereas t M0 08� . and the seat width values b and
�b were varied to enable manufacturing of cores of different mechanical responses, which
are listed in Table 3.
All mechanical tests in the current study were performed by a SANTAM testing
machine with axial actuators. The SANTAM has a static capacity of 150 kN, with a
maximum stroke of 300 mm. A constant displacement rate of 0.5 mm/min of the movable
head of the testing machine was applied to all types of mechanical tests.
Single lap’s flatwise compressive tests were conducted on the lattice core panels in
accordance with the standard test for sandwich core material. Flatwise compression tests
were performed according to the ASTM C365 test standard [29].
For the flatwise compression test, the specimens with an area of 90�90 mm were put
on a self-aligning spherical bearing block. Figure 6 shows the specimen mounted on the
testing machine.
T a b l e 3
The Lattice Core Parameters
Core
ID
�,
deg
h,
mm
he ,
mm
t,
mm
b,
mm
�b ,
mm
t0 ,
mm
M ,
mm
a,
mm
w,
g
A 45 30 17.2 2.8 2.8 8.4 3.19 3.99 30 109
B 45 30 17.2 2.8 5.6 14.0 3.19 3.99 30 112
C 45 30 17.2 2.8 8.4 19.6 3.19 3.99 30 115
a
b
Fig. 5. Lattice core sandwich panel: (a) unfilled specimen; (b) foam-filled specimen.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6 87
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption ...
3. Results and Discussion.
3.1. Comparison of Foam-Filled and Unfilled Specimens. The force–extension curve
of polyurethane foam has been shown in Fig. 7.
Different areas are specified by A, B, C, and O points. The OA area identifies the
linear response of the foam and its elastic deformation, which is due to the foam bended
cell wall. The AB area is related to a near-plateau tension area, the foam decreasing stability
and the start of a severe congestion inside the cell, which is followed by poor response to
the tolerance of applied load. Hence the near-plateau was created. This trend continues until
the densification area. Thus, the cells were compressed, the force was increased, and placed
into BC location with a slight deformation. Then, the foam-filled specimen was investigated
under pressure force. The force–extension curves for A, B, and C specimens filled with
polyurethane foam and unfilled specimens were constructed (Fig. 8a–c), respectively.
In order to determine the contribution of polyurethane materials, the curves related to
the sandwich panels specimens with honeycomb cores and polyurethane blocks were added
to shapes during the loading period (or loading phase). A similar trend or behavior with a
higher loading peak and stable in unfilled specimens was observed after the survey of the
behavior of filling sandwich panels. Similar patterns such as the first peak region, flat area,
and the region of load increase in densification can be found in all curves. The load
a b
Fig. 6. Flatwise compression test setup: unfilled (a) and foam-filed (b) specimens.
Fig. 7. Compressive force–extension curves for the polyurethane foam.
88 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6
Y. Rostamiyan and H. Norouzi
a b
c
Fig. 8. The response of foam-filled and unfilled specimens: (a) specimen A; (b) specimen B; (c)
specimen C.
a b
c
Fig. 9. The response of foam-filled specimen B in quasistatic compression tests: (a) displacement
Dh � 0; (b) displacement Dh � 5 mm; (c) displacement Dh �10 mm.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6 89
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption ...
response was linear during the first steps of loading and the contribution of polyurethane
foam to the increased final load at the first peak point was tangential and limited to the
parts of lattice cores. The comparison between filled and unfilled specimens showed
approximately a 20% progress in the load peak. This is due to the fact that the filled foams
tend to rotational motion within the lattice parts, which are able of preventing the early
buckle. Upon inspection of the failed specimens, shear deformation and foam crack are
observed, as shown in Fig. 9.
The increased density of polyurethane foam elevated the load tolerance. It is observed
that the total load response of filled specimens was greater than the sum of unfilled and
block foam specimens. This increased load difference was shown at the shaded area in A,
B, and C specimens (Fig. 10a–c). According to the results of the present study, it is
assumed that the load response of the foam-filled specimen is not linear with respect to the
individual response of the unfilled specimen and the filled material. This synergistic effect
may be due to the filled material, which can provide additional constraint to the lattice
parts, which increases the buckling load value and adds the postbuckling stiffness.
Although the load response is a common method to evaluate the effects of filled
polyurethane block as it is directly related to the load-carrying capacity, it can be noted that
the energy absorption efficiency is a suitable way to quantify this enhancement effect. In
this procedure, the influence of added weight is also considered. The comparative
a b
c
Fig. 10. The load response of foam-filled sandwich specimens and that of the polyurethane added to
the unfilled specimens: (a) specimen A; (b) specimen B; (c) specimen C. (The shaded portion
indicates the synergy observed during tests.)
90 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6
Y. Rostamiyan and H. Norouzi
performance of energy absorption efficiency for the filled and unfilled specimens and the
sum of the unfilled specimen and the filled foam is given in Fig. 11, which is calculated
based on the load response in Fig. 8. According to the findings of this experiment, the
energy absorption efficiency of filled composite panels improves as the compressive strain
increases.
In Fig. 11a, it is shown that the enhancement effect of the foam for the sandwich
panel is balanced nearly by the added weight when the compressive strain arrives at 0.1.
Consequently, the foam filled specimen has the highest energy absorption, the next is the
unfilled specimen, and the lowest is the sum of the unfilled specimen and the foam. From
Fig. 11b and c, one can observe that the energy absorption efficiency of foam-filled
specimen is slightly higher than that of the unfilled one when the compressive strain is less
than 0.1, but it is superior when the compressive strain attains 0.11, which superiority
becomes more manifested with the strain increase. This can be explained by the fact that
the enhancement effect of the filled foam is marginal when the compressive strain is small
as mentioned above, as the strain increase, and the performance of the filled foam
overcomes the disadvantage of the added weight. In comparison with Fig. 11a–c, it seems
that the filled foam for the energy absorption efficiency of the low density core is positive.
It attributes to the fact that the influence of the added weight from the filled foams is
weaker than the enhancement effect for the lattice parts with a low-density core.
a b
c
Fig. 11. Energy absorption efficiency of the foam-filled and unfilled specimens vs. that of
polyurethane added to unfilled specimens: (a) specimen A; (b) specimen B; (c) specimen C.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6 91
Flatwise Compression Strength and Energy Absorption ...
3.2. Weight-Strength Ratios of Foam-Filled and Unfilled Specimens. The weight–
load dependencies of foam-filled and unfilled specimens shown in Fig. 12 imply an
interesting pattern. With a slight increase in weight, the strength was improved by
approximately 20%, which is directly related to the foam density: the increase in foam
density resulted in the strength improvement. Moreover, the most important issue, which
should be considered during the product processing, is that the main reason for application
of foam is its low weight.
Conclusions. In the present study, the responses of lattice core sandwich panels filled
with polyurethane foam under compressive load were investigated. The compression tests
indicate a synergistic effect: the foam-filled sandwich panels have a higher load-carrying
capacity as compared to the sum of the unfilled specimens and the filled polyurethane block,
which is due to the lateral support to the lattice parts provided by the filled foam. The
energy absorption efficiency of the foam-filled sandwich panels with higher relative density
(5.1 and 5.7%) cores is lower than that of unfilled specimens when the compressive strain
was small, as a result of the added weight. However, it is superior when the compressive
strain attains about 0.1, and the superiority enlarges with the strain increase. Nevertheless,
the energy absorption of foam-filled sandwich panels with a lower relative density (4.43%)
lattice cores was superior to the unfilled specimens since the influence of the added weight
was weaker than the enhancement effect produced by the filled polyurethane foam. This
research was a primary attempt of using filled materials to enhance the energy absorption
performance of lattice core sandwich panels.. The authors envisage further studies on
filling different lightweight materials into low-density lattice core sandwich panels to
improve their energy absorption capacity.
Ð å ç þ ì å
Äîñë³äæåíî âïëèâ íàïîâíþâà÷à ç ïîë³óðåòàíîâî¿ ï³íè íà ì³öí³ñòü ³ åíåðãîïîãëèíàííÿ
êîì³ð÷àñòèõ áàãàòîøàðîâèõ ïàíåëåé ïðè ñòèñêó. Âèïðîáóâàííÿ íà ñòèñê ïîêàçóþòü,
ùî íåñ³âíà çäàòí³ñòü êîì³ð÷àñòèõ áàãàòîøàðîâèõ ïàíåëåé ç íàïîâíþâà÷åì, ùî ñêëà-
äàþòüñÿ ³ç ïîë³óðåòàíîâî¿ ï³íè âèùà, í³æ ïàíåëåé áåç íàïîâíþâà÷à, àáî çðàçê³â
ò³ëüêè ç ïîë³óðåòàíîâî¿ ï³íè. Åôåêòèâí³ñòü åíåðãîïîãëèíàííÿ çðàçê³â ³ç á³ëüø
âèñîêîþ â³äíîñíîþ ù³ëüí³ñòþ êîì³ðîê (5,1 ³ 5,7%) º íèæ÷îþ, àí³æ çðàçê³â áåç
íàïîâíþâà÷à çà íèçüêèõ ð³âí³â äåôîðìàö³¿ ñòèñêó, îäíàê ïðè äîñÿãíåíí³ îñòàííüîþ
ð³âíÿ 0,1 ³ âèùå ìຠì³ñöå ÷³òêî âèðàæåíèé çâîðîòíèé åôåêò. Ïðè öüîìó åíåðãî-
ïîãëèíàííÿ çðàçê³â ³ç ìåíøîþ â³äíîñíîþ ù³ëüí³ñòþ êîì³ðîê (4,43%) âèùå, àí³æ
çðàçê³â áåç íàïîâíþâà÷à.
Fig. 12. The strength-weight dependencies of foam-filled and unfilled specimens.
92 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6
Y. Rostamiyan and H. Norouzi
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Received 20. 10. 2015
94 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2016, ¹ 6
Y. Rostamiyan and H. Norouzi
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
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(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
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/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
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/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
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/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
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/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
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/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|