Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites
In this study, the impact and post-impact behavior of three-dimensional (3D) four-directional carbon/epoxy braided composites having different braiding angles were investigated. The same impact energy (45 J) was applied to the specimens. The post-impact mechanical properties of the materials were pe...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
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irk-123456789-1736002020-12-14T01:26:21Z Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites Yan, S. Guo, L.Y. Zhao, J.Y. Lu, X.M. Zeng, T. Guo, Y. Jiang, L. Научно-технический раздел In this study, the impact and post-impact behavior of three-dimensional (3D) four-directional carbon/epoxy braided composites having different braiding angles were investigated. The same impact energy (45 J) was applied to the specimens. The post-impact mechanical properties of the materials were performed by compression after impact (CAI) testing, and the processes were monitored by the acoustic emission (AE) technique. Results showed that the specimens with larger braiding angle sustained higher peak loads, and smaller impact damage area, mainly attributed to a more compact space arrangement. The CAI strength and damage mechanism were found to be mainly dependent on the axial support of the braiding fiber tows. Increasing the braiding angle of the composites, the CAI strength was reduced, and the damage mode of the composites was changed from transverse fracture to shear one. Combining AE parameters and CAI curves allows one to characterize the failure process, thereby enabling fracture analysis of the materials under study. 2017 Article Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites / S. Yan, L.Y. Guo, J.Y. Zhao, X.M. Lu, T. Zeng, Y. Guo, L. Jiang // Проблемы прочности. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 220-227. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. 0556-171X http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/173600 539.4 en Проблемы прочности Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Yan, S. Guo, L.Y. Zhao, J.Y. Lu, X.M. Zeng, T. Guo, Y. Jiang, L. Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites Проблемы прочности |
| description |
In this study, the impact and post-impact behavior of three-dimensional (3D) four-directional carbon/epoxy braided composites having different braiding angles were investigated. The same impact energy (45 J) was applied to the specimens. The post-impact mechanical properties of the materials were performed by compression after impact (CAI) testing, and the processes were monitored by the acoustic emission (AE) technique. Results showed that the specimens with larger braiding angle sustained higher peak loads, and smaller impact damage area, mainly attributed to a more compact space arrangement. The CAI strength and damage mechanism were found to be mainly dependent on the axial support of the braiding fiber tows. Increasing the braiding angle of the composites, the CAI strength was reduced, and the damage mode of the composites was changed from transverse fracture to shear one. Combining AE parameters and CAI curves allows one to characterize the failure process, thereby enabling fracture analysis of the materials under study. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Yan, S. Guo, L.Y. Zhao, J.Y. Lu, X.M. Zeng, T. Guo, Y. Jiang, L. |
| author_facet |
Yan, S. Guo, L.Y. Zhao, J.Y. Lu, X.M. Zeng, T. Guo, Y. Jiang, L. |
| author_sort |
Yan, S. |
| title |
Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites |
| title_short |
Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites |
| title_full |
Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites |
| title_fullStr |
Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites |
| title_sort |
effect of braiding angle on the impact and post-impact behavior of 3d braided composites |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/173600 |
| citation_txt |
Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D Braided Composites / S. Yan, L.Y. Guo, J.Y. Zhao, X.M. Lu, T. Zeng, Y. Guo, L. Jiang // Проблемы прочности. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 220-227. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Проблемы прочности |
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2025-07-15T10:20:50Z |
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2025-07-15T10:20:50Z |
| _version_ |
1837707926934913024 |
| fulltext |
UDC 539.4
Effect of Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior of 3D
Braided Composites
S. Y an ,1 L. Y. G uo, J . Y . Z hao , X. M . L u , T . Z eng , Y. G uo, an d L . J ia n g
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
1 yanshi@hrbust.edu.cn (Shi Yan)
In this study, the impact and post-impact behavior o f three-dimensional (3D) four-directional
carbon/epoxy braided composites having different braiding angles were investigated. The same
impact energy (45 J) was applied to the specimens. The post-impact mechanical properties o f the
materials were performed by compression after impact (CAI) testing, and the processes were
monitored by the acoustic emission (AE) technique. Results showed that the specimens with larger
braiding angle sustained higher peak loads, and smaller impact damage area, mainly attributed to
a more compact space arrangement. The CAI strength and damage mechanism were found to be
mainly dependent on the axial support o f the braiding fiber tows. Increasing the braiding angle
o f the composites, the CAI strength was reduced, and the damage mode o f the composites was
changed from transverse fracture to shear one. Combining AE parameters and CAI curves allows
one to characterize the failure process, thereby enabling fracture analysis o f the materials under
study.
Keywords', braided com posites, im pact behavior, dam age m echanics, acoustic emission.
In tro d u c tio n . Three-dim ensional braided com posites have excellent m echanical
properties, such as shear strength, resistance im pact dam age and the structure design, which
are w idely used in aviation, aerospace and other fields [1-4]. In order to m ake better use of
3D braided com posites, scholars have carried out num erous studies on the relationships
betw een m icro- and m acrom echanical properties, and due to their achievements, the 3D
braided com posites have gradually becam e a popular research direction o f mechanics,
especially relared to the im pact behavior [5-10].
Compression after impact (CAI) performance is an important mechanical characteristic
for the m aterial design and applications [11]. Therefore, m any studies have been carried out
to help understanding the CAI response o f com posite m aterials and im proving the
com posite design, such as laminates, knitted fabric com posites, w oven laminates, stitched
composites, pyramidal truss core sandwich structures, and so on [12-16]. Compared with
norm al lam inated com posites, 3D braided ones offer high im pact dam age tolerance due to
the integrated structure. Consequently, it is im portant to characterize the CAI perform ance
o f 3D braided composites.
The present w ork aims to system atically investigate the im pact and post-im pact
responses o f braided com posite plates. The same im pact energy (45 J) is applied to 3D
four-directional braided com posites w ith three different braiding angles. The post-im pact
m echanical properties o f the m aterials w ere perform ed by CAI testing, and the dam aged
specim ens w ere also visually inspected and m onitored by acoustic em ission in order to
assess the dam age m echanism and expanding process.
1. E xperim en ta l.
1.1. M ateria l Preparation. T700-12K carbon fiber and epoxy resin were used to
fabricate the com posite specim ens through the four-step 1x1 braiding procedure and
resin-transfer m olding (RTM) technique. The 120x 80m m specim ens w ere cut from the flat
panels 5-mm thickness. Specimens have sim ilar fiber volum e fractions (about 60%) but
different braiding angles (15, 25, and 35°).
© S. YAN, L. Y. GUO, J. Y. ZHAO, X. M. LU, T. ZENG, Y. GUO, L. JIANG, 2017
220 ISSN 0556-171X. Проблемы прочности, 2017, № 1
mailto:yanshi@hrbust.edu.cn
Effect o f Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior
1.2. Im p a c t a n d C A I Test. In this study, Instron-Dynatup 9250HV im pact testing
m achine was used according to A STM D7136. The constant m ass o f im pactor was 7.27 kg
and hem ispherical diam eter w as 15.9 mm. A pneum atic rebound brake was activated to
prevent the repeated impact. The same im pact energy 45 J was adopted. A t least three
specim ens were tested for each materials.
INSTRO N 3382 test m achine (100 kN load cell) w as used to test the CAI
perform ances o f im pacted specimens. Figure 1 shows the CAI test fixture designed and the
specim en with strain gauges according to A STM D7137. The tests w ere carried out with
displacem ent control, at a rate o f 0.5 mm/m in. The CAI strength is calculated by
CAI PuU
bt (1)
where o CAI is the CAI strength, Pu is the ultim ate com pressive load, b is the average
width, and t is the average thickness.
5 mm (targeted)
Fig. 1. Compression after impact setup and CAI specimen with strain gauges.
Calculation o f the effective com pressive m odulus using Eq. (2), and the applied force
at 1000 and 3000 m icrostrain is based on the average strain for all four strain gauges
e CAI _ P 3000 ~ P 1000
(£ 3000 ~ £ 1000 )bt
where E cai is the CAI modulus.
In this work, a four channel acoustic em ission (AE) system, supplied by Physical
A coustics Corporation (PAC) was used to record the A E signals. A E m easurem ents were
achieved using a broadband PAC sensor w ith the frequency range o f 100-1000 kHz.
Pre-am plification o f 40 dB and threshold o f 45 dB were performed.
2. R esu lts an d D iscussion.
2.1. Im p a c t Tests. The resulting param eters are sum m arized in Table 1. The integrated
structures get m ore com pact with the braiding angle, and then provide the lim ited im pact
dam age extension and improve the shock resistance o f com posites, leading to higher peak
loads and sm aller im pact dam age areas.
There are some oscillations in the unloading regions (Fig. 2) induced by breakage o f
face sheet directly under the im pact region, and the braided nature o f the m aterials offers a
significant resistance to the breakage o f fibers.
ISSN 0556-171X. npoôëeubi 2017, N2 1 221
S. Yan, L. Y. Guo, J. Y. Zhao, et al.
T a b l e 1
Parameters o f 3D Braided Composites Impacted by 45 J
Type Braiding
angle
(deg)
Impact
energy
(J)
Absorbed
energy
(J)
Peak load
(kN)
Deflection
at peak load
(mm)
I 15 44.07 42.10 10.27 5.98
II 25 43.32 41.48 11.02 5.46
III 35 43.45 41.78 12.30 5.10
Fig. 2. Representative curves from the impact tests: (a) load and energy versus time curves; (b) load
versus displacement curves.
222
Fig. 3. Images of damaged specimens impacted by 45 J.
ISSN 0556-171X. Проблемы прочности, 2017, № 1
Effect o f Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior
Figure 3 shows the dam aged specim ens after the im pact testing. There is the back
surface-splitting, w hile fiber breakage appears at the back surface, w hich m eans the interior
fiber is broken in the im pact area. The dam aged area was m uch larger in specim ens with
sm aller braiding angles, due to the respective density o f the fiber tow arrangements. For the
3D braided composites, an increase in the braiding angle results in a m ore com pact
arrangem ent o f the fiber tows, lim ited dam age extension, and im proved shock resistance o f
the composite.
2.2. C A I Tests. Typical com pressive curves o f the specim ens are presented in Fig. 4.
For the 15 and 25° specim ens, the curves follow a linear (elastic) pattern, and then exhibit a
sharp drop as the result o f brittle fracture. However, for the 35° specim ens, the curve has a
nonlinear tendency versus load. This indicates that the CA I strength decreases w ith the
braided angle (Fig. 5a), w hich can be attributed to the follow ing two factors. Firstly, the
axial support o f the braiding fiber tows is the dom inating bearing capacity. The smaller
braiding angle specim ens can w ithstand higher axial loads under the same com pressive
load conditions, and the axial direction m ainly coincides w ith the loading direction.
Secondly, the fracture/dam age m odes are different, w hich issue w ill be discussed in more
detail in the next section. The com pressive m odulus o f 3D braided com posites has a sim ilar
variation trend at the CAI strength (Fig. 5b).
x10
10
(0
4
M B
H-45J
^ — IH-45J
0.5 1.0 1.5
Displacement (mm)
2.0
Fig. 4. CAI response curves of specimens.
a b
Fig. 5. CAI test results: (a) CAI strength and (b) CAI modulus.
Figure 6 displays detailed fractographies o f CAI specimens. For the 15 and 25°
specim ens, fiber breakage occurs in num erous fiber tows, and then the total structure
ISSN 0556-171X. npodaeMbi npounocmu, 2017, № 1 223
S. Yan, L. Y. Guo, J. Y. Zhao, et al.
Fig. 6. Typical failure photos for CAI specimens.
undergoes the brittle fracture. Here the fiber tows breakage along the braiding angle can be
observed from the side view. For the 350 specim ens, the m ain failure m ode is the com posite
shear fracture along the braiding direction reaching the specim en boundary.
The different C A I failure m odes resulted from the braiding angle variation. As for the
sm aller braiding angle specimen, the fiber tows were closer to the com pressive direction,
resulting in the com pression process, the fiber tows could w ithstand higher loads, thus
enhancing the specim en bearing capacity. W hen reaching the lim it load, fiber tows are
prone to brittle breakage, and the specimens w ere fractured. W ith an increase in the
braiding angle, the m atrix sustained higher loads, the m atrix crack and interface debonding
happened before the fiber breakage, and then the shear failure occurred along the braiding
direction w ithout the support o f the matrix. So the C A I strength o f 350 specimens is low er
than that o f other specim ens, in spite o f a sm aller im pact dam age under the same im pact
energy level, and the load-displacem ent curves show a nonlinear tendency w ith no sharp
drops after application o f critical com pressive load.
2.3. A E B ehavior and Characterization. Based on the characterization o f AE
am plitude [17] and norm alized cum ulative A E energy [18], the CAI failure mechanism s
and process were assessed. The representative curves o f load and A E am plitude vs.
displacem ent for the specim ens in Fig. 7. To investigate the CAI failure process o f the
com posites, the response o f norm alized cum ulative AE energy is shown in Fig. 8. The
224 ISSN 0556-171X. npoôëeMbi npounocmu, 2017, N 1
Effect o f Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior
Fig. 7. Typical load and AE amplitude vs. displacement curves for the specimens: 15 (a), 25 (b), and
35° (c).
norm alized cum ulative AE energy is defined as the total cum ulative AE energy divided by
the sum o f individual AE energies,
N orm alized cum ulative A E energy = 2 0=1 e J 2 n=1 E t (n > a ), (3)
w here n is the num ber o f total A E event and a is the num ber o f ith AE event.
In Fig. 8a and b, the norm alized cum ulative AE energy sustained to augm ent before
the 90% m axim um load, w hile the AE amplitudes w ith 50-80 dB are depicted in Fig. 7a
and b. These AE features suggest that the propagation and extension o f im pact dam age is
accom panied by fiber-m atrix debonding and fiber pull-out. Thereafter, the slope o f
cum ulative AE energy showed an obvious increase, and some high am plitude signals over
85 dB appeared, w hich indicates another failure m echanism such as fiber breakage
occurred. A nd then an AE hit event w ith the highest energy began to appear at the ultim ate
load, and the slope o f cum ulative AE energy w as greatest. But the m agnitude o f changes
m eant different fail mechanism s. For the 15 and 25° specim ens, as shown in Fig. 8a and b,
the cum ulative AE energy was suddenly increased, w hich is attributed to fiber tow s’
breakage and m atrix fracture at the same tim e under ultim ate load, a large elastic energy
released as a strong AE signal w ith high AE am plitude and A E energy, and the blasting
sound o f brittle fracture was recorded. For the 35° specim en, as shown in Fig. 8c, the
cum ulative AE energy did not exhibit any obvious increase. It m eans that the AE energy
level o f 35° specim en is m uch lower than those o f other specimens. The elastic energy
released as a w eaker AE signal w ith high am plitude and low energy, as the result o f the
ISSN 0556-171X. npodneMbi nponnocmu, 2017, № 1 225
S. Yan, L. Y. Guo, J. Y. Zhao, et al.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Displacement (mm)
c
Fig. 8. Typical load-displacement curves (1) and normalized cumulative AE energy vs. displacement
curves (2) for the specimens with different braiding angles: 15 (a), 25 (b), and 350 (c).
fiber dam age due to the fiber pull-out and yarn-to-yarn friction during the specim en shear
failure. Therefore, the cum ulative A E energy sustained to augm ent but the slope showed a
gradual decrease. The am plitude distributions (Fig. 7c) fluctuated between 50 and 95 dB,
w hich am plitude levels can be attributed to fiber-m atrix debonding, fiber pull-out and
yarn-to-yarn friction. Consequently, the CAI dam age process in materials can be described
by the AE features.
Conclusions. The effect o f braiding angle on the low-velocity impact and compression
after im pact characteristic o f 3D four-directional braided com posites were experim ental
investigated. The following conclusions can be drawn from the results:
1. For the 3D braided composites, an increase in the braiding angle results in a m ore
com pact arrangem ent o f the fiber tows, lim ited dam age extension, and im proved shock
resistance o f the com posite, leading to higher peak loads and smaller im pact dam age areas.
2. CAI results indicate that smaller braiding angle specim ens have higher CAI
strength and elastic m odulus, w hich is m ainly attributed to the axial sustain o f braiding
fiber tows. The braiding angle variation evokes different CAI failure modes. As specimens
w ith smaller braiding angles, fiber tows brittle breakage lead to transverse fracture o f the
com posite. W ith increased braiding angle, the shear failure o f the specim en occurs along
the braiding direction.
3. It is confirm ed that AE is an effective tool to acquire in situ inform ation during the
failure process on the CAI tests. The failure process o f the m aterials showed multiple
dam age m echanism s, such as m atrix crack, fiber-m atrix debonding, fiber pull-out, yarn-to-
yarn friction and fiber breakage, w hile the failure m echanism s have obvious distinctions for
the specim ens w ith different braiding angles.
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Effect o f Braiding Angle on the Impact and Post-Impact Behavior
Acknow ledgm ents. The authors w ould like to thank the N ational N atural Science
Foundation o f China (11102055, 11272110), the Science and Technology Innovation Team
o f Heilongjiang D epartm ent o f Education (12521102).
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Received 30. 08. 2016
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