Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction
Historical records on distribution of Luzula spicata in the Ukrainian Carpathians from past publications and herbarium specimens were analyzed. This arctic-alpine species formerly occurred at the uppermost elevations in three mountain massifs: the Chornohora, Marmarosh and Chyvchyny Mts. It was co...
Збережено в:
| Дата: | 2018 |
|---|---|
| Автор: | |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | English |
| Опубліковано: |
Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України
2018
|
| Назва видання: | Український ботанічний журнал |
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/176302 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction / Yu. Kobiv // Український ботанічний журнал. — 2018. — Т. 75, № 1. — С. 70-76. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
irk-123456789-176302 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
irk-123456789-1763022021-02-05T01:27:49Z Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction Kobiv, Yu. Червона книга України Historical records on distribution of Luzula spicata in the Ukrainian Carpathians from past publications and herbarium specimens were analyzed. This arctic-alpine species formerly occurred at the uppermost elevations in three mountain massifs: the Chornohora, Marmarosh and Chyvchyny Mts. It was confined to acidic sandstone and conglomerate rocks on mountain summits and ridges with the lowest thermal conditions. Thorough recent surveys of all the eight previously documented localities allowed to reconfirm the occurrence of L. spicata in one station only, namely near the summit of Mt. Pip Ivan (1990 m a.s.l.) in the Chornohora Mts where its small population has survived. Apparently, the species has become extirpated elsewhere in the Ukrainian Carpathians. A map of current and extinct localities is provided, as well as an image of the recent herbarium specimen. Luzula spicata is one of the most cryophilic species of the Carpathian flora and its Ukrainian localities refer to the lower limit of the species altitudinal range. Therefore, its decline and extinction can be attributed to climate change that has also been reported from other mountain systems of Europe. Analysis of past data showed that most probably the species has already been gradually dying off since the end of the so- called "Little Ice Age" (i.e. 100–150 years ago) that was followed by progressive warming. Luzula spicata is a poorly competitive species confined to rocky habitats with scarce vegetation cover. It is vulnerable both to the direct impact of warming and to replacement by taller graminoids or dwarf shrubs encroaching on the alpine habitats in the course of the climate- induced succession. Because L. spicata is on the brink of extinction, it should be included in the next edition of the Red Data Book of Ukraine as Critically Endangered (CR). Проаналізовано наявні історичні дані про поширення Luzula spicata в Українських Карпатах, наведені в публікаціях і гербарних зразках. Цей aркто-альпійський вид раніше траплявся на найбільших висотах у трьох гірських масивах: Чорногорі, Мармароських і Чивчинських горах. Він був приурочений до пісковикових чи конгломератових скель з кислою реакцією, розташованих на гірських вершинах чи хребтах, де температурний режим є найнижчим. Недавнє ретельне обстеження усіх восьми раніше задокументованих локалітетів дозволило підтвердити наявність L. spicata лише в одному оселищі, а саме біля вершини г. Піп Іван у Чорногорі (1990 м н.р.м.), де збереглася його мала популяція. Очевидно, вид зник на решті території Українських Карпат. Подається карта теперішнього і зниклих локалітетів, а також ілюстрація недавно зібраного гербарного зразка. Luzula spicata – один з найбільш кріофільних видів карпатської флори, а його локалітети в Україні приурочені до нижньої межі висотної амплітуди виду. Тому його регресування й вимирання пов’язані з кліматичними змінами, що було відзначено й в інших гірських системах Європи. Аналіз давніх даних свідчить, що цей вид найімовірніше зазнавав поступового відмирання ще з часу закінчення так званого малого льодовикового періоду (100–150 років тому), після якого розвивалося потепління. Luzula spicata – це низькоконкурентний вид, приурочений до наскельних оселищ з нещільною рослинністю. Він вразливий як до безпосереднього впливу потепління, так і до витіснення конкурентоспроможнішими злаково-осоковими чи чагарничковими видами, що проникають до альпійських оселищ у процесі кліматогенної сукцесії. Оскільки L. spicata перебуває на межі зникнення, її слід внести до наступного видання "Червоної книги України" як критично загрожений (CR) вид. Проанализированы имеющиеся исторические данные о распространении Luzula spicata в Украинских Карпатах, приведенные в публикациях и гербарных образцах. Этот аркто-альпийский вид раньше встречался на наибольших высотах в трех горных массивах: Черногоре, Мармарошских и Чивчинских горах. Он приурочен к песчаниковым или конгломератовым скалам с кислой реакцией, расположенным на горных вершинах или хребтах с самым низким температурным режимом. Недавнее тщательное обследование всех восьми ранее задокументированных локалитетов позволило подтвердить наличие L. spicata только в одном местопроизрастании, а именно возле вершины г. Поп Иван в Черногоре (1990 м н.у.м.), где сохранилась лишь малая популяция. Очевидно, вид исчез на остальной территории Украинских Карпат. Прилагается карта сохранившегося и исчезнувших локалитетов, а также иллюстрация недавно собранного гербарного образца. Luzula spicata – один из наиболее криофильных видов карпатской флоры, а его локалитеты в Украине приурочены к нижней границе высотной амплитуды вида. Поэтому его регрессирование и вымирание связаны с климатическими изменениями, что отмечалось и в других горнах системах Европы. Анализ давних данных свидетельствует, что этот вид вероятно подвергался постепенному вымиранию еще со времени окончания так называемого малого ледникового периода (100–150 лет назад), после которого развивалось потепление. Luzula spicata – низкоконкурентный вид, приуроченный к наскальным местообитаниям с разреженной растительностью. Он уязвим как к непосредственному воздействию потепления, так и к вытеснению более конкурентоспособными злаково-осоковыми или кустарничковыми видами, проникающими в альпийские местообитания в ходе климатогенной сукцессии. Поскольку L. spicata пребывает на грани вымирания, ее следует включить в следующее издание "Красной книги Украины" как находящийся под критической угрозой исчезновения (CR) вид. 2018 Article Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction / Yu. Kobiv // Український ботанічний журнал. — 2018. — Т. 75, № 1. — С. 70-76. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. 0372-4123 DOI: 10.15407/ukrbotj75.01.70 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/176302 en Український ботанічний журнал Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Червона книга України Червона книга України |
| spellingShingle |
Червона книга України Червона книга України Kobiv, Yu. Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction Український ботанічний журнал |
| description |
Historical records on distribution of Luzula spicata in the Ukrainian Carpathians from past publications and herbarium
specimens were analyzed. This arctic-alpine species formerly occurred at the uppermost elevations in three mountain massifs:
the Chornohora, Marmarosh and Chyvchyny Mts. It was confined to acidic sandstone and conglomerate rocks on mountain
summits and ridges with the lowest thermal conditions. Thorough recent surveys of all the eight previously documented localities
allowed to reconfirm the occurrence of L. spicata in one station only, namely near the summit of Mt. Pip Ivan (1990 m a.s.l.)
in the Chornohora Mts where its small population has survived. Apparently, the species has become extirpated elsewhere in
the Ukrainian Carpathians. A map of current and extinct localities is provided, as well as an image of the recent herbarium
specimen. Luzula spicata is one of the most cryophilic species of the Carpathian flora and its Ukrainian localities refer to the
lower limit of the species altitudinal range. Therefore, its decline and extinction can be attributed to climate change that has also
been reported from other mountain systems of Europe. Analysis of past data showed that most probably the species has already
been gradually dying off since the end of the so-
called "Little Ice Age" (i.e. 100–150 years ago) that was followed by progressive
warming. Luzula spicata is a poorly competitive species confined to rocky habitats with scarce vegetation cover. It is vulnerable
both to the direct impact of warming and to replacement by taller graminoids or dwarf shrubs encroaching on the alpine habitats
in the course of the climate-
induced succession. Because L. spicata is on the brink of extinction, it should be included in the next
edition of the Red Data Book of Ukraine as Critically Endangered (CR). |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Kobiv, Yu. |
| author_facet |
Kobiv, Yu. |
| author_sort |
Kobiv, Yu. |
| title |
Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction |
| title_short |
Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction |
| title_full |
Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction |
| title_fullStr |
Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction |
| title_sort |
luzula spicata (juncaceae) in the ukrainian carpathians: on the brink of extinction |
| publisher |
Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| topic_facet |
Червона книга України |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/176302 |
| citation_txt |
Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction / Yu. Kobiv // Український ботанічний журнал. — 2018. — Т. 75, № 1. — С. 70-76. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Український ботанічний журнал |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT kobivyu luzulaspicatajuncaceaeintheukrainiancarpathiansonthebrinkofextinction |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-15T14:04:06Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-15T14:04:06Z |
| _version_ |
1837721973540519936 |
| fulltext |
70 Ukr. Bot. J., 2018, 75(1)
Червона книга України
Red Data Book of Ukraine
Introduction
Assessment of current conservation status of rare and
endangered species, as well as determining the level of
threat to them require repeated surveys of their known
localities, which enable to reveal dynamic trends in
their populations. However, many plant species listed
in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Chervona knyha
Ukrainy…, 2009) lack such comprehensive data, which
also refers to other rare species. That fully concerns the
Carpathian region where inventories are most hard to
perform because of poor accessibility of some high-
mountain areas.
This article is supposed to fill that gap with regard to
one oreophytic species – Luzula spicata (L.) DC. The
aim of the study was to check the known localities of
the species and to define its current status. Another goal
was to find out whether the species still occurs in the
Ukrainian Carpathians because reasonable doubts in its
survival have been expressed (Olshanskyi, 2014; Kobiv
et al., 2017).
Luzula spicata is an arctic-alpine species spread
in the north of America and Europe, as well as in the
temperate zone at upper elevations in the mountains of
North America, Eurasia and North Africa (Atlas Mts).
The species is rather polymorphic and its several
subspecies have been defined in Europe (Kirschner,
2002). In the Carpathians, it is represented by L. spicata
subsp. conglomerata (W.D.J. Koch) Murr (= L. spicata
subsp. mutabilis Chrtek & Křisa), a subspecies with
disjunct distribution, which also occurs in the Pyrenees,
Alps, Swiss Jura and Northern Apennines (Chrtek,
Křisa, 1962, 1980; Kirschner, 2002).
In the Carpathians, L. spicata is the only represen-
tative of the section Alpinae (Chrtek, Křisa, 1962, 1980;
Kirschner, 2002) and is well-distinguishable for its
© Yu. KOBIV, 2018
doi: 10.15407/ukrbotj75.01.70
Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of
extinction
Yuriy KOBIV
Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
4, Kozelnytska Str., Lviv 79026, Ukraine
Botanical Garden of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
44, Cheremshyny Str., Lviv 79014, Ukraine
ykobiv@gmail.com
Kobiv Y. Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians: on the brink of extinction. Ukr. Bot. J., 2018, 75(1): 70–76.
Abstract. Historical records on distribution of Luzula spicata in the Ukrainian Carpathians from past publications and herbarium
specimens were analyzed. This arctic-alpine species formerly occurred at the uppermost elevations in three mountain massifs:
the Chornohora, Marmarosh and Chyvchyny Mts. It was confined to acidic sandstone and conglomerate rocks on mountain
summits and ridges with the lowest thermal conditions. Thorough recent surveys of all the eight previously documented localities
allowed to reconfirm the occurrence of L. spicata in one station only, namely near the summit of Mt. Pip Ivan (1990 m a.s.l.)
in the Chornohora Mts where its small population has survived. Apparently, the species has become extirpated elsewhere in
the Ukrainian Carpathians. A map of current and extinct localities is provided, as well as an image of the recent herbarium
specimen. Luzula spicata is one of the most cryophilic species of the Carpathian flora and its Ukrainian localities refer to the
lower limit of the species altitudinal range. Therefore, its decline and extinction can be attributed to climate change that has also
been reported from other mountain systems of Europe. Analysis of past data showed that most probably the species has already
been gradually dying off since the end of the so -called "Little Ice Age" (i.e. 100–150 years ago) that was followed by progressive
warming. Luzula spicata is a poorly competitive species confined to rocky habitats with scarce vegetation cover. It is vulnerable
both to the direct impact of warming and to replacement by taller graminoids or dwarf shrubs encroaching on the alpine habitats
in the course of the climate -induced succession. Because L. spicata is on the brink of extinction, it should be included in the next
edition of the Red Data Book of Ukraine as Critically Endangered (CR).
Keywords: cryophilic species, climate change, locality, extinction, Carpathians
71Укр. бот. журн., 2018, 75(1)
Fig. 1. A recent herbarium specimen of Luzula spicata from Mt. Pip Ivan in the Chornohora Mts
72 Ukr. Bot. J., 2018, 75(1)
century. That locality was reconfirmed later by a number
of herbarium specimens gathered mostly in the 1930s.
Moreover, in Pawłowski and Walas’ (1949) publication
on the vegetation of the Chyvchyny Mts L. spicata is
listed in the phytosociological relevé of the community
Cetrario-Festucetum airoidis (alliance Juncion trifidi)
from the saxicolous locality. Comments in the above
publications and on the herbarium labels show that all
this set of data refers to the conglomerate rock at the
Ukrainian-Romanian border on the very top of Mt.
Hnetiesa at 1760–1765 m a.s.l.
Thus, there are reliable historical data on the past
occurrence of L. spicata in three mountain ranges of the
Ukrainian Carpathians: the Chornohora, Marmarosh
and Chyvchyny Mts (Fig. 2). While in the former two
ranges the species is known from the high elevations
in the alpine zone (> 1900 m a.s.l.), its locality in the
Chyvchyny Mts can be regarded as subalpine.
Luzula spicata was also erroneously mentioned for the
town of Chernivtsi by Tkachyk (2000), which resulted
from misidentification of the herbarium specimen.
Ecological requirements. According to European
compendia on ecological values of plants (Landolt, 1977;
Ellenberg et al., 1992; Zarzycki et al., 2002), L. spicata
is a highly specialized oreophyte and can be regarded
as one of the most cryophilic species of the Carpathian
flora. In the Carpathians, its ecological optimum and
distribution range correspond to conditions of the
subnival and upper alpine zones (Mirek, 1989).
Dahl (1998) stated that the main factor that
determines the lower or southernmost limits of
distribution of many cryophilic species is maximum
summer temperature. He claimed that critical
maximum summer temperature for L. spicata is +24 °C,
therefore climate warming should lead to the decline on
the trailing (i.e. lower) edge of its distribution.
All the mentioned localities of L. spicata in the
Ukrainian Carpathians have been reported from the
uppermost parts of the mountains, i.e. their summits
or ridges where the temperature is the lowest. The
fact that most of the species localities have been
documented in the Chornohora can be explained by the
highest elevation of that range and, consequently, the
lowest thermal conditions, which are crucial for that
cryophilic species. However, these sparse suitable sites
that comply with ecological requirements of L. spicata
referred to the lowermost limits of the species altitudinal
range as follows from its distribution in the Alps (Pauli
et al., 2007; Frei et al., 2010) and Western Carpathians
(Mirek, 1989). Therefore, climate warming, which has
spike-like nodding inflorescence (Fig. 1) differing from
other native species of Luzula DC.
Materials and methods
Past publications and available herbarium data on
Luzula spicata in the Ukrainian Carpathians have been
analyzed. In total, I found 10 corresponding herbarium
sheets: 9 – in Polish herbaria of Cracow (KRAM, KRA),
and 1 – in Lviv (LWS).
Historical records were checked in the Chornohora
(in 2015, 2016, and 2017), Marmarosh (2016) and
Chyvchyny Mts (2012) during field research. Suitable
rocky and low-sward alpine habitats were thoroughly
surveyed in search of the species in its previously
documented localities and their vicinity.
The collected specimen (Fig. 1) is deposited at the
Herbarium of the M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany,
Kyiv (KW).
Results and discussion
Previous data on distribution in Ukraine. Luzula spicata
is mentioned in the main floristic compendia regarding
the Ukrainian Carpathians (Krechetovych, Barbarych,
1950; Chopyk, 1976; Vyznachnyk roslyn…, 1977).
However, information on the species occurrence is
based merely on original historical data from the second
half of the 19th – first half of the 20th century. The first
author to record L. spicata in the part of the Carpathians,
which now belongs to Ukraine, was Rehman (1873)
who reported it from several highest summits of the
Chornohora ridge – Mts Hoverla, Rebra, Brebeneskul
and Pip Ivan.
Zapałowicz (1889), who performed the most
comprehensive floristic inventory of the Chornohora in
the 1880s, reconfirmed the species occurrence on Mts
Pip Ivan and Rebra and documented its exact location.
Localities of L. spicata in the Chornohora Mts were
also proved by herbarium specimens gathered in the
1930s by Mądalski at high altitudes (≥ 1910 m a.s.l.)
on Mts Pip Ivan, Gutyn-Tomnatyk and Turkul. The
herbarium labels indicate the location of these stations
quite explicitly.
In addition, the species was reported by Zapałowicz
(1889) from the Marmarosh range, namely from Mt.
Pip Ivan Marmaroskyi. Its elevation (1940 m a.s.l.)
corresponds to the very top of the mountain.
Another series of the species records refers to the
summit of Mt. Hnetiesa in the Chyvchyny Mts, where
it was discovered by Wołoszczak (1888) in the late 19th
73Укр. бот. журн., 2018, 75(1)
cryophilic alpine species – Agrostis rupestris All. and
Oreochloa disticha (Wulfen) Link, whose negative
dynamics was reported recently (Kyyak, 2013; Kobiv,
2017) and can also be explained by the adverse impact
of climate change.
Current status and conservation implications. All
the eight previously documented localities of Luzula
spicata – 6 in the Chornohora, 1 – in the Marmarosh
and 1 – in the Chyvchyny Mts (Fig. 2) were checked
during the surveys. However, despite the thorough search
in these and nearby suitable habitats, I managed to find
the species in one locality only. It is situated in the alpine
zone on the flat south-eastern ridge of Mt. Pip Ivan
in the Chornohora Mts at 1990 m a.s.l. (48°02′46′′N,
been confirmed for the Carpathians lately (Spinoni
et al., 2015) should have been causing the decline and
extinction of that cryophilic species that has no available
habitats to colonize.
The above-mentioned past publications and
herbarium labels show that L. spicata in the Ukrainian
Carpathians is a saxicolous species confined to
sandstone and conglomerate rocks. It is defined
as a characteristic species for the acidophilic
syntaxonomic order Caricetalia curvulae and alliance
Juncion trifidi (Matuszkiewicz, 2002). As follows from
phytosociological prodromes of some Carpathian
countries (Moravec, 1995; Matuszkiewicz, 2002),
Luzula spicata is often associated with other markedly
Fig. 2. Distribution of Luzula spicata in the Ukrainian Carpathians: ● – current locality; ○ – extinct localities
74 Ukr. Bot. J., 2018, 75(1)
Such a decreasing trend in the species findings could
indicate that it has already been gradually dying off
since the end of the so-called "Little Ice Age" (i.e. 100–
150 years ago) that was followed by progressive warming
(Free, Robock, 1990). The lack of the species records
in the Ukrainian Carpathians since World War II shows
that most possibly it has become extremely rare in the
region by the second half of the XX century.
Upward shifts in the species distribution and decline
at its lower limit have been documented in the Alps
recently (Pauli et al., 2007; Frei et al. 2010).
In the Ukrainian Carpathians, L. spicata is not only
ecologically marginal (i.e. restricted to atypically low
elevations), but also geographically peripheral, because
it occurs at the north-eastern limit of the species
distribution in Central Europe (Kobiv, 2017). Its closest
to Ukraine localities are situated ca. 30 km westwards
from the state border, in the Rodna Mts, Romanian
Carpathians (Grinţescu, 1966). Therefore, partial or
total extinction of L. spicata, as well as other cold-
demanding alpine species (Agrostis rupestris, Saxifraga
oppositifolia L., S. pedemontana All.) in the Ukrainian
Carpathians leads to considerable contraction of their
geographical ranges (Kobiv, 2017). This proves that
climate change is a significant factor of biodiversity
loss in the European scale, which particularly concerns
alpine ecosystems.
Luzula spicata is on the Red List of the Czech
Republic as "Critically Endangered" (Grulich, 2012),
because it has been declining in the Sudeten Mts where
it occurs at comparatively low elevation, apparently at
the limit of its altitudinal range.
The species should be included in the next edition of
the Red Data Book of Ukraine as Critically Endangered
(CR) because it is threatened by extinction already in
the mid-term perspective.
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Prof. Illya Chorney (Yuriy Fedkovych
National University of Chernivtsi) for helpful remarks and to
Dr. Igor Olshanskyi (M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany,
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv) for useful
advice and confirming the identification of the collected
specimen of Luzula spicata.
This publication was prepared with support of the Ministry
of Education and Science of Ukraine (grant 0116U001546)
and the State Fund for Fundamental Research (grant F76/81-
2017).
24°37′58′′E) about 400 m from the summit. The species
occurs on the southern aspect of a sandstone rock on
about 10 m². The population is low-numbered and
included only 6 flowering individuals in August 2017.
The largest tufts cover up to 15 cm². The number of
vegetative individuals could hardly be estimated because
they can be confused with those of the other graminoids.
Vegetation cover at the site amounts to 25 % and is
formed by the following species with corresponding
grades of the Braun-Blanquet scale: Luzula spicata – +,
Festuca airoides Lam. – 2, Juncus trifidus L. – 1, Carex
atrata L. – +, Hieracium alpinum L. – +, Campanula
kladniana (Schur) Witasek – +, Racomitrium canescens
(Hedw.) Brid.) – 2, Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. – 1.
The size of that population of L. spicata is critically
small and does not ensure its further survival even in
the mid-term perspective. Apparently, the population
is merely a remnant of formerly much larger entity,
which once inhabited several ridges at the summit
of Mt. Pip Ivan above 1980 m a.s.l. as follows from
Zapałowicz's (1889) records and herbarium labels
(KRAM 2745, 6209, 80235). These numerous historical
data imply that this population could be the largest in
the Ukrainian Carpathians in the past, which enabled it
to survive until now.
Thus, the surveys carried out in the previously known
localities showed that most probably L. spicata has
declined significantly in its remaining locality on Mt.
Pip Ivan in the Chornohora Mts and died out elsewhere
in the Ukrainian Carpathians due to unfavorable
climate warming impact, while thermal conditions in
its scarce habitats got beyond the ecological range of
that cryophylic species. The species is on the brink of
extinction in Ukraine and its long-term survival in the
region is problematic.
Luzula spicata is a poorly competitive saxicolous
species confined to rocky habitats with scarce vegetation
cover. It is vulnerable to replacement by taller graminoids
or dwarf shrubs ingressing into the alpine habitats in the
course of the climate-induced succession.
It is remarkable, that the old authors who surveyed
the Carpathians in the 19th century found the localities
of L. spicata more often than their successors. For
instance, Rehman (1873) after his rather brief
investigation of the Chornohora Mts managed to report
it from as much as four summits (see above). In addition,
Deyl (1940), who performed the most comprehensive
survey of the flora of Mt. Pip Ivan Marmaroskyi in the
1930s, did not mention L. spicata, though he could
hardly miss it making a set of relevés on the top of that
mountain where it had occurred in the late 19th century
(Zapałowicz, 1889).
75Укр. бот. журн., 2018, 75(1)
Landolt E. Ökologische Zeigerwerte zur Schweizer Flora.
Veröffentlichungen Geobot. Institut. ETH, 1977, 64: 1–208.
Matuszkiewicz W. Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk
roślinnych Polski. Warszawa: Wyd-wo Nauk. PWN, 2002,
537 pp.
Mirek Z. Zasięgi wysokościowe roślin naczyniowych w Kar-
patach i ich klasyfikacja. Wiadom. Bot., 1989, 33: 57–64.
Moravec J. Rostlinná společenstva České republiky a jejich
ohrožení. 2nd ed. Severočeskou Přírodou. Suppl., 1995:
1–206.
Olshanskyi I. Two Juncaceae species, that disappeared from
Ukrainian Carpathians. In: 7th Planta Europa Conference
book of abstracts. Kolympary: Orthodox Acad. Crete,
2014, p. 35.
Pauli H., Gottfried M., Reiter K., Klettner C., Grabherr G.
Signals of range expansions and contractions of vas-
cular plants in the high Alps: observations (1994–
2004) at the GLORIA master site Schrankogel, Tyrol,
Austria. Global Change Biology, 2007, 13: 147–156.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01282.x.
Pawłowski B., Walas J. Les associations des plantes vasculaires
des Monts de Czywczyn. Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Lett. B,
1949, 1: 117–181.
Rehman A. Materiały do flory Wschodnich Karpat zebrane
w r. 1871 i 1872. Spraw. Kom. Fizjogr., 1873, 7: 1–39.
Spinoni J., Szalai S., Szentimrey T., Lakatos M., Bihari Z.,
Nagy A., Németh Á., Kovács T., Mihic D., Dacic M.,
Petrovic P., Kržič A., Hiebl J., Auer I., Milkovic J.,
Štepánek P., Zahradnícek P., Kilar P., Limanowka D.,
Robert R., Cheval S., Birsan M.-V., Dumitrescu A.,
Deak G., Matei M., Antolovic I., Nejedlí P., Štastný
P., Kajaba P., Bochnícek O., Galo D., Mikulová K.,
Nabyvanets Y., Skrynyk O., Krakovska S., Gnatiuk N.,
Tolasz R., Antofie T., Vogt J. Climate of the Carpathian
Region in the period 1961–2010: climatologies and
trends of 10 variables. Int. J. Climatol., 2015, 35: 1322–
1341. doi: 10.1002/joc.
Tkachyk V.P. Flora Prykarpattya. Lviv: NTSh, 2000, 254
pp. [Ткачик В.П. Флора Прикарпаття. Львів: НТШ,
2000, 254 с.].
Vyznachnyk roslyn Ukrainskych Karpat. Ed. V.I. Chopyk.
Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1977, 433 pp. [Визначник рос-
лин Українських Карпат. Ред. В.І. Чопик. Київ: Наук.
думка, 1977, 433 с.].
Wołoszczak E. Drugi przyczynek do flory Pokucia.
Spraw. Kom. Fizjogr., 1888, 22: 184–220.
Zapałowicz H. Roślinna szata Gór Pokucko-Marmaro-
skich. Spraw. Komis. Fizjogr., 1889, 24: 1–390.
Zarzycki K., Trzcińska-Tacik H., Różański W., Szeląg Z.,
Wołek J., Korzeniak U. Ecological indicator values of
vascular plants of Poland. Kraków: W. Szafer Inst. Bot.,
Polish Acad. Sci., 2002, 183 pp.
Recommended for publication by Submitted 10.11.2017
M.M. Fedoronchuk
REFERENCES
Chervona knyha Ukrainy. Roslynnyi svit (Red Data Book of
Ukraine. Plant Kingdom). Ed. Ya.P. Didukh. Kyiv: Glo-
balkonsaltyng, 2009, 912 pp. [Червона книга України.
Рослинний світ. Ред. Я.П. Дідух. Київ: Глобалконсал-
тинг, 2009, 912 с.].
Chopyk V.I. Vysokohirna flora Ukrainskykh Karpat. Kyiv:
Naukova Dumka, 1976, 270 pp. [Чопик В.І. Високо-
гірна флора Українських Карпат. Київ: Наук. думка,
1976, 270 с.].
Chrtek J., Křisa B. A taxonomical study of the species Luzula
spicata (L.) DC. sensu lato in Europe. Bot. Not., 1962,
115: 293–310.
Chrtek J., Křisa B. Luzula. In: Flora Europaea.
Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1980, vol. 5,
pp. 111–116.
Dahl E. The phytogeography of Northern Europe: British Isles,
Fennoscandia, and adjacent areas. Cambridge: Cam-
bridge Univ. Press, 1998, 297 pp.
Deyl M. Plants, soil and climate of Pop Ivan. Synecologi-
cal study from Carpathian Ukraine. Opera Bot. Čechica,
1940, 2: 1–290.
Ellenberg H., Weber H.E., Düll R., Wirth V., Werner W.,
Paulissen D. Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa.
2 Auf. Scripta Geobot., 1992, 18: 1–258.
Free M., Robock A. Global warming in the context of the
Little Ice Age. J. Geophys. Res., 1999, 104: 19,057–
19,070. doi: 10.1029/1999JD900233.
Frei E., Bodin J., Walther G.R. Plant species’ range shifts
in mountainous areas – all uphill from here? Bot. Helv.,
2010, 120(2): 117–128. doi:10.1007/s00035-010-0076-y.
Grinţescu I. Fam. Juncaceae. In: Flora Reipublicae Social-
isticae România. Bucureşti: Edit. Acad. Reipubl. Soc.
România, 1966, vol. 11, pp. 527–604.
Grulich V. Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic.
3rd edition. Preslia, 2012, 84: 631–645.
Kirschner J. Juncaceae 1: Rostkovia to Luzula. In: Species
Plantarum: flora of the World. Canberra: Australian Biol.
Resources Study, 2002, part 6, 237 pp.
Kobiv Y. Response of rare alpine plant species to climate
change in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Folia Geobot.,
2017, 52(2): 217–226. doi: 10.1007/s12224-016-9270-z.
Kobiv Y., Prokopiv A., Nachychko V., Borsukevych L.,
Helesh M. Distribution and population status of rare
plant species in the Marmarosh Mountains (Ukrainian
Carpathians). Ukr. Bot. J., 2017, 74(2): 163–176. doi:
10.15407/ukrbotj74.02.163.
Krechetovych V.I., Barbarych A.I. Rodyna Sytnykovi
(Juncaceae). In: Flora URSR. Kyiv: Vyd-vo AN URSR,
1950, vol. 3, pp. 21–61. [Кречетович В.І., Барба-
рич А.І. Родина Ситникові (Juncaceae). В кн.: Флора
УРСР. Київ: Вид-во АН УРСР, 1950, т. 3, с. 21–61].
Kyyak V.H. Mali populyatsii ridkisnykh vydiv roslyn vyso-
kohirya Ukrainskykh Karpat. Lviv: Liga-Press, 2013,
248 pp. [Кияк В.Г. Малі популяції рідкісних видів рос-
лин високогір'я Українських Карпат. Львів: Ліга-Прес,
2013, 248 с.].
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01282.x/full
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01282.x/full
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01282.x/full
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01282.x/full
http://scholar.google.com.ua/citations?user=nPKJ8w0AAAAJ&hl=uk&oi=sra
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.4059/full
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.4059/full
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.4059/full
http://scholar.google.com.ua/citations?user=PuKvZ4MAAAAJ&hl=uk&oi=sra
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999JD900233/full
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999JD900233/full
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00035-010-0076-y
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00035-010-0076-y
76 Ukr. Bot. J., 2018, 75(1)
Кобів Ю. Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) в Українських
Карпатах: на межі зникнення. Укр. бот. журн., 2018, 75(1):
70–76.
Інститут екології Карпат НАН України
вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів 790026, Україна
Ботанічний сад Львівского національного університету
ім. Івана Франка
вул. Черемшини, 44, Львів 79014, Україна
Проаналізовано наявні історичні дані про поширення
Luzula spicata в Українських Карпатах, наведені в
публікаціях і гербарних зразках. Цей aркто-альпійський
вид раніше траплявся на найбільших висотах у
трьох гірських масивах: Чорногорі, Мармароських
і Чивчинських горах. Він був приурочений до
пісковикових чи конгломератових скель з кислою
реакцією, розташованих на гірських вершинах чи
хребтах, де температурний режим є найнижчим.
Недавнє ретельне обстеження усіх восьми раніше
задокументованих локалітетів дозволило підтвердити
наявність L. spicata лише в одному оселищі, а саме біля
вершини г. Піп Іван у Чорногорі (1990 м н.р.м.), де
збереглася його мала популяція. Очевидно, вид зник на
решті території Українських Карпат. Подається карта
теперішнього і зниклих локалітетів, а також ілюстрація
недавно зібраного гербарного зразка. Luzula spicata –
один з найбільш кріофільних видів карпатської флори,
а його локалітети в Україні приурочені до нижньої
межі висотної амплітуди виду. Тому його регресування
й вимирання пов’язані з кліматичними змінами, що
було відзначено й в інших гірських системах Європи.
Аналіз давніх даних свідчить, що цей вид найімовірніше
зазнавав поступового відмирання ще з часу закінчення
так званого малого льодовикового періоду (100–150
років тому), після якого розвивалося потепління. Luzula
spicata – це низькоконкурентний вид, приурочений
до наскельних оселищ з нещільною рослинністю. Він
вразливий як до безпосереднього впливу потепління, так
і до витіснення конкурентоспроможнішими злаково-
осоковими чи чагарничковими видами, що проникають
до альпійських оселищ у процесі кліматогенної сукцесії.
Оскільки L. spicata перебуває на межі зникнення,
її слід внести до наступного видання "Червоної
книги України" як критично загрожений (CR) вид.
Ключові слова: кріофільний вид, кліматичні зміни,
локалітет, зникнення, Карпати
Кобив Ю. Luzula spicata (Juncaceae) в Украинских
Карпатах: на грани исчезновения. Укр. бот. журн., 2018,
75(1): 70–76.
Институт экологии Карпат НАН Украины
ул. Козельницкая, 4, Львов 79026, Украина
Ботанический сад Львовского национального
университета им. Ивана Франко
ул. Черемшины, 44, Львов 79014, Украина
Проанализированы имеющиеся исторические данные о
распространении Luzula spicata в Украинских Карпатах,
приведенные в публикациях и гербарных образцах.
Этот аркто-альпийский вид раньше встречался на
наибольших высотах в трех горных массивах: Черногоре,
Мармарошских и Чивчинских горах. Он приурочен к
песчаниковым или конгломератовым скалам с кислой
реакцией, расположенным на горных вершинах или
хребтах с самым низким температурным режимом.
Недавнее тщательное обследование всех восьми
ранее задокументированных локалитетов позволило
подтвердить наличие L. spicata только в одном
местопроизрастании, а именно возле вершины г. Поп
Иван в Черногоре (1990 м н.у.м.), где сохранилась лишь
малая популяция. Очевидно, вид исчез на остальной
территории Украинских Карпат. Прилагается карта
сохранившегося и исчезнувших локалитетов, а также
иллюстрация недавно собранного гербарного образца.
Luzula spicata – один из наиболее криофильных
видов карпатской флоры, а его локалитеты в Украине
приурочены к нижней границе высотной амплитуды
вида. Поэтому его регрессирование и вымирание связаны
с климатическими изменениями, что отмечалось и в
других горнах системах Европы. Анализ давних данных
свидетельствует, что этот вид вероятно подвергался
постепенному вымиранию еще со времени окончания
так называемого малого ледникового периода (100–150
лет назад), после которого развивалось потепление.
Luzula spicata – низкоконкурентный вид, приуроченный
к наскальным местообитаниям с разреженной
растительностью. Он уязвим как к непосредственному
воздействию потепления, так и к вытеснению
более конкурентоспособными злаково-осоковыми
или кустарничковыми видами, проникающими в
альпийские местообитания в ходе климатогенной
сукцессии. Поскольку L. spicata пребывает на грани
вымирания, ее следует включить в следующее
издание "Красной книги Украины" как находящийся
под критической угрозой исчезновения (CR) вид.
Ключевые слова: криофильный вид, климатические
изменения, локалитет, исчезновение, Карпаты
|