Comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones, with case studies
General recommendations regarding proper type designation of names of taxa described by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones series of articles (as well as in some other publications) are provided. It is concluded that, as clearly indicated in the protologues, all (or almost all) taxa described in t...
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Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України
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irk-123456789-1768072021-02-09T01:26:25Z Comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones, with case studies Mosyakin, S.L. McNeill, J. Boiko, G.V. Систематика, флористика, географія рослин General recommendations regarding proper type designation of names of taxa described by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones series of articles (as well as in some other publications) are provided. It is concluded that, as clearly indicated in the protologues, all (or almost all) taxa described in these publications are based on specimens from the private herbarium of Turczaninow which was donated in the 1840s to the Kharkiv University (CWU) and in the 1940s was transferred to the Institute of Botany in Kyiv (KW). Consequently, holotypes and syntypes of these taxa are now almost exclusively in KW. Several cases of correct and incorrect type designations are discussed, specifically of some South American Brassicaceae, Geraniaceae and Hypericaceae, Central American Malvaceae, and southern African Polygalaceae. Information on the re-discovered holotype (KW) of Abelmoschus achanioides Turcz. (now accepted as Malvaviscus achanioides (Turcz.) Fryxell, Malvaceae) is provided, and an earlier lectotypification of that name with a specimen from G is considered ineffective. The holotype of Stenocalyx involutus Turcz. (now considered a synonym of Mezia includens (Benth.) Cuatrec., Malpighiaceae) was originally in the Turczaninow herbarium, but the whole folder with that specimen is now missing in KW (considered lost or destroyed), and it was already missing in the mid-1920s, when the collection was still in CWU. Because of that the lectotype of S. involutus is designated here, the specimen from MPU, to replace the lost or destroyed holotype. The need for thorough analysis of protologues, available original material, and associated information for correct type designation/indication is emphasized. Наведені загальні рекомендації щодо правильного позначення типів назв таксонів, що були описані М.С. Турчаніновим у серії статей "Animadversiones…" (а також у деяких інших його публікаціях). На основі чітких вказівок у протологах зроблено висновок про те, що усі (або майже всі) таксони, описані в цих публікаціях, базуються на зразках з приватного гербарію Турчанінова, який у 1840-х роках був подарований ним Харківському університету (CWU), а у 1940-х роках переміщений до Інституту ботаніки у Києві (KW). Отже, голотипи та синтипи цих таксонів зараз знаходяться майже виключно у гербарії KW. Обговорюються декілька випадків правильних та неправильних позначень типів, зокрема, для деяких південноамериканських представників родин Brassicaceae, Geraniaceae та Hypericaceae, центральноамериканських Malvaceae та південноафриканських Polygalaceae. Наведена інформація про віднайдений у KW голотип Abelmoschus achanioides Turcz. (зараз визнаний під назвою Malvaviscus achanioides (Turcz.) Fryxell, Malvaceae), а попередня лектотипіфікація цієї назви зразком з гербарію G визнана недійсною. Голотип Stenocalyx involutus Turcz. (нині розглядається як синонім визнаної назви Mezia includens (Benth.) Cuatrec., Malpighiaceae) раніше знаходився у гербарії Турчанінова, але всієї папки з цим зразком у KW зараз немає; вона вважається втраченою і вже була відсутня у середині 1920-х років, коли колекція ще перебувала в CWU. З цієї причини назва S. involutus лектотипіфікована тут зразком з гербарію MPU, на заміну втраченого або знищеного голотипу. Наголошується на необхідності ретельного аналізу протологів, наявного оригінального матеріалу та асоційованої інформації для правильної типіфікації. 2019 Article Comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones, with case studies / S.L. Mosyakin, J. Mcneill, G.V. Boiko // Український ботанічний журнал. — 2019. — Т. 76, № 5. — С. 379-389. — Бібліогр.: 49 назв. — англ. 0372-4123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj76.05.379 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/176807 en Український ботанічний журнал Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Систематика, флористика, географія рослин Систематика, флористика, географія рослин |
| spellingShingle |
Систематика, флористика, географія рослин Систематика, флористика, географія рослин Mosyakin, S.L. McNeill, J. Boiko, G.V. Comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones, with case studies Український ботанічний журнал |
| description |
General recommendations regarding proper type designation of names of taxa described by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones series
of articles (as well as in some other publications) are provided. It is concluded that, as clearly indicated in the protologues, all (or almost all)
taxa described in these publications are based on specimens from the private herbarium of Turczaninow which was donated in the 1840s to the
Kharkiv University (CWU) and in the 1940s was transferred to the Institute of Botany in Kyiv (KW). Consequently, holotypes and syntypes of
these taxa are now almost exclusively in KW. Several cases of correct and incorrect type designations are discussed, specifically of some South
American Brassicaceae, Geraniaceae and Hypericaceae, Central American Malvaceae, and southern African Polygalaceae. Information on the
re-discovered holotype (KW) of Abelmoschus achanioides Turcz. (now accepted as Malvaviscus achanioides (Turcz.) Fryxell, Malvaceae) is
provided, and an earlier lectotypification of that name with a specimen from G is considered ineffective. The holotype of Stenocalyx involutus
Turcz. (now considered a synonym of Mezia includens (Benth.) Cuatrec., Malpighiaceae) was originally in the Turczaninow herbarium, but
the whole folder with that specimen is now missing in KW (considered lost or destroyed), and it was already missing in the mid-1920s, when
the collection was still in CWU. Because of that the lectotype of S. involutus is designated here, the specimen from MPU, to replace the lost
or destroyed holotype. The need for thorough analysis of protologues, available original material, and associated information for correct type
designation/indication is emphasized. |
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Mosyakin, S.L. McNeill, J. Boiko, G.V. |
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Comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones, with case studies |
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Comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones, with case studies |
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Comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones, with case studies |
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comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by turczaninow in his animadversiones, with case studies |
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Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
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379Український ботанічний журнал, 2019, 76(5)
Систематика, флористика, географія рослин
Plant Taxonomy, Geography and Floristics
https://doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj76.05.379
Comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by
Turczaninow in his Animadversiones, with case studies
Sergei L. MOSYAKIN1, John McNEILL2 , Ganna V. BOIKO1
1 M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2 Tereschenkivska Str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
s_mosyakin@hotmail.com
bav22@ukr.net
2 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, U.K.
& Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada
JMcNeill@rbge.org.uk
Mosyakin S.L., McNeill J., Boiko G.V. 2019. Comments on proper type designation for names of taxa validated by Turczaninow in his
Animadversiones, with case studies. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 76(5): 379–389.
Abstract. General recommendations regarding proper type designation of names of taxa described by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones series
of articles (as well as in some other publications) are provided. It is concluded that, as clearly indicated in the protologues, all (or almost all)
taxa described in these publications are based on specimens from the private herbarium of Turczaninow which was donated in the 1840s to the
Kharkiv University (CWU) and in the 1940s was transferred to the Institute of Botany in Kyiv (KW). Consequently, holotypes and syntypes of
these taxa are now almost exclusively in KW. Several cases of correct and incorrect type designations are discussed, specifically of some South
American Brassicaceae, Geraniaceae and Hypericaceae, Central American Malvaceae, and southern African Polygalaceae. Information on the
re-discovered holotype (KW) of Abelmoschus achanioides Turcz. (now accepted as Malvaviscus achanioides (Turcz.) Fryxell, Malvaceae) is
provided, and an earlier lectotypification of that name with a specimen from G is considered ineffective. The holotype of Stenocalyx involutus
Turcz. (now considered a synonym of Mezia includens (Benth.) Cuatrec., Malpighiaceae) was originally in the Turczaninow herbarium, but
the whole folder with that specimen is now missing in KW (considered lost or destroyed), and it was already missing in the mid-1920s, when
the collection was still in CWU. Because of that the lectotype of S. involutus is designated here, the specimen from MPU, to replace the lost
or destroyed holotype. The need for thorough analysis of protologues, available original material, and associated information for correct type
designation/indication is emphasized.
Keywords: bibliography, Brassicaceae, Geraniaceae, herbarium, Malpighiaceae, Malvaceae, nomenclature, Polygalaceae, taxonomy, type,
typification
Submitted 31 July 2019. Published 31 October 2019
Мосякін С.Л.1, МакНіл Дж.2, Бойко Г.В.1 Нотатки про правильну типіфікацію назв таксонів, описаних М.С. Турчаніновим у серії статей
"Animadversiones…", з кількома прикладами. Український ботанічний журнал, 76(5): 379–389.
1 Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України
вул. Терещенківська 2, Київ 01004, Україна
2 Единбурзький Королівський ботанічний сад, Единбург EH3 5LR, Шотландія, Сполучене Королівство
Королівський музей Онтаріо, Торонто, Канада
Реферат. Наведені загальні рекомендації щодо правильного позначення типів назв таксонів, що були описані М.С. Турчаніновим у
серії статей "Animadversiones…" (а також у деяких інших його публікаціях). На основі чітких вказівок у протологах зроблено висновок
про те, що усі (або майже всі) таксони, описані в цих публікаціях, базуються на зразках з приватного гербарію Турчанінова, який
у 1840-х роках був подарований ним Харківському університету (CWU), а у 1940-х роках переміщений до Інституту ботаніки у
Києві (KW). Отже, голотипи та синтипи цих таксонів зараз знаходяться майже виключно у гербарії KW. Обговорюються декілька
випадків правильних та неправильних позначень типів, зокрема, для деяких південноамериканських представників родин
Brassicaceae, Geraniaceae та Hypericaceae, центральноамериканських Malvaceae та південноафриканських Polygalaceae. Наведена
інформація про віднайдений у KW голотип Abelmoschus achanioides Turcz. (зараз визнаний під назвою Malvaviscus achanioides (Turcz.)
Fryxell, Malvaceae), а попередня лектотипіфікація цієї назви зразком з гербарію G визнана недійсною. Голотип Stenocalyx involutus
Turcz. (нині розглядається як синонім визнаної назви Mezia includens (Benth.) Cuatrec., Malpighiaceae) раніше знаходився у гербарії
Турчанінова, але всієї папки з цим зразком у KW зараз немає; вона вважається втраченою і вже була відсутня у середині 1920-х
років, коли колекція ще перебувала в CWU. З цієї причини назва S. involutus лектотипіфікована тут зразком з гербарію MPU, на
заміну втраченого або знищеного голотипу. Наголошується на необхідності ретельного аналізу протологів, наявного оригінального
матеріалу та асоційованої інформації для правильної типіфікації.
Ключові слова: Brassicaceae, Geraniaceae, Malpighiaceae, Malvaceae, Polygalaceae, бібліографія, гербарій, номенклатура, систематика,
тип, типіфікація
© 2019 S.L. Mosyakin, J. McNeill, G.V. Boiko. Published by the M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, NAS of Ukraine. This is an open
access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
mailto:s_mosyakin@hotmail.com
mailto:bav22@ukr.net
mailto:JMcNeill@rbge.org.uk
380 Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 2019, 76(5)
Introduction
Nikolai S. Turczaninow (1796–1863; Николай
Степанович Турчанинов in Russian, Микола
Степанович Турчанінов in Ukrainian, also
sometimes transliterated as Turczaninov, Turchaninov,
Turtschaninow, or Turczaninoff), despite his amateur
background (professionally he was a government
administrator), was a prolific plant taxonomist of the
19th century who described numerous new taxa of plants
from almost all parts of the world, especially Asia, South
and Central America, southern Africa, and Australasia.
Only a few species were described by him from Europe
and North America north of Mexico. The number of
plant names validated by Turczaninow is estimated at 172
genera and 1563 species (Myakushko, 1976; Myakushko
et al., 1979; Shiyan, 2011), but these figures may be
incomplete. The search in the IPNI database (https://
www.ipni.org/, accessed 16 May 2019) resulted in 4170
records (including nomenclatural combinations), but
some of those records are duplicates.
Many new genera and species were described by
Turczaninow in three articles of his Animadversiones
series published in five issues of Bulletin de la Société
Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou (Turczaninow,
1855, 1858a, 1858b, 1859, 1863). The complete
bibliography is available from Stafleu and Cowan
(1986: 541); however, there are several still remaining
bibliographic problems. For example, the first article
was probably released as a separate preprint in 1854
before its publication in the journal in 1855. Sometimes
these publications are cited incorrectly or incompletely,
partly because of a specific and potentially confusing
system of pagination used in volumes of the journal in
the mid-19th century. In those times each volume of
Bulletin… often consisted of two separately paginated
parts, each with two issues ("numbers"). Thus, when
citing publications in volumes of Bulletin de la Société
Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou with separate
pagination of parts, it is important to indicate not just
the issue number, but also the part number, and the
issue and part numbers should not be confused. For
example, the last article of the Animadversiones series
(Turczaninow 1863) was published in part 1, issue 2
of volume 36, but not in part 2, as it was erroneously
indicated in Stafleu and Cowan (1986: 541).
Almost all new taxa described by Turczaninow in
his Animadversiones articles were based, unless noted
otherwise, on specimens from his personal herbarium
that he donated in the late 1840s to the Imperial
Khar'kov [Kharkiv] University (now V.N. Karazin
National University of Kharkiv, CWU1) in exchange
for a modest annual pension from the University
(unfortunately, soon cut down and then cancelled by the
university authorities) and the possibility to continue
his studies and curation of the herbarium. The fact that
Turczaninow used exclusively (or almost exclusively)
the specimens from his collection is properly reflected
even in the titles of his articles: Animadversiones
ad primam partem herbarii Turczaninowiani, nunc
Universitatis Caesareae Charkowiensis (Turczaninow,
1855), Animadversiones in secundam partem herbarii
Turczaninowiani, nunc Universitatis Caesareae
Charkowiensis [Animadversiones Part 2, published in
three issues] (Turczaninow, 1858a, 1858b, 1859), and
Animadversiones ad catalogum primum et secundum
herbarii Universitatis Charkowiensis [Addenda to
Animadversiones Parts 1 and 2] (Turczaninow, 1863).
Thus, Turczaninow in fact explicitly stated that his
Animadversiones constitute an annotated catalogue
of selected (most interesting from his viewpoint)
specimens from his personal herbarium, since the 1840s
kept in CWU and in the 1940s transferred to KW.
The Turczaninow historical collection (informally
referred to as KW-TURCZ) is now deposited at the
National Herbarium of Ukraine in Kyiv (KW). It
was transferred from Kharkiv (CWU) to Kyiv at the
end of World War II (for history of the Turczaninow
herbarium, see Myakushko, 1976; Myakushko et al.,
1979; Marchant, 1990; Kamelin, Sytin, 1997; Shiyan,
2011; Mosyakin et al., 2018; and references therein).
The specific circumstances of this transfer from CWU
to KW remain insufficiently known.
The collection is kept separately from other KW
collections and is estimated to contain at least 150 000
(more probably 170 000 or more) specimens representing
ca. 53 000 plant taxa from all parts of the Globe (see
Shiyan (2011), and references therein). The exact
number of specimens is difficult to estimate because the
main part of the collection remains unmounted, kept
as it was originally maintained by Turczaninow (which
is important for maintaining the original arrangement
of plant material and associated labels and folders for
further research), and many sheets contain two or more
specimens with associated labels.
1 Herbarium acronyms are given following Index Herbariorum
(Thiers 2008–onward).
https://www.ipni.org/
https://www.ipni.org/
381Український ботанічний журнал, 2019, 76(5)
In the 1970s the curatorial staff of KW led by Taisia Ya.
Myakushko [Omel'chuk-Myakushko] started activities
aimed at inventory, cataloguing, and mounting of types
of taxa validated by Turczaninow. By 1979 the managed
and mounted part of the type collection contained ca.
1120 specimens, also systematized in a card catalogue.
The plant families best represented in the catalogue were
Myrtaceae (128 species), Asteraceae (109), Fabaceae
(78), Verbenaceae (72), Sterculiaceae (62), Malvaceae
(44), Tiliaceae (39), Rutaceae (39), Apocynaceae (38),
Apiaceae (22), etc. (Myakushko et al., 1979, 1981).
Since then, additional type specimens were
revealed and added to the type collection, and all these
specimens were digitized and databased in the course
of implementation of three projects supported by The
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation during 2007–2016
within the framework of the African Plants Initiative,
Latin American Plants Initiative, and the Global Plants
Initiative. Now these digital images and associated data
are available through JSTOR Global Plants (https://
plants.jstor.org), as well as other identified type
specimens from KW.
It should be noted that in older literature the
Turczaninow types were often cited as definitely or
supposedly held in St. Petersburg (LE) or Moscow
(MW). Those herbaria indeed contain numerous
specimens collected by Turczaninow, especially the
main part of his Siberian collection, which is best
represented in LE (see Lipschitz, Vasilchenko, 1968;
Myakushko et al., 1979; etc.). The LE and MW herbaria
also contain many duplicates of worldwide gatherings,
specimens of which (those kept in his herbarium)
were used by Turczaninow, but not the holotypes or
syntypes of the names validated in Animadversiones
and some other Turczaninow's publications; those
holotypes and syntypes are now almost exclusively
in KW. Seregin (2010: 71) commented on that as
follows: "There is a misbelief (see, for instance, the
web-version of Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors),
that MW or/and LE possess Turczaninow's holotypes.
In the case of MW this belief is largely based on the
fact, that his protologues were published in Bulletin
de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou
(this serial is still continued as Byulleten' Moskovskogo
Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologicheskii).
The personal collection of Turczaninow with numerous
authentic specimens was conserved for a long time in
the Kharkov University. Nazi decided to move this
treasure to Germany as a war trophy in 1940s, but due
to a logistic mistake the railway carriage had not arrived
to the destination point. Turczaninow's herbarium was
completely returned by restitution to Kiev soon after
the end of World War II. Now this historic collection
is conserved in the Kholodny Botanical Institute, Kiev
(Ukraine) as a separate unit, and the holotypes should
be searched for there" (see also comments in Mosyakin,
de Lange, 2019).
Mosyakin and co-authors have already briefly
discussed the problem of the type status of original
specimens and type designation for plant names
validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones, using
the case of two names in Celastraceae considered in our
proposal to conserve the name Tontelea attenuata Miers
(1872: 384) against Maytenus amygdalina Turczaninow
(1858b: 451) (Biral et al., 2019), and the cases of four
taxa of Geraniaceae described by Turczaninow from
New Zealand and Australia (Mosyakin, de Lange,
2019).
Here we provide general recommendations
regarding type designation for the names published
by Turczaninow, specifically those validated in his
Animadversiones. These recommendations should
not, however, be applied uncritically to taxa described
by Turczaninow in his other publications in which no
clear statement of the usage of specimens from his own
herbarium was present, such as his Flora-Baicalensi-
Dahurica [see details and bibliography in Stafleu
(1969) and Stafleu and Cowan (1986)], and to taxa
based on his own field collections in Siberia because
it is documented that the author during that period of
his activities widely shared his duplicates with many
persons and institutions, and his original specimens
are now present in many other herbaria, especially G,
LE, K, MW, etc. (see Stafleu, Cowan, 1986). Also, it
is evident that, for example, in his Decas… series (e.g.,
Turczaninow, 1843, 1847, 1852, etc.; see bibliography
in Stafleu, Cowan, 1986) Turczaninow used mainly
or exclusively material from his herbarium; however,
there is no explicit statement on that in the protologues,
with some exceptions. For example, when describing
Holopetalum pumilum Turczaninow (1843: 51) he
cited "Reseda n. 7533 in Drège coll. pl. Capens.", and
Drège collections from southern Africa are present in
many herbaria. However, Turczaninow (1843: 52) also
indicated that seeds in his specimens are immature
("Semina in speciminibus meis immatura"), which can
be viewed as a reference to his herbarium.
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382 Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 2019, 76(5)
General guidelines for identification of the type status
of original specimens and for typification of plant names
validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones
The following general guidelines provide more detailed
recommendations and are based on relevant provisions
of Art. 9 of the ICN [here and below the ICN articles
refer to the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al., 2018),
unless noted otherwise], and also explanations and
recommendations by McNeill (2014) specifically for
holotypes.
(1) For all taxa described by Turczaninow in his
Animadversiones and some other publications that
were explicitly based, unless noted otherwise in the
protologue, on specimens from Turczaninow's private
herbarium donated first to CWU (in the 1840s) and then
transferred to KW (in the 1940s), all (or almost all) types
(holotypes or syntypes) are now in KW. Exceptions are
very few, and for those exceptional cases Turczaninow
usually clearly indicated that he has seen also specimens
from other herbaria.
(2) If Turczaninow indicated or mentioned in
the protologue just one specimen, and if there is just
one corresponding specimen in KW-TURCZ, that
specimen should be considered the holotype and that
type designation is final (Art. 9.1 of the ICN).
(3) However, "the possibility that the author used
additional, uncited specimens or illustrations (which
may have been lost or destroyed) must always be
considered" (Art. 9.1, Note 1 of the ICN). For such
specific cases McNeill (2014: 1113), to ensure validity
of type designations on or after 1 January 2001,
recommended the following: "It is, therefore, wise for
authors who are doubtful as to whether or not a particular
specimen in one herbarium is the holotype to cite it as:
"Lectotype, designated here (or perhaps holotype)".
Thus, if Turczaninow indicated in the protologue just
one gathering, and if there is just one corresponding
extant specimen in KW-TURCZ, that specimen is
most probably the holotype. If that KW specimen was
cited/designated as the holotype, lectotype, or just
"type" prior to 1 January 2001, that type designation
should stand even if an additional original specimen
or specimens studied by Turczaninow is/are found in
KW. In that case the specimen first designated as the
"holotype" or "type" should be corrected to "lectotype"
following Art. 9.10 of the ICN. However, if no type
designation for a particular Turczaninow's taxon has
been made prior to 1 January 2001, it is possible (or
in some cases even advisable) to cite the only existing
original specimen from KW-TURCZ with the type
designation as "Lectotype, designated here (or perhaps
holotype)", following the recommendation of McNeill
(2014).
(4) If Turczaninow indicated in the protologue one
gathering but there are two or more corresponding
specimens in KW-TURCZ, these specimens are
syntypes (Art. 9.6 of the ICN). The lectotype should
be selected preferably from these syntypes (Art.
9.11 and 9.12 of the ICN). However, if two or more
corresponding sheets in KW-TURCZ have just one
original label, are clearly cross-referenced (for example,
as "Sheet 1" and "Sheet 2", or "I" and "II", or "a" and "b",
etc.), and belong to one taxon (i.e., do not represent a
mixed collection), they may constitute one specimen
mounted on two or more sheets (Art. 8.2 and 8.3 of the
ICN). Such cross-references, and often also additional
curatorial labels (copies of original labels), were usually
added by the curatorial staff of KW in the 1970s–1980s
(and occasionally later) when the Turczaninow type
specimens were pulled out from his mainly unmounted
original collection, catalogued on paper cards, and
mounted (see Myakushko et al., 1979). If there is just
one original specimen in KW-TURCZ mounted on two
or more sheets, that specimen is the holotype (but see
paragraph (3) above). Examples of such type specimens
mounted on two sheets are Maytenus amygdalina Turcz.
(holotype on KW001001094 and KW001001095; see
Biral et al., 2019) and Erodium peristeroides Turcz.
(holotype on KW001001021 and KW001001022; see
Mosyakin, de Lange, 2019).
(5) If Turczaninow indicated in the protologue two or
more gatherings, all corresponding specimens in KW-
TURCZ are syntypes (9.6 of the ICN). The lectotype
should be preferably selected from these syntypes (Art.
9.11 and 9.12 of the ICN). The possibility that one of
the original gatherings present in KW-TURCZ is in fact
one specimen mounted on two or more sheets should
be also critically considered (see paragraph (4) above).
(6) If no original material (as defined in Art. 9.4 of the
ICN) is currently present in the Turczaninow herbarium
at KW (i.e. presumably lost or destroyed), a lectotype
may be selected from other original material that is
extant in other herbaria (usually isotypes or isosyntypes,
i.e., duplicates of the types or syntypes indicated by
Turczaninow in the protologue and belonging to the
same gathering or gatherings). However, if the lost
holotype is rediscovered, the lectotypification will
have no standing because the holotype always takes
precedence over a lectotype.
383Український ботанічний журнал, 2019, 76(5)
(7) If no original material (as defined in Art. 9.4 of
the ICN) is known to be present in the Turczaninow
herbarium at KW and in other herbaria (i.e., if all
original material is presumably lost or destroyed), a
neotype may be selected (Art. 9.8 and 9.13 of the ICN).
However, a neotype serves as the nomenclatural type
only as long as original material is missing. If any part
of the original material is found to exist (rediscovered),
a lectotype should be designated from it because a
lectotype always takes precedence over a neotype [Art.
9.13 of the ICN, except as provided by Art. 9.16 and
9.19(c)].
Consequently, any lectotype of a Turczaninow's
taxon name validated in Animadversiones (as well as
in some other publications by Turczaninow) that was
designated by any author not from specimens housed
at KW-TURCZ but from another herbarium without
considering Turczaninow specimens will have no
standing if it is demonstrated that the holotype ("the
one specimen… either (a) indicated by the author(s)
as the nomenclatural type or (b) used by the author(s)
when no type was indicated"; Art. 9.1 of the ICN) of that
taxon is extant in KW. If there are two or more syntypes
in KW, a lectotype should be preferably selected from
those syntypes.
However, the current wording of Art. 9.12 of the ICN
makes syntypes and isosyntypes in fact equal in lectotype
designation: "In lectotype designation, an isotype must
be chosen if such exists, or otherwise a syntype or
isosyntype if such exists". Thus, formally, if an isosyntype
from some herbarium (but not a syntype from KW) has
been designated by some author(s) as a lectotype of
Turczaninow's taxon described in Animadversiones, that
designation should stand. In our opinion, the specimens
cited in the protologue (syntypes; see Art. 9.6) should be
always preferred in lectotype designation over uncited
specimens (isosyntypes; see Art. 9.4, footnote).
It would be also advisable to formalize that provision
in the next edition of the Code and to ensure that
a syntype should always take precedence over an
isosyntype. In our opinion, it can be achieved through a
proposal to amend the first sentence of Art. 9.12 of the
ICN as follows: "In lectotype designation, an isotype
must be chosen if such exists, or otherwise a syntype
if such exists, or otherwise an isosyntype if such exists"
(as compared to the current wording: "In lectotype
designation, an isotype must be chosen if such exists,
or otherwise a syntype or isosyntype if such exists").
The relevant proposal to amend the Code has been
prepared, and it will be formally submitted as soon as
the procedures and timetable are published in Taxon
(expected late 2019 or early 2020).
Thus, we urge all plant taxonomists working on
type designation for taxa described by Turczaninow
(especially those validated in his Animadversiones series
definitely and explicitly based on his private herbarium,
now in KW) to consult first the specimens available
in KW-TURCZ and/or their digital images (mainly
available from JSTOR Global Plants: https://plants.
jstor.org).
Additional explanation should be provided for
specific cases of lectotypification of taxa validated
by Turczaninow. If in KW-TURCZ there is just one
original specimen of a particular Turczaninow's taxon
originally described in the protologue with an indication
of Turczaninow's herbarium, that specimen is most
probably the holotype (see details above). However,
both before and after 1 January 2001 lectotypifications
of names with such specimens are not erroneous (see
the South American Geranium case discussed below).
Consequently, for the cases considered above, all
duplicates of the KW holotypes (or probable holotypes
that were indicated or designated as lectotypes by
typifying authors) belonging to the same gathering
but housed in other herbaria are in fact isotypes (or
isolectotypes, if formal lectotypifications based on KW
specimens have been done).
Taking into consideration the above arguments,
we provide below the nomenclatural examples (with
some corrected typifications) for selected plant names
validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones.
Selected case studies
Brassicaceae: South American Draba
An example of the correct type designation/indication
of Turczaninow's plant names is the recent treatment of
South American taxa of Draba Linnaeus (1753: 642) by
Al-Shehbaz (2018), who in all cases accepted unique
specimens from KW-TURCZ as holotypes of the names
validated by Turczaninow (1855). However, if, for any
particular taxon of Draba currently represented in KW-
TURCZ by just one specimen, any additional original
specimen definitely studied by Turczaninow is found
in KW (which is rather improbable), lectotypification
will be necessary because the holotype indication was
made by Al-Shehbaz (2018) after 1 January 2001, and
there is currently no option in the ICN for automatic
correction of the indication of a supposed holotype
to the designation of a lectotype, unless the words
"designated here", "hic designatus", or an equivalent
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384 Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 2019, 76(5)
(Art. 7.11 and Art. 9 Note 6 of the ICN) were used by
the typifying author after 1 January 2001 (see McNeill,
2014).
Geraniaceae: South American Geranium
Four currently recognized South American taxa of
Geranium described by Turczaninow (1858b) were
lectotypified by Aedo et al. (2003; see also Aedo,
2012) with the specimens from KW, based on images
(photographs) studied. For each of these four names,
only one original specimen currently exists in the
Turczaninow herbarium, and thus these four specimens
can be considered holotypes of the four names. These
lectotype designations with the words "here designated"
made by Aedo et al. (2003) instead of indications of
holotypes are, however, acceptable and correct under the
current Shenzhen Code (Turland et al., 2018), as they were
also under the previous Melbourne Code (McNeill et al.,
2012; see also McNeill, 2014) and earlier Codes. Digital
images of these four lectotypes (or, in fact, holotypes –
cf. Art. 9.1 and 9.10 of the ICN) of Geranium names
are now available online from JSTOR Global Plants:
Geranium lindenianum Turczaninow (1858b: 417;
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.
kw001000002); G. multiceps Turczaninow (1858b:
417; https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.
specimen.kw001000001); G. subnudicaule Turczaninow
(1858b: 418; https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/
al.ap.specimen.kw001001017), and G. velutinum
Turczaninow (1858b: 417; https://plants.jstor.org/
stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001001018).
Malpighiaceae: Stenocalyx involutus
The generic name Stenocalyx Turczaninow (1858b: 393)
and the species name Stenocalyx involutus Turczaninow
(1858b: 394) were validated by a single description
(descriptio generico-specifica, Art. 38.5 of the ICN;
Turland et al., 2018).
Unfortunately, the generic name proposed by
Turczaninow is a latter homonym of Stenocalyx
O.Berg (1856: 309) belonging to Myrtaceae, and
thus the currently accepted name for the genus of
Malpighiaceae proposed by Turczaninow as Stenocalyx
is Mezia Schwacke ex Niedenzu (1890: 58); see further
taxonomic and nomenclatural details in C. Anderson
and W.R. Anderson (2018) and Cuatrecasas and Croat
(1980).
The following provenance was cited for Stenocalyx
involutus in the protologue: "In provincia Caraboba
Venezuelae, prope St.-Estevan, alt. 1000 ped. Funck
et Schlim n. 518". Judging from the handwritten
Turczaninow's catalogue of his herbarium currently held
at KW (see Diachenko et al., 2015), the corresponding
specimen (or specimens?) was (were) held in Folder
83. However, this whole folder is missing, and it was
already missing in 1924–1925, when an inventory of
the Turczaninow herbarium has been done in CWU
by E.M. Lavrenko and others (Diachenko et al., 2015:
276, 278).
C. Anderson and W.R. Anderson (2018: 355) assumed
that the type of Stenocalyx involutus is deposited in KW
(which is not the case, as reported above) and provided
the following type information: "Type: Venezuela,
Carabobo, 'St. Estevan' [San Esteban, 10°26′ N,
68°00′ W], 1845–46, Funck & Schlim 518 (holo KW?;
iso G, MPU*)".
Thus, they indicated the presence of other original
specimens in herbaria of Geneva and Montpellier, and,
since the holotype from KW cited by Turczaninow is
lost or destroyed, a lectotype should be selected from
other extant original material (Art. 9.12 of the ICN), in
that case an isotype (or isosyntype). We thus designate
here the specimen from MPU (barcode MPU021273)
as the lectotype of Stenocalyx involutus.
Mezia includens (Benth.) Cuatrecasas (1958: 450) ≡
Tetrapterys includens Bentham (1848: 133) ≡ Diplopterys
includens (Benth.) Niedenzu (1928: 226).
Type: FRENCH GUIANA: 'Cayenne': Martin s.n. K –
Bentham Herbarium [vide Anderson and Anderson
(2018: 355), cited as the holotype; isotype in K –
Hooker Herbarium], non vidi.
= Stenocalyx involutus Turczaninow (1858b: 394) ≡
Diplopterys involuta (Turcz.) Niedenzu (1928: 226).
Type: VENEZUELA: "No. 518 | Stenocalyx involutus
| Turczan. [identification probably added later, in
another hand] | fl. jaunes | San Estevan (Caraboba)
| Funcke [Funck] & Schlim | Coll. 1845–6", MPU,
barcode MPU021273 (lectotype, designated here to
replace the lost or destroyed holotype originally held
at CWU; image available from https://plants.jstor.
org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.mpu021273 and
https://herbier.umontpellier.fr/zoomify/zoomify.
php?fichier=MPU021273).
Malvaceae from Central America
Dorr (2017: 25) cited the following type information for
the name Cybiostigma sidifolium Turczaninow (1852:
155, as "sidaefolium"), the basionym of the currently
accepted name Ayenia sidifolia (Turcz.) Hemsley
(1979: 135): "Cybiostigma sidifolium Turcz., Bull. Soc.
Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 25(3):155. 1852. Ayenia
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001000002
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001000002
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001000001
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001000001
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001001017
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001001017
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001001018
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001001018
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.mpu021273
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.mpu021273
https://herbier.umontpellier.fr/zoomify/zoomify.php?fichier=MPU021273
https://herbier.umontpellier.fr/zoomify/zoomify.php?fichier=MPU021273
385Український ботанічний журнал, 2019, 76(5)
mexicana Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou
36(2):569. 1863, nom. superfl. Type: Mexico. Oaxaca:
savannah near the Pacific, 3000 ft, 1840 (fl), H. Galeotti
326 (lectotype, as "tipo" designated by Cristobal
1960: G [G00358304 as image!]; isolectotypes:
BR [BR0000005423101 as image!], K [K000543778]!,
K [K000543779]!, KW [KW001000156 as image!],
P [P02286136 as image!])".
Thus, he accepted the type (in fact, the lectotype,
image available from https://plants.jstor.org/
stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.g00358304) designated
by Cristóbal (1960), and formally did it correctly, even
despite the fact that the unique original specimen
studied and annotated by Turczaninow is present in
KW (image available from https://plants.jstor.org/
stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001000156), because
there was no explicit indication of a particular specimen
or herbarium in the protologue (one of Turczaninow's
Decas… articles, see above). However, this case is not
the best typification practice: the KW specimen was
evidently the best option for designation of a lectotype
because it bears the annotation by Turczaninow,
belonged to his personal herbarium, and was definitely
studied by him.
Fryxell (1979: 253) proposed a new combination
Malvaviscus achanioides (Turcz.) Fryxell based on
Abelmoschus achanioides Turczaninow (1858a: 196)
and cited the type as deposited in Geneva: "Linden 838
[938] (G as photo NY)". Indeed, the G herbarium has
two supposedly original specimens (one mounted on
two sheets) of probably the same gathering, but with
the collection number reported as Linden 9381, and/or
938 on an envelope on one sheet (images available from
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.
g00353129 and https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/
al.ap.specimen.g00353130). However, the holotype
(Fig. 1) was recently found by the first author (Sergei
Mosyakin) in the general unmounted part of the
Turczaninow collection in KW; it is well preserved and
rather complete (a branch with four leaves, one flower,
and buds). That specimen has not been added earlier to
the collection of mounted types, most probably because
Turczaninow's original identification "Abelmoschus
achanioides Turcz." was written directly on the folder
but not on a label. Such identifications on the folder
only were sometimes practiced by Turczaninow,
especially during later years of his life. The collection
number on the original label is clearly given as Linden
838, exactly as in the protologue. It is thus definitely the
one specimen cited in the protologue. The proper type
designation is provided below.
Malvaviscus achanioides (Turcz.) Fryxell (1979: 253)
≡ Abelmoschus achanioides Turczaninow (1858a: 196)
≡ Hibiscus achanioides (Turcz.) Hemsley (1879: 121).
Type: MEXICO: "Hibiscus | [shrub sign] fl. rouge | forêt
de Teapa | Mexique, Etat de Tabasco | Hauteur 2000 p
[feet] | 1839 Linden 838", KW, barcode KW001003068
(holotype), Fig. 1.
Several other holotypes and syntypes of
Turczaninow's Malvaceae that were previously
considered lost (e.g., see the list in Fryxell, Krapovickas,
1990) have been recently re-discovered by Sergei
Mosyakin and Ganna Boiko among unmounted
specimens in the Turczaninow Herbarium (KW-
TURCZ), including the holotypes of Malva mathewsii
Turczaninow (1863: 563), M. scorpioides Turczaninow
(1863: 562), and Sphaeralcea galeottii Turczaninow
(1858a: 186). These and some other type specimens of
Malvaceae newly found in the Turczaninow Herbarium
will be considered in a special article.
Polygalaceae: southern African Polygala
In their checklist of southern African taxa of Polygala
Linnaeus (1753: 701), Figueiredo et al. (2013) correctly
indicated the types (holotypes) of Turczaninow's taxa
as deposited in KW and corrected the earlier type
(lectotype) designation made by Paiva (1998) for the
name P. ciliatifolia Turczaninow (1855: 347) [considered
a synonym of P. umbellata L.: Linnaeus (1771: 259)] to
the holotype in KW (KW001000268, image available
from https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.
specimen.kw001000268): "Although Paiva designated
the M specimen as lectotype (Paiva 1998: 271), it
is considered that all types of Turczaninow are at
Kiew (KW), Ukraine" (Figueiredo et al. 2013: 5).
As we discussed above, not all types of Turczaninow
are in Kyiv, but those of almost all taxa described in
Animadversiones (including P. ciliatifolia) are certainly
at KW.
Hypericaceae: South American Hypericum
In his taxonomic treatment of Hypericum L. (Linnaeus,
1753: 783) sect. Brathys (L. fil.) Choisy (1821: 58)
[= Brathys L.f. (Linnaeus fil., 1782: pl. 43, 268)],
Robson (1987) in all cases indicated the types of the
names validated by Turczaninow as deposited in LE
(as four holotypes and one lectotype). In fact, all these
taxa were published in Animadversiones (Turczaninow,
1858b) and their types (holotypes, or syntypes if two
or more specimens or gatherings were indicated in the
protologue) are in KW-TURCZ. Images of most of these
KW specimens of Hypericum are available online from
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.g00358304
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.g00358304
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001000156
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001000156
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.g00353129
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.g00353129
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.g00353130
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.g00353130
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001000268
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.kw001000268
386 Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 2019, 76(5)
Figure. Holotype of Abelmoschus achanioides Turcz. (KW001003068), now accepted as Malvaviscus achanioides (Turcz.) Fryxell.
387Український ботанічний журнал, 2019, 76(5)
JSTOR Global Plants, with some exceptions of a few
supposedly missing specimens. We were able to locate
recently these previously unaccounted specimens in the
unmounted part of the Turczaninow collection, and the
herbarium citations with corrected typifications will be
published in a separate nomenclatural note (Mosyakin
et al., in preparation).
Concluding remarks
Many additional examples of correct and incorrect
indications or designations of types of plant names
validated by Turczaninow in his Animadversiones and in
some other publications can be provided. Some specific
cases will be discussed in more detail in forthcoming
articles. In any case, a critical analysis of the protologue,
available original material, and associated information
is crucial for correct type designation/indication for
Turczaninow's names, as well as names published by
any other author. It is much easily done now than it
used to be before, mainly because of the growing online
availability of digitized protologues and herbarium
specimens.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Rafaël H.A. Govaerts and Nicholas Black
(Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K.) for providing datasets
of Turczaninow's plant names from the Plants of the World
Online database, to Carlos Aedo (Real Jardín Botánico,
Madrid, Spain) and Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz (Missouri Botanical
Garden, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) for providing copies of their
important publications, to Peter J. de Lange (Unitec Institute
of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand) for discussing the
cases of taxa of Geraniaceae described by Turczaninow from
New Zealand and Australia, to Leonardo Biral (Universidade
Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Santa Helena, Paraná, Brazil)
for discussing some Turczaninow's names in Celastraceae
from South America; and to Natalia M. Shiyan (Head
Curator, KW), Alisa V. Shumilova, Iryna I. Diachenko
(Curatorial Assistants, KW), and Svitlana I. Antonenko (KW,
M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine) for facilitating our
herbarium research at KW. The generous support of The
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation provided in 2007–2016 for
digitization of type specimens at KW is greatly appreciated.
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