Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran
Comparative anatomy of six taxa of Cyperus distributed in the north of Iran was studied. The investigated species are: C. difformis, C. distachyos, C. fuscus, C. pygmaeus, C. odoratus subsp. transcaucasicus, and C. rotundus. Cross sections of stems and leaves of these species were examined. The fo...
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irk-123456789-1783792021-02-19T01:27:14Z Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran Mehrvarz, Saeidi S. Moharami, E. Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора Comparative anatomy of six taxa of Cyperus distributed in the north of Iran was studied. The investigated species are: C. difformis, C. distachyos, C. fuscus, C. pygmaeus, C. odoratus subsp. transcaucasicus, and C. rotundus. Cross sections of stems and leaves of these species were examined. The following characters were determined to be taxonomically informative: cross-section shape of the aerial stem, presence or absence of vascular bundle in the central part of stem cross-sections, the diameter of mesophyll and air cavities in stem and leaf cross-sections. Cyperus fuscus and C. difformis differ from other studied species in having large air cavities in stem and leaf cross section. Our results show that comparative anatomy of lateral stems and leaves may provide additional characters to be considered in taxonomic studies within this genus. Проведене порівняльне вивчення анатомії шести таксонів роду Cyperus, поширених на півночі Ірану: C. difformis, C. distachyos, C. fuscus, C. pygmaeus, C. odoratus subsp. transcaucasicus і C. rotundus. Досліджували поперечні зрізи стебел і листків цих видів. Таксономічно важливими визначені такі ознаки: форма поперечного зрізу повітряного стебла, наявність або відсутність судинного пучка в центральній частині поперечних зрізів стебла, діаметр мезофіла і повітряних порожнин в поперечних зрізах стебел і листя. Cyperus fuscus і C. difformis відрізняються від інших вивчених видів наявністю великих повітряних порожнин в поперечних зрізах стебел і листків. Наші результати показують, що порівняльна анатомія бічних стебел і листків може забезпечити додаткові ознаки для таксономічних досліджень цього роду. Проведено сравнительное изучение анатомии шести таксонов рода Cyperus, распространенных на севере Ирана: C. difformis, C. distachyos, C. fuscus, C. pygmaeus, C. odoratus subsp. transcaucasicus и C. rotundus. Исследовали поперечные срезы стеблей и листьев этих видов. Таксономически важными определены следующие признаки: форма поперечного среза воздушного стебля, наличие или отсутствие сосудистого пучка в центральной части поперечных срезов стебля, диаметр мезофилла и воздушных полостей в поперечных срезах стеблей и листьев. Cyperus fuscus и C. difformis отличаются от других изученных видов наличием больших воздушных полостей в поперечных срезах стеблей и листьев. Наши результаты показывают, что сравнительная анатомия боковых стеблей и листьев может обеспечить дополнительные признаки для таксономических исследований этого рода. 2016 Article Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran / Saeidi S. Mehrvarz, E. Moharami // Український ботанічний журнал. — 2016. — Т. 73, № 3. — С. 234-238. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 0372-4123 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj73.03.234 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/178379 en Український ботанічний журнал Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
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| topic |
Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора |
| spellingShingle |
Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора Mehrvarz, Saeidi S. Moharami, E. Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran Український ботанічний журнал |
| description |
Comparative anatomy of six taxa of Cyperus distributed in the north of Iran was studied. The investigated
species are: C. difformis, C. distachyos, C. fuscus, C. pygmaeus, C. odoratus subsp. transcaucasicus, and C. rotundus.
Cross sections of stems and leaves of these species were examined. The following characters were determined to be
taxonomically informative: cross-section shape of the aerial stem, presence or absence of vascular bundle in the central
part of stem cross-sections, the diameter of mesophyll and air cavities in stem and leaf cross-sections. Cyperus fuscus and
C. difformis differ from other studied species in having large air cavities in stem and leaf cross section. Our results show
that comparative anatomy of lateral stems and leaves may provide additional characters to be considered in taxonomic
studies within this genus. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Mehrvarz, Saeidi S. Moharami, E. |
| author_facet |
Mehrvarz, Saeidi S. Moharami, E. |
| author_sort |
Mehrvarz, Saeidi S. |
| title |
Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran |
| title_short |
Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran |
| title_full |
Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran |
| title_fullStr |
Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran |
| title_sort |
anatomical study on some species of genus cyperus in northern iran |
| publisher |
Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| topic_facet |
Судинні рослини: систематика, географія, флора |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/178379 |
| citation_txt |
Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran / Saeidi S. Mehrvarz, E. Moharami // Український ботанічний журнал. — 2016. — Т. 73, № 3. — С. 234-238. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Український ботанічний журнал |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT mehrvarzsaeidis anatomicalstudyonsomespeciesofgenuscyperusinnortherniran AT moharamie anatomicalstudyonsomespeciesofgenuscyperusinnortherniran |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-15T16:51:00Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-15T16:51:00Z |
| _version_ |
1837732474609729536 |
| fulltext |
234 ISSN 0372-4123. Ukr. Bot. J., 2016, 73(3)
Introduction
The genus Cyperus L. comprises about 950 species
distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions
of the world (Larridon et al., 2013). This genus is
represented by 31 species in Iran of which 17 occur
in northern Iran. The genus Cyperus is the second
largest genus of the family Cyperaceae in the flora of
Iran. These taxa are annual or perennial herbs, with
rhizomes or stolons; culms caespitose or solitary, erect,
usually 3-angled or acutely triquetrous; leaves basal,
3-ranked, spikelets few to many in spikes; stigmas (2
or) 3, deciduous at maturity, nutlet 3-sided. Cyperus
difformis L., C. fuscus L. and C. distachyos All. are
distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, and
are naturalized in other areas of the world. Cyperus
pygmaeus Rottb. was collected by Haussknekht from
southern Iran (Boissier, 1884) and has been recently
reported from northwestern Iran by Naqinezhad
& Ghahreman (2004); however, there is no certain
report on the species of this subgenus in Flora Iranica
(Kukkonen, 1998). This species is also distributed in
India, Caucasus and eastern Turkey. Cyperus odoratus L.
subsp. transcaucasicus (Palla) Kukkonen is an emergent-
hygrophytic plant and belongs to Euro-Siberian element
(Saeidi Mehrvarz, Ashouri Nodehi, 2015). Cyperus
rotundus L. is a cosmopolitan element and can be found
in a wide variety of habitats including cultivated fields,
waste areas, roadsides, pastures, riverbanks, sandbanks,
irrigation channels, river and stream shores and natural
areas. The anatomy of some Cyperus species along with
other genera of Cyperaceae has previously been studied
by Metcalfe (1971). A few additional studies have been
published on leaf and stem anatomy in Cyperus. Amini
Rad & Sonboli (2008) studied 10 Iranian species of
Cyperus using light microscopy. Anatomical features of
some species of Cyperaceae from northeastern Brazil
have also been carried out (Martins, Alves, 2009;
Martins, Scatena, 2013). The aim of the present study
was to examine anatomical evidence in the species of
Cyperus distributed in northern Iran, in order to provide
additional information for the taxonomic delimitation
at genus level. In this study, leaf and stem anatomy of
six species of the genus Cyperus, with the exception of
C. rotundus, are provided for the first time.
Materials and methods
Fresh and dried samples from IRAN and GUH
(Herbarium of Guilan University) Herbaria were used
for this study. The list of examined specimens is given in
Table 1. Dry materials were fixed in the proportion 1:1
of ethanol and glycerin. Cross sections were made with
a razor; they were cleared with sodium hypoclorite and
stained with Methyl green and Congo red (Vardar, 1987).
Then transverse sections were mounted on microscopic
slides and observed with Letiz light microscope model,
photographed by Nikon microscope and Hitels camera
(Model: G22A) .
Results
The most important anatomical characters of the
investigated species of Cyperus are given in Table 2. A
detailed study of anatomical features of six species of
Cyperus is provided as follows:
doi: 10.15407/ukrbotj73.03.234
S. SAEIDI MEHRVARZ, E. MOHARAMI
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Herbarium of Guilan University
PO Box 41335-1914, Rasht, Iran
saeidimz@guilan.ac.ir
ANATOMICAL STUDY ON SOME SPECIES OF GENUS CYPERUS IN NORTHERN IRAN
Saeidi Mehrvarz S., Moharami E. Anatomical study on some species of genus Cyperus in northern Iran. Ukr. Bot. J., 2016,
73(3): 234—238.
Abstract. Comparative anatomy of six taxa of Cyperus distributed in the north of Iran was studied. The investigated
species are: C. difformis, C. distachyos, C. fuscus, C. pygmaeus, C. odoratus subsp. transcaucasicus, and C. rotundus.
Cross sections of stems and leaves of these species were examined. The following characters were determined to be
taxonomically informative: cross-section shape of the aerial stem, presence or absence of vascular bundle in the central
part of stem cross-sections, the diameter of mesophyll and air cavities in stem and leaf cross-sections. Cyperus fuscus and
C. difformis differ from other studied species in having large air cavities in stem and leaf cross section. Our results show
that comparative anatomy of lateral stems and leaves may provide additional characters to be considered in taxonomic
studies within this genus.
Key words: аnatomy, taxonomy, Cyperus, Iran
© S. SAEIDI MEHRVARZ, E. MOHARAMI, 2016
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia
235ISSN 0372-4123. Укр. ботан. журн., 2016, 73(3)
Stem
Specimen examined to 2.7 mm in diameter. Acutely
triangular rarely circular; sides almost flat to slightly
concave, with acute or rounded corners, grooved.
Sclerenchyma: few or numerous hypodermal strands
with various sizes, mostly triangular to semispherical
in sides and pulviniform to subrectangular in angles,
two large in angles of stem, sometimes one between air
cavities. Assimilatory tissue: chlorenchyma with various
sizes of rounded cells, radiate or subradiate around
small peripheral vascular bundle (vb). Vascular bundles:
numerous, various sizes, scattered in ground tissue,
more in peripheral ground tissue. Ground tissue: very
spongy with numerous small air cavities. Air cavities:
numerous and large (Fig. 1).
Leaf
Specimen examined to 6.5 mm wide. Shallow flanged
to flanged V-shaped, keeled; margins unequal sides,
one rounded and the other tapered to narrower point.
Table 1. Taxonomic assignment and voucher information for the examined Cyperus species
Localities Taxa
Guilan: 14 km from Astara to Talesh, Ghare-su, 40 M, Amini Rad and Tehrani,
2007 (IRAN 34448)
Guilan: Rudsar, seaside, Amini Rad, 2006 (IRAN 43607)
Mazandaran: Fereydoon Kenar, Saeidi Mehrvarz (GUH 5243)
C. difformis
Guilan: Rudbar to Ghazvin, Lowshan, Amini Rad, 2002 (IRAN 34451)
Guilan: Boujagh, Saeidi Mehrvarz (GUH 5248)
Guilan: Astara, Estil wetland, Khodadadi (GUH 5249)
Guilan: Rezvanshahr, Vahdati (GUH 5250)
C. distachyos
Mazandaran: 10 km from Amol to Babol, Amini Rrad, 2007 (IRAN 48933)
Guilan: Talesh, 7 km, Amini Rad (IRAN 34985)
C. fuscus
Guilan: Kiashahr, Maghsoodi, 2013 (GUH 5241)
Guilan: Astara, Bazdid Vahdati, 2011 (GUH 5242)
Guilan: Rudsar, Seaside, Amini Rad, 2006 (IRAN 43623)
C. odoratus subsp. transcaucasicus
Guilan: Astara, Estil wetland, Moharrami 2014 (GUH 5247) C. pygmaeus
Guilan: Rasht, Musavi (GUH 5244)
Guilan: Rudsar, Seaside, Moharrami, 2014 (GUH 5245)
Guilan: Astara, Estil Wetland, Khodadadi (GUH 5246)
C. rotundus
Table 2. Anatomical features of the investigated species of Cyperus
Character C. difformis C. distachyos C. fuscus C. odoratus C. pygmaeus C. rotundus
Sclerenchyma
strands in upper
midrib (abaxial)
2 2 2 3–4 2 2
Number of
bulliform cells in
leaf
4–6 5–6 5–6 6–8 4–6 6–10
Number of air
cavities in leaf
14–16 18–21 14–25 25–28 17–20 26–30
Number of
vascular bundles
in leaf
15–18 27–29 15–26 41–65 25–27 52–74
Mesophyll
diameter
140(162.22
±0.68)182.22
34.44(43.11
±0.34)55.55
68.88(75.33
±0.26)82.22
55.55(66.66
±0.5)77.77
46.66(50
±0.10)53.33
66.66(109.55
±1.36)144.44
Number of
vascular bundles
in stem
22–27 23–81 28–37 38–190 74–80 107–124
Cross-section of
aerial stem
triangular with
acute corners
circular
triangular with
acute corners
triangular with
rounded corners
triangular
with rounded
corners
triangular
with rounded
corners
236 ISSN 0372-4123. Ukr. Bot. J., 2016, 73(3)
Fig. 1. Stem cross-sections in Cyperus species: a – C. difformis, b – C. distachyos, c – C. fuscus, d – C. odoratus subsp.
transcaucasicus, e – C. pygmaeus, f – C. rotundus. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Fig. 2. Leaf cross-sections in Cyperus species: a – C. difformis, b – C. distachyos, c – C. fuscus, d – C. odoratus subsp. transcaucasicus,
e – C. pygmaeus, f – C. rotundus. Scale bar: 100 μm. Abbreviations: a – bulliform cells, b – epiderm, c – vascular bundles, d – air
cavity, e – sclerenchyma strands.
237ISSN 0372-4123. Укр. ботан. журн., 2016, 73(3)
Hypodermis: adaxial of one to two layers of large and
1–2 layers of small translucent cells, oblong to polygonal
cells. Sclerenchyma: median vb accompanied by 2–4
triangular, abaxial strands and by pulviniform to dome-
shaped, adaxial cap. Principal vbs in each half of leaf
with variously shaped and sized abaxial and adaxial
strands; largest adaxial strands triangular. Small vbs
on adaxial side of air cavities mostly accompanied by
sclerenchyma. Mesophyll: chlorenchyma bounded
adaxially by translucent hypodermis; portions of
chlorenchyma on abaxial side of vbs connected
to abaxial epidermis by none or only one layer of
broad to low girders of translucent cells. Air cavities:
conspicuously large, except near leaf margins, middle
to small size towards leaf margins and midrib. Vascular
bundles: various sizes in each half of leaf. Bundle
sheaths: obscurely double or double (Fig. 2).
Discussion
Anatomical studies showed that the stems of all
examined species were obtuse or acute triangular in
transverse section, except for C. distachyos belonging
to subgenus Juncellus which was circular. Size of air
cavities in stem are large in C. distachyos, C. difformis,
and C. fuscus, respectively. According to Metcalfe
(1971), the presence of air cavities is an important
character for separating species of this genus. The
present results from this study of C. rotundus confirm
the previous findings (Metcalfe, 1971; Amini Rad,
Sonboli, 2008). The presence of vascular bundle in the
central part of stem cross-sections of C. distachyos, C.
pygmaeus, and C. rotundus is a characteristic feature of
the studied taxa. All taxa showed dorsiventral leaves.
In our study, adaxial hypodermis is composed of 2
layers of large parenchymatous cells in C. difformis,
C. fuscus, and C. rotundus, while in other species it
consists of one layer. Both abaxial and adaxial epidermis
were uniseriate and adaxial epidermis was larger than
the abaxial one in all species because of the presence
of bulliform cells. These cells were present directly
above median vascular bundle; however, the presence
of bulliform cells in C. difformis is a great taxonomic
value for this genus (Fig. 1a). According to Metcalfe
(1971), expansion or contraction of these cells is
responsible for the rolling and unrolling or for folding
and unfolding of leaves. In species of Bolboschoenus, as
well as in other Cyperaceae, bulliform cells also occur
in the leaf (Amini Rad, Hroudová, 2013). Generally
the mesophyll consists of irregularly shaped parnchyma
cells. The smallest mesophyll diameter belonged to
C. distachyos [34.44(43.11± 0.34)55.55] and the largest
one to C. difformis [140(162.22± 0.68)182.22]. Leaves
in outline were usually keeled, while in C. distachyos,
C. pygmaeus, and C. rotundus they were shallow flanged
V-shaped. Transverse section of C. odoratus subsp.
transcaucasicus has an abaxial keel and more than
three to four sclerenchymatus strands above median
vb, but there are only two strands in other species.
The paracytic type stomata are present on the abaxial
epidermis. All examined species contained small air
cavities in leaf, whilst in C. difformis and C. fuscus of
subgenus Pycnostachys they are large and spheroidal
to elliptical. These two species are primarily wetland
plants, they frequently grow in habitats with fluctuating
water levels, temporarily dry or flooded, which requires
adaptations to both drought and flooding (Leite et al.,
2009). According to Amini Rad and Sonboli (2008), in
xerophyte C. bulbosus the number of air cavities were
scarce.
In conclusion, anatomical studies revealed that
C. distachyos, C. difformis, and C. fuscus have two
kinds of air cavities in the stem and this character can
differentiate them from other taxa.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Mr. Avid Azadnia (M.Sc.
of Botany Student in Tehran University) for preparing
figures.
238 ISSN 0372-4123. Ukr. Bot. J., 2016, 73(3)
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V.P. Hayova
Саеді Мехрварз С., Мохарамі Е. Дослідження анатомії
деяких видів роду Cyperus із північного Ірану. – Укр.
ботан. журн. – 2016. – 73(3): 234—238.
Університет Гілян
41335-1914, Рашт, Іран
Проведене порівняльне вивчення анатомії шести таксо-
нів роду Cyperus, поширених на півночі Ірану: C. difformis,
C. distachyos, C. fuscus, C. pygmaeus, C. odoratus subsp.
transcaucasicus і C. rotundus. Досліджували поперечні зрі-
зи стебел і листків цих видів. Таксономічно важливими
визначені такі ознаки: форма поперечного зрізу повітря-
ного стебла, наявність або відсутність судинного пучка
в центральній частині поперечних зрізів стебла, діаметр
мезофіла і повітряних порожнин в поперечних зрізах
стебел і листя. Cyperus fuscus і C. difformis відрізняються
від інших вивчених видів наявністю великих повітряних
порожнин в поперечних зрізах стебел і листків. Наші
результати показують, що порівняльна анатомія бічних
стебел і листків може забезпечити додаткові ознаки для
таксономічних досліджень цього роду.
Ключові слова: анатомія, таксономія, Cyperus, Іран
Саеди Мехрварз С., Мохарами Е. Исследование
анатомии некоторых видов рода Cyperus из северного
Ирана. – Укр. ботан. журн. – 2016. – 73(3): 234—238.
Университет Гилян
41335-1914, Рашт, Иран
Проведено сравнительное изучение анатомии шести так-
сонов рода Cyperus, распространенных на севере Ирана:
C. difformis, C. distachyos, C. fuscus, C. pygmaeus, C. odoratus
subsp. transcaucasicus и C. rotundus. Исследовали попереч-
ные срезы стеблей и листьев этих видов. Таксономиче-
ски важными определены следующие признаки: форма
поперечного среза воздушного стебля, наличие или от-
сутствие сосудистого пучка в центральной части попе-
речных срезов стебля, диаметр мезофилла и воздушных
полостей в поперечных срезах стеблей и листьев. Cyperus
fuscus и C. difformis отличаются от других изученных ви-
дов наличием больших воздушных полостей в попереч-
ных срезах стеблей и листьев. Наши результаты пока-
зывают, что сравнительная анатомия боковых стеблей
и листьев может обеспечить дополнительные признаки
для таксономических исследований этого рода.
Ключевые слова: анатомия, таксономия, Cyperus, Иран
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