Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates
The trials of 304 stainless steel-clad plate made of plain Q345B carbon steel were performed on hot-rolling line of the Hesteel Group. After the two runs of pilot production, the key process parameters for the stainless steel/carbon steel clad plate were found to meet the GB/T 8165-2008 requirements...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
2019
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irk-123456789-1883002023-02-23T01:27:16Z Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates Chen, Z.Y. Li, J.X. Lin, Z.G. Qi, J.J. Sun, L. Wang, G.D. Научно-технический раздел The trials of 304 stainless steel-clad plate made of plain Q345B carbon steel were performed on hot-rolling line of the Hesteel Group. After the two runs of pilot production, the key process parameters for the stainless steel/carbon steel clad plate were found to meet the GB/T 8165-2008 requirements. The interface shear strength of the clad plate was higher than 360 MPa, the yield strength of the final product was over 257 MPa, the clad plate tensile strength and elongation exceeded 351 MPa and 39.8%, respectively. The interpenetration of stainless steel and plain carbon steel layers was established to be complete, with the adequate composite interface. The tensile and shear properties of stainless steel-clad plates produced by the rolling process were at the same level as those obtained via the explosive method as an alternative, while their production cost were somewhat reduced. Проведено промышленное испытание листа, плакированного нержавеющей сталью 304 с обычной углеродистой сталью Q345B, с использованием линии горячей прокатки группы Hesteel. После двух этапов опытного производства было установлено, что основные техниРефераты ческие показатели производства листа удовлетворяют требованиям GB/T 8165 2008. Прочностьпри сдвиге на поверхности раздела плакированного листа превышала 360 МПа, предел текучести конечного продукта превышал 257 МПа, прочность при растяжении испытуемого материала превышала 351 МПа, а удлинение плакированного листа превышало 39,8%. Показано, что степень амальгамации слоя нержавеющей стали и нелегированной углеродистой стали была высокой, а поверхность раздела композита ровной и совершенной. Свойства при растяжении и сдвиге плакированных нержавеющей сталью листов, изготовленных с помощью процесса взрывной прокатки, соответствовали таковым, изготовленным путем взрывного процесса. Однако эффективность процесса взрывной прокатки существенно выше, чем взрывного процесса, при этом производственные затраты были гораздо меньше. Проведено промислове випробування листа, плакованого нержавіючої сталлю 304 зі звичайною вуглецевою сталлю Q345B, з використанням лінії гарячої прокатки групи Hesteel. Після двох етапів дослідного виробництва було встановлено, що основні технічні показники виробництва листа задовольняють вимогам GB/T 8165-2008. Міцність при зсуві на поверхні розділу плакованого листа перевищувала 360 МПа, межа плинності кінцевого продукту перевищував 257 МПа, міцність при розтягузі випробуваного матеріалу перевищувала 351 МПа, а подовження плакованого листа перевищувало 39,8%. Показано, що ступінь амальгамування шару нержавіючої сталі і нелегованої вуглецевої сталі була високою, а поверхня розділу композиту рівною і досконалою. Властивості при розтязі і зсуві плакованих нержавіючої сталлю листів, виготовлених за допомогою процесу вибуховий прокатки, відповідали таким, виготовленим шляхом вибухового процесу. Однак ефективність процесу вибуховий прокатки істотно вище, ніж вибухового процесу, при цьому виробничі витрати були набагато менше. 2019 Article Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates / Z.Y. Chen, J.X. Li, Z.G. Lin, J.J. Qi, L. Sun, G.D. Wang // Проблеми міцності. — 2019. — № 1. — С. 32-38. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 0556-171X http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/188300 539.4 en Проблемы прочности Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Chen, Z.Y. Li, J.X. Lin, Z.G. Qi, J.J. Sun, L. Wang, G.D. Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates Проблемы прочности |
| description |
The trials of 304 stainless steel-clad plate made of plain Q345B carbon steel were performed on hot-rolling line of the Hesteel Group. After the two runs of pilot production, the key process parameters for the stainless steel/carbon steel clad plate were found to meet the GB/T 8165-2008 requirements. The interface shear strength of the clad plate was higher than 360 MPa, the yield strength of the final product was over 257 MPa, the clad plate tensile strength and elongation exceeded 351 MPa and 39.8%, respectively. The interpenetration of stainless steel and plain carbon steel layers was established to be complete, with the adequate composite interface. The tensile and shear properties of stainless steel-clad plates produced by the rolling process were at the same level as those obtained via the explosive method as an alternative, while their production cost were somewhat reduced. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Chen, Z.Y. Li, J.X. Lin, Z.G. Qi, J.J. Sun, L. Wang, G.D. |
| author_facet |
Chen, Z.Y. Li, J.X. Lin, Z.G. Qi, J.J. Sun, L. Wang, G.D. |
| author_sort |
Chen, Z.Y. |
| title |
Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates |
| title_short |
Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates |
| title_full |
Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates |
| title_fullStr |
Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates |
| title_sort |
process analysis and trial tests for hot-rolled stainless steel/carbon steel clad plates |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/188300 |
| citation_txt |
Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Clad Plates / Z.Y. Chen, J.X. Li, Z.G. Lin, J.J. Qi, L. Sun, G.D. Wang // Проблеми міцності. — 2019. — № 1. — С. 32-38. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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UDC 539.4
Process Analysis and Trial Tests for Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel
Clad Plates
Z. Y. Chen,
a,b,1
J. X. Li,
b
Z. G. Lin,
b
J. J. Qi,
b
L. Sun,
b
and G. D. Wang
a
a The State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
b Technical Department, Technology Research Institute of HBIS, Shijiazhuang, China
1 chenzhenye@hbisco.com
The trials of 304 stainless steel-clad plate made of plain Q345B carbon steel were performed on
hot-rolling line of the Hesteel Group. After the two runs of pilot production, the key process
parameters for the stainless steel/carbon steel clad plate were found to meet the GB/T 8165-2008
requirements. The interface shear strength of the clad plate was higher than 360 MPa, the yield
strength of the final product was over 257 MPa, the clad plate tensile strength and elongation
exceeded 351 MPa and 39.8%, respectively. The interpenetration of stainless steel and plain carbon
steel layers was established to be complete, with the adequate composite interface. The tensile and
shear properties of stainless steel-clad plates produced by the rolling process were at the same level
as those obtained via the explosive method as an alternative, while their production cost were
somewhat reduced.
Keywords: clad plate, stainless steel, plain carbon steel, hot-rolling process, shear and
tensile strength, fracture morphology.
Introduction. The hot-rolled stainless steel clad plate is a laminar composite material
obtained by the solid-phase bonding of the stainless steel composite material and a
low-carbon steel base material, blended under high temperature, high pressure or shock
wave, and combines the structure and the function of the individual constituents [1, 2].
As a resource-saving product, the stainless steel clad plate reduces the consumption of
the precious metal, and the engineering cost. This perfectly combines the high performance
with cost-effectiveness and manifests pronounced economic effects. The demand of the
stainless steel clad plates has escalated in the domestic market, and has been widely used in
various sectors, like oil, chemical engineering, spaceflight, shipbuilding, metallurgy,
construction and power generation [3–6].
Currently, the domestic manufacturing approaches of stainless steel composite plate
mainly include: the cold rolling, hot rolling, explosive welding, explosive welding with
rolling, etc. [7, 8]. Among them, the “explosive welding with rolling” technique combines
the characteristics of the two techniques viz. the “explosive welding” and the “hot rolling
method,” which offsets the thickness, length, width, and size restriction of the product by
merely using the explosive welding method. This method is used to in the production of
thin, coil and irregular composite material [9, 10].
In this study, we successfully conducted the pilot-scale production of the composite
blank by using the “explosive welding method accompanied with the rolling” technique.
1. Development of the Composite Blank. The substrate material was the Q345B
steel, with a thickness of 100 mm, and the composite layer was made using the 304
stainless steel, with a thickness of 10 mm. Tables 1 and 2 show the chemical composition
and carbon equivalent of stainless steel 304 and Q345B, respectively.
One of the two surfaces of the 304 stainless steel and Q345B steel was machined, in
order to make it smooth. Subsequently, the oxide layers over both the steels were removed.
The explosive cladding technique was used to make the steel blank, and the composite
blank had the dimensions: 105 1600 1000� � mm. The 304 stainless steel had a thickness of
© Z. Y. CHEN, J. X. LI, Z. G. LIN, J. J. QI, L. SUN, G. D. WANG, 2019
32 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1
9 mm, while the Q345B steel had a thickness of 96 mm in the obtained blank. The
composite billets of stainless steel and carbon steel were obtained by means of an
explosion. After the explosion, the base material and the composite layer were found to be
firmly bonded, and the composite material bent slightly after being combined, but the
surface remained smooth. The quality of the composite was perfect in the head, end and
edge areas.
2. Trial Rolling of the Composite Blank.
2.1. Preset Heating and Rolling Process Parameters. Two pieces of the composite slab
(304 stainless steel+Q345B steel) were procured with the dimensions 105 1600 1000� � mm.
The expected specifications of the finished product were: 8.0�1460 and 5.0�1500 mm.
The slabs were placed in the heating furnace with the stainless steel side downward,
using the heating process parameters as shown in Table 3. The temperature of the soaking
section was set at 1220 20� �C. The furnace was kept in a weakly oxidizing atmosphere, and
the lower surface of the composite billet was required to be at a temperature, about
10–20�C higher than the upper surface. The total residence time of the composite billet in
the furnace was more than 120 min. During the heating process, the composite slab was
monitored at to prevent the sinking of the slab.
The rough rolling process was set at three passes. The thickness of the intermediate
slab was 38 mm. During the rough rolling stage, the load dynamic balancing function
between the upper and lower connecting shafts was canceled. The sled coefficient was
adjusted such that: at 1 m length from the head of blank, the speed of lower roll was 5–18%
Process Analysis and Trial Tests ...
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1 33
T a b l e 1
Chemical Composition of 304 Stainless Steel (wt.%)
C Si Mn P S Cr Ni N Ceq*
�0.08 �1.00 �2.00 �0.035 �0.03 18.0–20.0 8.0–10.5 �0.10 4.53
* Ceq � [C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15]�100%.
T a b l e 2
Chemical Composition of Q345B Steel (wt.%)
C Si Mn P S Cr Nb Ti Ceq*
�0.20 �0.55 �1.70 �0.040 �0.040 0.02–0.15 0.015–0.060 0.02–0.20 0.32
* Ceq � [C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15]�100%.
T a b l e 3
Heating Process Parameters of Compound Billet
Reheating
schedule
Preheating
section
Reheating
section I
Reheating
section II
Soaking
section
Slab
temperature
Furnace gas
temperature (�C)
� 960 � 1050 1150 20� 1220 20� 1180 20�
Time (min) � 50 45 20
Remarks Weak oxidation atmosphere. Temperature of the lower surface was 20�C higher
than upper surface
higher than that of the upper roll during the rough rolling. 7 rounds of finish rolling were
conducted, and cooling water was not used between the passes. The specifications of
finished products were: 8.0�1460 and 5.0�1500 mm. During the rolling process, the
temperatures of main process nodes: RT5 � �1050 C, FT � �910 C, and CT � �690 C.
2.2. Summary of Production Process.
(1) During the rolling process, the composite slab was put into the heating furnace
with the stainless steel side downward. The soaking temperature was 1220�C, while the
initial rolling temperature was 1180�C, and a 16% reduction rate was set during the first
pass. The load dynamic balancing function of rolling mill control system was canceled.
During the rolling process of the 8 mm clad plate, a speed difference of 12–15% was set
between the two rolls, while during the rolling process of 5 mm clad plate, a speed
difference of 17–18% was set between the two rolls. The rolling process of the two steel
plates was successful.
(2) During this rolling process, the asymmetrical rolling function was adopted, but the
difference in the speed between the two rolls did not reach the maximum limit. However,
during the next trial rolling, the asymmetrical rolling speed of the work roll was set to the
maximum value.
(3) The rolling process was adopted to produce single-side stainless steel composite
board using the two rolls of different diameters. The procedure to remove the high-pressure
water descaler improved the quality of the surface during the next rolling.
3. Properties of the Stainless Steel Composite Plate. The clad plates were tested for
different physical and mechanical. The tests results showed that the surface quality, shear
strength, yield strength, tensile strength and percentage elongation after fracture met the
requirements of GB/T 8165-2008. The results of the impact test indicated that, the stainless
steel composite layer exhibited a very little influence on the impact performance of the base
material under room temperature, and the stainless steel layer and plain carbon steel layer
had a strong combination. Besides, the composite interfaces were straight and smooth, and
there was an absence of any non-composite surface.
3.1. Mechanical Property Test.
3.1.1. Tensile Shear Test. Samples for the tensile shear test were collected from the
final composite coils, according to the GB/T 6396-2008 specifications. The sample size
was 25 (width) and 350 mm (length). Figure 1 shows the specimen of the stainless steel
clad plate after pull shear. The results of the tensile test and tensile shear test of the stainless
steel composite board are shown in Table 4, and it was found that all mechanical properties
fulfilled the GB/T 8165-2008 requirement. The shear strength of the interface was
significantly higher than 210 MPa (requirements of Chinese National Standards for
stainless steel clad plate). The tensile and shear mechanical properties of the 304 stainless
steel clad plates produced by the explosion process and rolling process are compared in
Table 4. According to the test data, the mechanical properties of the 304 stainless steel clad
plate produced by the rolling process were similar to those obtained by the explosion
process.
Z. Y. Chen, J. X. Li, Z. G. Lin, et al.
34 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1
Fig. 1. Specimen of stainless steel clad plate after pull shear.
3.1.2. Impact Test. The impact test was conducted below the room temperature. The
dimensions of the impact samples of 5 and 8 mm stainless steel composite plates were
4 5 10 55. � � and 7 10 55� � mm, respectively. The impact of the stainless steel composite
panel is shown in Fig. 2. Two samples were prepared for this test, wherein the sample code
A and B represented a groove in the stainless steel layer and the carbon steel layer,
respectively. The results of the impact test for stainless steel composite plate at room
temperature is shown in Table 5. In accordance with the experimental data, it can be seen
that the pilot-production of hot-rolled stainless steel composite plate exhibited good impact
toughness, with a quite stable impact value.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1 35
Process Analysis and Trial Tests ...
T a b l e 4
Tensile and Shear Properties of Test Composite Plates
Stainless steel clad plate
and production process
Shear strength
of interfaces
�, MPa
Upper yield
strength
ReH , MPa
Tensile
strength
Rm, MPa
Elongation
A, %
Q345B+304,
explosive welding
with rolling, 5 mm
392 288 382 39.8
Q345B+304,
explosive welding
with rolling, 8 mm
360 257 351 46
Q345B+304,
explosive welding, 5 mm
409 289 393 41
Q345B+304,
explosive welding, 8 mm
395 278 376 47
GB/T 8165-2008 � 210 � 196 � 290 � 33
T a b l e 5
Impact Test of the Stainless Steel Clad Plate
Clad plate Test
temperature
Sample
number
Group I
KV2, J
Group II
KV2, J
Group III
KV2, J
5 mm Room
temperature
A 101.17 98.85 94.23
B 108.71 105.87 105.87
0�C A 86.07 93.77 98.19
B 88.97 87.45 88.85
8 mm Room
temperature
A 99.56 97.89 102.38
B 98.99 97.98 95.67
0�C A 85.55 87.89 90.98
B 87.96 89.57 90.77
Fig. 2. Impact test of the stainless steel clad plate specimen.
3.1.3. Bending Test. The standards of GB/T 6396-2008 were followed during the
bending test, and the sample size was 25 (width) and 350 mm (length). Two test samples
were selected for the bending test from each coil, with composite material as the tension
face (external bending test) and with base material as the tension face (internal bending
test). After the bending test, no crack on the internal/external bending test samples
(diameter of bending pressure head D a� 2 ) for stainless steel composite plate of two
different coils could be observed by the naked eye (as shown in Fig. 3) and all the test
results met the standards.
3.2. Microscopic Structure Observation. The microstructure of the image around the
joint interface of the stainless steel composite plate is shown in Fig. 4. The figure shows
that the composite interface was straight and smooth, and there was no non-composite
interface. The carbon steel zone far from the composite interface was a classic hot rolling
microstructure, made up of ferrite and pearlite. The content of pearlite within the carbon
steel near the composite interface was significantly decreased, which indicated that this
area had a certain degree of decarburization. The decarburization was caused by the carbon
shift (C-shift) since the mass fraction of C at the carbon steel side (0.2%) was higher than
that on the stainless steel side (0.066%), and there was a high difference in the chemical
potential of C between the two ends of steel. In addition, Si was also found to improve the
chemical potential of carbon. Although Cr suppressed the diffusion of carbon, the latter was
quite significant across the stainless steel composite layer [11].
36 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1
Z. Y. Chen, J. X. Li, Z. G. Lin, et al.
a b
Fig. 3. Bending specimens of 5 (a) and 8 mm (b) of stainless steel clad plate.
Fig. 4. Microstructure image of the stainless steel composite board.
Figure 5 shows the tensile shear fracture morphology of the stainless steel composite
plate. The dimple is clearly visible in the figure. The tensile fracture of stainless steel
composite exhibited a ductile fracture. Thus, the microscopic studies revealed excellent
tensile properties of the tested composite steel plate.
C o n c l u s i o n s
1. For the stainless steel/carbon steel composite plates produced by the technique of
“explosive welding with rolling”, the shear strength was found to esceed 310 MPa, yield
strength was over 210 MPa, tensile strength was higher than 340 MPa, and the percentage
elongation after fracture exceeded 39.8%. Various indices of the composite plates were
found to comply the GB/T 8165-2008 specifications.
2. In the fabricated stainless steel/carbon steel composite plates, the stainless steel
layer and plain carbon steel layer showed a strong amalgamation, the composite surface
was straight and smooth, and there was an absence of any non-composite surface.
3. During the single-side rolling of the composite plates involving dissimilar materials,
the asymmetrical rolling or different-diameter rolling was found to avoid the flatness
problems caused by different elongation of two materials.
4. The pilot production in the study has laid down the certain basis for the production
of the single-side dissimilar-material composite board.
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ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1 37
Process Analysis and Trial Tests ...
a b
Fig. 5. Tensile shear fracture morphology of stainless steel composite plate: specimens of 5 (a) and
8 mm (b) clad plate.
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Received 15. 03. 2018
38 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1
Z. Y. Chen, J. X. Li, Z. G. Lin, et al.
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/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|