Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs
The tribological tests are carried out to assess the effect of pin diameters on wear characteristics via changing contact stresses and sliding speeds to provide support for choosing friction pair sizes. The friction couple is set as CuZn pins for medium carbon steel (No. 1045 steel) rings. The diffe...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
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irk-123456789-1883052023-02-23T01:27:18Z Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs Wei, Y.H. Wang, X.L. Liu, Y.P. Chen, L.J. Научно-технический раздел The tribological tests are carried out to assess the effect of pin diameters on wear characteristics via changing contact stresses and sliding speeds to provide support for choosing friction pair sizes. The friction couple is set as CuZn pins for medium carbon steel (No. 1045 steel) rings. The differential wear rate and its calculation formula are defined to express the line wear rate or the wear resistance of unit cross-section area. The effect of the pin end surface diameter on differential wear rate and its scale/increased multiplier are investigated. When the product (P×V=0.095) is kept constant, the abrasion loss for the specimens of a small diameter (d1=0.6 mm) is lesser than that of the specimens of a large diameter (d2=4.0 mm). As compared to the sliding speed, the change in contact stresses exerts a greater influence on the wear behavior, especially for small-diameter specimens. The differential wear rate of small-diameter specimens is always higher than that of the specimens of a large diameter. The scale multiplier of the differential wear rate is always larger than that of the contact pressure stress, especially for small-diameter specimens. С целью обоснования выбора размеров пар трения проводятся трибологические испытания по оценке влияния диаметров штифта на характеристики износа путем изменения нагрузок и скорости скольжения. Пара трения представляется в виде штифтов из CuZn к кольцам из среднеуглеродистой стали (сталь 1045). Дифференциальная скорость изнашивания и формула для ее расчета определяются для выражения линейной скорости изнашивания или сопротивления износу единицы площади поперечного сечения. Исследуются влияние различного диаметра торцевой поверхности штифтов, дифференциальная скорость изнашивания и ее увеличенный множитель. Результаты показывают, что при поддержании постоянства произведения P×V=0,095 потери при истирании образцов малого диаметра (d1=0,6 мм) меньше, чем образцов большого диаметра (d2 =4,0 мм). По сравнению со скоростью скольжения изменение нагрузки более существенно влияет на характеристики износа, особенно для образцов малого диаметра. Дифференциальная скорость изнашивания образцов малого диаметра всегда больше, чем образцов большого диаметра. Увеличенный множитель дифференциальной скорости изнашивания всегда превышает увеличенный множитель повышения напряжения контактного давления, особенно для образцов малого диаметра. З метою обґрунтування вибору розмірів пар тертя проводяться трибологичні випробування з оцінки впливу діаметрів штифта на характеристики зносу шляхом зміни навантажень і швидкості ковзання. Пара тертя представляється у вигляді штифтів з СuZn до кілець з середньовуглецевої сталі (сталь 1045). Диференціальна швидкість зношування і формула для її розрахунку визначаються для вираження лінійної швидкості зношування або опору зносу одиниці площі поперечного перерізу. Досліджуються вплив різного діаметру торцевої поверхні штифтів, диференціальна швидкість зношування і її збільшений множник. Результати показують, що при підтримці сталості Р x V = 0,095 втрати при стиранні зразків малого діаметра (d1 = 0,6 мм) менше, ніж зразків великого діаметра (d2 = 4,0 мм). У порівнянні зі швидкістю ковзання зміна навантаження більш істотно впливає на характеристики зносу, особливо для зразків малого діаметра. Диференціальна швидкість зношування зразків малого діаметра завжди більше, ніж зразків великого діаметру. Збільшений множник диференціальної швидкості зношування завжди перевищує збільшений множник підвищення напружень контактного тиску, особливо для зразків малого діаметра. 2019 Article Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs / Y.H. Wei, X.L. Wang, Y.P. Liu, L.J. Chen // Проблеми міцності. — 2019. — № 1. — С. 80-86. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. 0556-171X http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/188305 539.4 en Проблемы прочности Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Wei, Y.H. Wang, X.L. Liu, Y.P. Chen, L.J. Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs Проблемы прочности |
| description |
The tribological tests are carried out to assess the effect of pin diameters on wear characteristics via changing contact stresses and sliding speeds to provide support for choosing friction pair sizes. The friction couple is set as CuZn pins for medium carbon steel (No. 1045 steel) rings. The differential wear rate and its calculation formula are defined to express the line wear rate or the wear resistance of unit cross-section area. The effect of the pin end surface diameter on differential wear rate and its scale/increased multiplier are investigated. When the product (P×V=0.095) is kept constant, the abrasion loss for the specimens of a small diameter (d1=0.6 mm) is lesser than that of the specimens of a large diameter (d2=4.0 mm). As compared to the sliding speed, the change in contact stresses exerts a greater influence on the wear behavior, especially for small-diameter specimens. The differential wear rate of small-diameter specimens is always higher than that of the specimens of a large diameter. The scale multiplier of the differential wear rate is always larger than that of the contact pressure stress, especially for small-diameter specimens. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Wei, Y.H. Wang, X.L. Liu, Y.P. Chen, L.J. |
| author_facet |
Wei, Y.H. Wang, X.L. Liu, Y.P. Chen, L.J. |
| author_sort |
Wei, Y.H. |
| title |
Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs |
| title_short |
Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs |
| title_full |
Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs |
| title_fullStr |
Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs |
| title_sort |
effect of pin diameters on the wear characteristics of friction pairs |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/188305 |
| citation_txt |
Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs / Y.H. Wei, X.L. Wang, Y.P. Liu, L.J. Chen // Проблеми міцності. — 2019. — № 1. — С. 80-86. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
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Проблемы прочности |
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2025-07-16T10:18:31Z |
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| fulltext |
UDC 539.4
Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics of Friction Pairs
Y. H. Wei,
a,1
X. L. Wang,
a,b
Y. P. Liu,
a
and L. J. Chen
c
a School of Mechatronics Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhenzhou, China
b Collaborative Innovation Center for Aviation Economic Development of Henan Province, Zhenzhou,
China
c School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China
1 yangguangwyh@126.com
The tribological tests are carried out to assess the effect of pin diameters on wear characteristics via
changing contact stresses and sliding speeds to provide support for choosing friction pair sizes. The
friction couple is set as CuZn pins for medium carbon steel (No. 1045 steel) rings. The differential
wear rate and its calculation formula are defined to express the line wear rate or the wear resistance
of unit cross-section area. The effect of the pin end surface diameter on differential wear rate and its
scale/increased multiplier are investigated. When the product (P V� � 0.095) is kept constant, the
abrasion loss for the specimens of a small diameter (d1 � 0.6 mm) is lesser than that of the specimens
of a large diameter (d2 � 4.0 mm). As compared to the sliding speed, the change in contact stresses
exerts a greater influence on the wear behavior, especially for small-diameter specimens. The
differential wear rate of small-diameter specimens is always higher than that of the specimens of a
large diameter. The scale multiplier of the differential wear rate is always larger than that of the
contact pressure stress, especially for small-diameter specimens.
Keywords: size effect, dry sliding, friction, wear, diameter, differential wear rate.
Introduction. Controlling friction and wear becomes the main means of saving
resources, prolonging the service life of equipment and increasing reliability [1–8]. Large
changes take place at the size and scale aspect of the friction couple. In addition to the
macro-size tribology (various mechanical devices, the crustal movement (earthquake), et
cetera), microtribology and nanotribology are also appearing such as the micromotors and
micromachines in integrated electric control system. Many studies point out that the
mechanical properties of materials have a size effect [9], and the tribological properties of
the materials are also the same [2, 10–18]. In 2011, Orlova [16] directly improved the
friction and wear performance of the 18-100 type truck bogie by changing the size and
shape of the friction wedge. Therefore, in order to provide support for the problem of the
size selection of friction pairs, it is significance to study the effect of contact area or size on
dry friction characteristics of friction couple.
In the study of the effect of magnetic field on the dry sliding tribological properties of
metal materials [18], the size effect [9] of the tribological properties of the materials is
noticed. Figure 1 shows the effect of magnetic field intensity on the line-wear-rate of CuZn
pins and rings. If the parameter of magnetic field intensity is seen only as an additional
variable, the size effect of the tribological characteristics is obvious (Fig. 1). This friction
couple is set as the self-matching mode of CuZn pin to CuZn ring, the only difference
between the pin and the ring specimens are their size (Fig. 2). The interaction between the
pin and ring specimens maintains the relationship of action and reaction during the wear
process, and whose actual contact area is identical at every moment. However, the testing
results are different. The line-wear-rate of the rings are always larger than that of the pins.
The ratio of line-wear-rate between ring specimens and pin specimens reaches about 19 at
without magnetic field. In the friction process, the behavior of pins is similar to the action
of turning tool, resulting in severe abrasion of rings.
© Y. H. WEI, X. L. WANG, Y. P. LIU, L. J. CHEN, 2019
80 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1
This paper explores the effect of contact area or size of specimens on the dry wear
characteristics of the friction couple made of CuZn and medium-carbon-steel (No. 1045
steel), when the product of contact stress P and sliding speed V is kept constant, namely
P V� � 0.095. To this end, the differential wear rate and its calculation formula are defined
to express the line wear rate of a unit cross-sectional area.
1. Test Methods and Materials. Figure 2 shows the contact method of pin and ring
(GB/T12444-2006). The friction couples are set as CuZn pin to medium-carbon-steel ring.
When P V� � 0.095 is kept constant, the friction testings are carried out by adjusting the
parameters of contact stress and sliding velocity shown in Table 1. The specimen pins have
a cylindrical shape made of CuZn. And their corresponding diameters of cross sections are
0.6 and 4.0 mm, respectively. The chemical composition of CuZn [18] pins are shown in
Table 2. Each friction testing last for 1 h. After each friction testings, the specimen pins are
cleaned by anhydrous ethanol, then dried. The weight loss is measured by an electronic
balance BS210S with a precision of 0.1 mg. In order to minimize the error, the abrasion
loss is calculated before and after the tests. The average value is obtained from three times
testings. Equation (1) is used to calculate the abrasion loss.
Calculation equation of the abrasion loss �W:
�W W W� �1 2. (1)
Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics ...
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1 81
Fig. 1. Line-wear-rate of CuZn pins and rings under the influence of magnetic field intensity [18].
Fig. 2. The contact method of pin and ring.
The difference of contact area of the friction couple may directly affect the actual
contact stress (Pa ) of the friction pairs, the distribution of the local force and the amount of
elastic deformation caused by a positive pressure, the transmission efficiency of frictional
heat and the vibration caused by friction sliding, et cetera. These statuses may affect the
friction and wear properties, so that the abrasion loss change correspondingly with the
contact area between pin and ring changing. When the diameters of the pins change, the
actual contact area of friction couple will be different. Therefore the abrasion loss [Eq. (1)]
and the line wear rate [Eq. (2)] are not able to accurately express the wear properties when
their size is different. For this purpose, in Eq. (2) � ��W (g/m/m2) is defined as the
differential wear rate to express the line wear rate of unit cross-sectional area, which is used
to express the wear resistance of unit contact area of friction. In Eq. (2), � �W (g/m) is the
line wearrate represented the abrasion loss of the unit distance of friction sliding.
Calculation equation of the differential wear rate (the line wearrate of unit cross-
sectional area) � ��W :
� �
�
��� � �W W
r
W
Rnt r
1
2
1
2 2
� � �
, (2)
where � �W is the line wear rate (g/m), which represents the abrasion loss of the unit
sliding distance, �W is the abrasion loss (g), R is the outer ring radius of the ring
specimens (m), r is the radius of the pin specimens (m), t is the friction time (min), and n
is the rotational speed of the ring specimens (rpm).
2. Test Results and Analysis. Figure 3 shows the changing of abrasion loss of the
specimen pins with different diameters when the value P V� � 0.095 keeps constant under
some different testing parameters. From Fig. 3 the abrasion loss of the specimen pins with
big diameter (d2 � 4.0 mm) are much larger than that of the specimens with small diameter
(d1 � 0.6 mm) under each same testing parameter. For the abrasion loss, the contact area of
the friction surface of specimens with big diameter is larger than that of the specimens with
small diameter, so that its abrasion loss is larger than that of the specimens with small
diameter. As shown also from Fig. 3, the abrasion loss of specimens with small diameter
has a slight increase trend with the increase of contact stresses, however the abrasion loss
with big diameter enlarges greatly. When the P V� value keeps constant, the sliding speed
V decreases with the increase of contact stress P. In the case of the same friction testing
time, as the sliding speed decreases, the distance of relative sliding between the pin and the
ring reduces. In this way the abrasion loss should have a decrease trend. But the testing
results are opposite, that is, the abrasion loss of the specimens both big and small diameter
Y. H. Wei, X. L. Wang, Y. P. Liu, and L. J. Chen
82 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1
T a b l e 1
The Test Parameters
Serial number Sliding speed V , m/s Contact stress P, MPa
1 0.190 0.5
2 0.063 1.5
3 0.031 3.0
T a b l e 2
The Chemical Composition of CuZn (wt.%)
Element Cu Pb Al Fe Zn Ni
CuZn 57–60 0.8–1.9 �0.2 0.5 36–42 1.0
increases with the contact stress rise and sliding speed V decrease (Fig. 3). This indicates
that the increase of abrasion loss is caused by the contact stress increase.
Figure 4 shows the friction surface morphology of the diameter 4.0 mm specimens
under the different contact stresses. As shown in Fig. 4a, when the contact stress is small,
the friction surface existing local bulges has a slight furrows and smoother relatively. With
the contact stress increase, the friction surface appears a furrows morphology clearly
(Fig. 4b). Combining Figs. 3 and 4, it can be concluded that, compared to the sliding speed,
the change of contact stress has a great influence on the wear performance of the friction
couple.
Figure 5 shows the differential-wear-rate [based on the Eq. (2)] of pin specimens with
different diameters under some different testing parameters when the P V� value keeps
constant. From Fig. 5, with the increase of contact stress and the decrease of friction speed,
the differential wear rate increases, which indicates that the increase in contact stress
exacerbates the wear and tear of the friction couple. Figure 5 also displays, at the same
testing parameter 0.5 MPa–0.19 m/s (see the horizontal axis in Fig. 5), the difference in
differential wear rates of the two kinds of specimens is small; next, at 1.5 MPa–0.063 m/s,
the differential wear rate of specimens with a small diameter is larger than that of large-
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1 83
Effect of Pin Diameters on the Wear Characteristics ...
Fig. 3. Abrasion loss changing of specimens with different diameters when the P V� value keeps
constant.
Fig. 4. Friction surface morphology of pins (d2 � 4.0 mm) under the different contact stresses: (a)
0.5 MPa, (b) 3 MPa.
diameter specimens; while at 3.0 MPa–0.031 m/s, the differential wear rate of the small
diameter specimens is much larger than that of big diameter ones. See Fig. 5,
A B1 1 � 1.003 less than A B2 2 � 1.111 and A B3 3 � 1.457. In summary, the ratio of
differential wear rate of specimens with different diameters increases gradually with the
contact stress. Combining Figs. 3, 4, and 5, one can conclude that the contact stress has a
significant effect on the abrasion loss and the differential wear rate. Noteworthy is also the
fact that mechanical properties of materials have a scale effect. The hardness and strength
of CuZn pins are lower than those of steel. Under the same contact stress, a smaller
diameter or contact area of specimen pins corresponds to higher pressure/stress values.
When the contact stress is much lower than the yield strength of the specimen, the impact
of contact stress on the abrasion of CuZn pin is small. When the contact stress is increased
to the contact pressure level close to its yield strength, the abrasion becomes quite severe.
Therefore, the differential wear rates of the small-diameter specimens is higher than that of
specimens with larger diameters. The increase in contact stress has an adverse effect on the
abrasion of materials, especially for small-diameter specimens.
84 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1
Y. H. Wei, X. L. Wang, Y. P. Liu, and L. J. Chen
Fig. 5. The differential-wear-rates of specimens with different diameter when the P V� value is
constant.
Fig. 6. Increased multiplier of differential wear rate corresponding to the multiplier of contact
pressure stress.
See Fig. 5, as the contact stresses increase from Px to Py , such that
From 0.5 to 1.5 MPa, P P B B A A2 1 2 1 2 13 3356 3717� � � � �. . , (3)
From 1.5 to 3.0 MPa, P P B B A A3 2 3 2 3 22 2152 2822� � � � �. . , (4)
From 0.5 to 3.0 MPa, P P B B A A3 1 3 1 3 16 7222 10489� � � � �. . . (5)
These results are shown in Fig. 6. The increased multiplier of differential wear rate
always exceeds the contact pressure stress multiplier for both large- and small-diameter
specimens. As shown in Fig. 6, the increased multiplier of differential wear rate of small-
diameter specimens is always higher than that of large-diameter ones [see Eqs. (3)–(5) and
Fig. 6].
Conclusions. The tribological tests are carried out to explore the effect of contact area
or size of pins on the dry tribological characteristics when the product (P V� � 0.095) is
kept constant. And the friction couple is set as CuZn pins to medium-carbon-steel (No.
1045 steel) rings. The differential-wear-rate and its calculation formula are defined to
express the line-wear-rate of unit cross section area, and are used to express the wear
resistance of unit contact area of friction, too. The following findings were made:
1. When the product (P V� � 0.095) is kept constant, the abrasion loss of the
specimens with small diameter (d1 � 0.6 mm) is smaller than that of the specimens with big
diameter (d2 � 4.0 mm). In the friction process, the behavior of pins is similar to the action
of turning tool, resulting in severe abrasion of rings.
2. As compared to the sliding speed variation, the contact stress variation has a
stronger effect on the wear behavior, especially for small-diameter specimens.
3. The differential wear rate of small-diameter specimens always exceeds that of
large-diameter onesr. The increased multiplier of differential wear rate is always higher
than the multiplier of contact pressure stress. Moreover, the increased multiplier of
differential wear rate of small-diameter specimens is the highest.
Acknowledgments. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (51641509), the Foundation for University Cadre Teacher of Henan Province
(2017GGJS111) and the Science and Technology Foundation of Henan (162102210086,
162102210243).
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Received 15. 03. 2018
86 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2019, ¹ 1
Y. H. Wei, X. L. Wang, Y. P. Liu, and L. J. Chen
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|