Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M
Soft X-ray (SXRƚ diagnostics is routinely used in Uragan-3M (U-3M) torsatron. One of the SXR diagnostic applications is based on the plasma temperature estimation. The ratio of SXR signals passed through two different foils depends only on the plasma temperature and can be used for its estimation. A...
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irk-123456789-1946352023-11-28T12:30:57Z Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M Dreval, M.B. Turianska, O.V. Pahur, A.S. Magnetic confinement Soft X-ray (SXRƚ diagnostics is routinely used in Uragan-3M (U-3M) torsatron. One of the SXR diagnostic applications is based on the plasma temperature estimation. The ratio of SXR signals passed through two different foils depends only on the plasma temperature and can be used for its estimation. An influence of spectral sensitivity of the photodiode on the two foils temperature estimations technique is considered in present work numerically. The influence is negligible in the case of the flat sensitivity in the energy range 5…500 eV in the case of thin 1.5 ⁄ 2.25 μm Al foils. In the opposite case of very low spectral sensitivity in 5…500 eV range and its increase at the 1 keV range the signals ratio can be very high. This result can explain high signals ratio experimentally observed in Uragan-3M stellarator, where photodiodes with unknown spectral sensitivity were used. Діагностика плазми на базі м’якого рентгенівського випромінювання завжди використовується на торсатроні Ураган-3М. Одним з діагностичних застосувань цієї діагностики є оцінка температури плазми. Співвідношення сигналів м’якого рентгенівського випромінювання, що пройшли через дві різні фольги, залежить тільки від температури плазми і може використовуватися для її оцінки. Чисельно розглянуто вплив спектральної чутливості фотодіода на методику оцінки температури плазми методом двох фольг. У випадку плоскої спектральної чутливості в діапазоні енергій 5…500 еВ і тонких 1,5 ⁄ 2,25 мкм алюмінієвих фольг цей вплив незначний. У випадку дуже низькою спектральної чутливості в діапазоні 5…500 еВ і її підвищення в діапазоні 1 кеВ співвідношення сигналів, що пройшли через дві фольги може бути дуже високим. Цей результат може пояснити високе співвідношення сигналів м’якого рентгенівського випромінювання, що експериментально спостерігалося в стелараторі Ураган-3М, де використовувалися фотодіоди з невідомою спектральною чутливістю. Диагностика плазмы на базе мягкого рентгеновского излучения постоянно используется на торсатроне Ураган-3М. Одним из диагностических приложений этой диагностики является оценка температуры плазмы. Соотношение сигналов мягкого рентгеновского излучения, прошедших через две разные фольги, зависит только от температуры плазмы и может использоваться для ее оценки. Численно рассмотрено влияние спектральной чувствительности фотодиода на методику оценки температуры плазмы методом двух фольг. В случае плоской спектральной чувствительности в диапазоне энергий 5…500 эВ и тонких 1,5 ⁄ 2,25 мкм алюминиевых фольг это влияние незначительно. В случае очень низкой спектральной чувствительности в диапазоне 5…500 эВ и ее повышения в диапазоне 1 кэВ отношение сигналов, прошедших через две фольги, может быть очень высоким. Этот результат может объяснить высокое соотношение сигналов мягкого рентгеновского излучения, экспериментально наблюдаемое в стеллараторе Ураган-3М, где использовались фотодиоды с неизвестной спектральной чувствительностью. 2020 Article Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M / M.B. Dreval, O.V. Turianska, A.S. Pahur // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2020. — № 6. — С. 19-21. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.55.Hc; 52.70.La http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/194635 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Magnetic confinement Magnetic confinement |
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Magnetic confinement Magnetic confinement Dreval, M.B. Turianska, O.V. Pahur, A.S. Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
description |
Soft X-ray (SXRƚ diagnostics is routinely used in Uragan-3M (U-3M) torsatron. One of the SXR diagnostic applications is based on the plasma temperature estimation. The ratio of SXR signals passed through two different foils depends only on the plasma temperature and can be used for its estimation. An influence of spectral sensitivity of the photodiode on the two foils temperature estimations technique is considered in present work numerically. The influence is negligible in the case of the flat sensitivity in the energy range 5…500 eV in the case of thin 1.5 ⁄ 2.25 μm Al foils. In the opposite case of very low spectral sensitivity in 5…500 eV range and its increase at the 1 keV range the signals ratio can be very high. This result can explain high signals ratio experimentally observed in Uragan-3M stellarator, where photodiodes with unknown spectral sensitivity were used. |
format |
Article |
author |
Dreval, M.B. Turianska, O.V. Pahur, A.S. |
author_facet |
Dreval, M.B. Turianska, O.V. Pahur, A.S. |
author_sort |
Dreval, M.B. |
title |
Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M |
title_short |
Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M |
title_full |
Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M |
title_fullStr |
Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M |
title_full_unstemmed |
Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M |
title_sort |
influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in uragan-3m |
publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
publishDate |
2020 |
topic_facet |
Magnetic confinement |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/194635 |
citation_txt |
Influence of the photodiode spectral sensitivity on the temperature estimation by sxr using thin filtering foils in Uragan-3M / M.B. Dreval, O.V. Turianska, A.S. Pahur // Problems of atomic science and tecnology. — 2020. — № 6. — С. 19-21. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT drevalmb influenceofthephotodiodespectralsensitivityonthetemperatureestimationbysxrusingthinfilteringfoilsinuragan3m AT turianskaov influenceofthephotodiodespectralsensitivityonthetemperatureestimationbysxrusingthinfilteringfoilsinuragan3m AT pahuras influenceofthephotodiodespectralsensitivityonthetemperatureestimationbysxrusingthinfilteringfoilsinuragan3m |
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2025-07-16T22:01:52Z |
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2025-07-16T22:01:52Z |
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fulltext |
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2020. №6(130)
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2020, № 6. Series: Plasma Physics (26), p. 19-21. 19
https://doi.org/10.46813/2020-130-019
INFLUENCE OF THE PHOTODIODE SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY ON
THE TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION BY SXR USING THIN FILTERING
FOILS IN URAGAN-3M
M.B. Dreval
1
, O.V. Turianska
1,2
, A.S. Pahur
1,3
1
Institute of Plasma Physics NSC “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkiv, Ukraine;
2
CELIA Université Bordeaux, Talence, France;
3
V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail: mdreval@kipt.kharkov.ua
Soft X-ray (SXR) diagnostics is routinely used in Uragan-3M (U-3M) torsatron. One of the SXR diagnostic
applications is based on the plasma temperature estimation. The ratio of SXR signals passed through two different
foils depends only on the plasma temperature and can be used for its estimation. An influence of spectral sensitivity
of the photodiode on the two foils temperature estimations technique is considered in present work numerically. The
influence is negligible in the case of the flat sensitivity in the energy range 5…500 eV in the case of thin
1.5/2.25 μm Al foils. In the opposite case of very low spectral sensitivity in 5…500 eV range and its increase at the
1 keV range the signals ratio can be very high. This result can explain high signals ratio experimentally observed in
Uragan-3M stellarator, where photodiodes with unknown spectral sensitivity were used.
PACS: 52.55.Hc; 52.70.La
INTRODUCTION
The Soft X-ray diagnostics is one of the most
important basic diagnostics to study the magnetically
confined plasma in stellarators, tokamak, reverse field
pinch, etc [1-3]. The SXR diagnostics is mainly used for
magnetohydrodynamic studies and impurity
accumulation studies. One of the SXR diagnostic
applications in small fusion devises, where more
sophisticated diagnostics are missing, is the estimation
of the electron temperature (Te) of the plasma via two
foils technique. This temperature evaluation method
based on a strong dependence of the continuum
Bremsstrahlung SXR radiation on the electron
temperature. A broadband light emission from plasma is
filtered by fin beryllium or aluminum foil in order to
separate SXR emission from visible part of the plasma
emission. The SXR energy spectrum, passed through
the foil, depends on the foil thickness and material. The
two foils technique used for the estimation of the
electron temperature is based on the ratio R of the SXR
brightness passed through different foils. Thin foils are
used in small fusion device Uragan-3M (U-3M) due to
low level of the SXR emission from low density and
low temperature plasma. Application of the two foils
technique in rather thin foils case is described in Ref.
[4]. According to this work contribution of the spectral
lines emission to the SXR emission can be ignored. We
are considering Bremsstrahlung emission only in
present work. The Bremsstrahlung formula has the
following form:
)(5.02 )()()(
rT
E
eeffe
eerTrZrn
dE
dW
, (1)
where dW is the radiation power emitted in the photon
energy interval dE and ne, Zeff, and Te are electron
density, effective plasma charge and electron
temperature, respectively. The SXR emission is filtered
by two aluminum or beryllium foils with different
thicknesses. The foil material and thickness define the
energy absorption threshold. In the case of higher SXR
energy, the emission is passed through thicker foil.
Thus, the ratio of SXR emission measured by two
different foils contains information about emission
energy the electron temperature consequently. The SXR
intensity in the detector for the Maxwellian plasma is:
E
ξ(E)dEdlZ eff
l lT e
(l)neI
)(
2
, (2)
where is the first integral along the line of sight path l
represent the integral nature of the SXR emission from
the plasma and the second integral represent the
integration of local emission and absorption of the SXR
emission by the foil versus energy. The function is:
tE
lT
E
E
e
exp
)(
exp)( , (3)
where μ/ρ is the mass energy absorption coefficients of
the foil, t is the foil thickness. Generally, the problem is
complex and needs inversion due to the first integral
another line of sight. According to experimental
measurements [5, 6] the shape of SXR profile have a
very peaked form in U-3M. The major contribution to
the line-integrated SXR signal comes from most central
part of the SXR line-of-sight. The contribution from the
plasma periphery can be neglected. In this case, the
SXR signal in the detector is expressed as follow:
E
ξ(E)dE
lT e
)(lne
Z effI
)(
2
0
0 . (4)
The integral part of this formula depends on just the
central electron temperature. Concerning the ratio of
SXR signals passed through two foils they depend only
on the central temperature:
)T eR(
I
I
R
2
1 . (5)
https://doi.org/10.46813/2020-130-019
20 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2020. №6(130)
This formula supports the two foils technique
applicability. Due to the complex E dependence
the ratio R of the signals is usually calculated
numerically. Previous numerical calculations [7] shows
that the ratio R is weakly depend on the plasma
temperature in the case of the 1.5 and 2.25 m aluminum
foil. Thicker second foil is strongly required for viewable
dependence of the ratio R on the plasma temperature.
However high R was observed experimentally in U-3M
in these thin foils case [8]. One of the possible reasons for
the discrepancy is based on the possible influence of the
spectral sensitivity of the photodiodes, which are used in
the SXR measurement systems. Real dependence of the
sensitivity on the SXR wavelength can substantially
modify the ratio of the signal, especially in the case of the
low difference between thicknesses of the foil. According
to the Ref. [9] spectral sensitivity of the SXR photodiode
introduces additional term in Eq. (3) as follows:
)(exp
)(
exp)( EFtE
lT
E
E
e
, (6)
where F is a spectral sensitivity of the photodiode. This
influence is negligible if F is constant in the 5…500 eV
energy range [9]. Old photodiodes with unknown and
undocumented spectral response F was used in U-3M
experiments [8]. The F function of these diodes can be
different to the Ref. [9] estimations. Different shape of
the spectral response function F is used in present work.
The F functions with very low spectral sensitivity in
5…500 eV range with strong increase in 1 keV range is
used in the present work.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF SIGNALS
RATIO R VERSUS SPECTRAL
SENSTIFIVITY F
The various form of decayed spectral sensitivity
function was used in our simulation following [9]. For
calculations, we used the spectral sensitivity of the
photodiode in the form:
lim
exp
E
E
EF . (7)
In this form the Elim value defines start of the
spectral sensitivity decay and α value define the decay
speed. Set of modeling functions F and corresponding
signals SXR ratios R shown in Figs. 1, 2
correspondently by same colors.
Fig. 1. Modeling F functions described by Eq (7) for
α=5, and set Elim as it is shown in the legend
The ratio of signals passed through the 1.5 and
2.25 m aluminum filters are weakly depends on the
plasma temperature (see Fig. 2). More detailed analysis
of this type of F [9] shows, that a variation of the
decayed function F cannot increase the ratio R up to the
experimentally observed values. Set of rising modeling
functions is described as:
1)( ESinEF . (8)
These modeling functions are shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 2. Calculated R-function for Al 1.5 / 2.25 μm case
and F-functions from Fig. 1
Fig. 3. Modeling F functions, values of β are shown in
the legend
Fig. 4. R function for Al 1.5 / 2.25 μm and F functions
from Fig. 3
Very high signals ratio R can be observed in the case
of very low spectral sensitivity in the energy range of
5…250 eV (β=0.8 case), as shown in Fig. 4. The
dependence of the photodiode senstitivity in this range
is crucial for the temperature estimation in the thin
(1.5/2.25 μm) Al foils case. This type of F function can
explain high SXR signals ratio observed in U-3M even
in the case of pure Bremsstrahlung radiation from
Maxwellian plasma.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2020. №6(130) 21
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The ratio of SXR signals passed through two
different foils depends only on the plasma temperature
and can be used for its estimation. An influence of
spectral sensitivity of the photodiode on the two foils
temperature estimations technique is numerically
evaluated in present work. Our calculations for the
1.5/2.25 μm Al foils and pure Bremsstrahlung emission
from the Maxwellian plasma show that:
a) The influence of spectral sensitivity is negligible
if the spectral sensitivity is weakly depends on SXR
energy in the energy range of 5…500 eV.
b) Strong contribution form the spectral sensitivity is
observed if it is low in the 5…500 eV range and
drastically increases in the 1keV range.
These results can explain the high SXR signals ratio,
which is observed experimentally in URAGAN-3M. The
unknown and undocumented spectral sensitivity function of
old photodiodes can cause these experimental observations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been supported by National Academy
Science of Ukraine project П-3/22-2020.
REFERENCES
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the soft X-ray signals for determination of radial locations
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Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 2011, v. 166,
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3. P. Franz, L. Marrelli, P. Piovesan, B. E. Chapman, P. Martin,
I. Predebon, G. Spizzo, R. B. White, C. Xiao. Observations of
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K. Uo. Effects of Light Impurities on Electron
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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 1986, v. 25, p. 120.
5. M. Dreval. Design and initial operation of multichord Soft
X-ray detection array on the U-3M torsatron // Problems of
Atomic Science and Technology. 2014, № 6, p. 250.
6. M. Dreval. First results of multichord soft x-ray
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Atomic Science and Technology. 2015, № 1, p. 8.
7. M. Dreval. Design of multichord soft x-ray detection
arrays for the URAGAN-2M stellarator // Problems of
Atomic Science and Technology. 2010, № 6, p. 11.
8. A.D. Komarov, A.A. Chmyga, V.V. Chechkin,
L.I. Grigor’eva, G.N. Deshko, A.S. Kozachek, L.I. Krupnik,
S.M. Khrebtov, S.M. Maznichenko, Yu.K. Mironov,
V.S. Romanov, A.I. Zhezhera. Estimations of plasma
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Article received 07.10.2020
ВЛИЯНИЕ СПЕКТРАЛЬНОЙ ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ФОТОДИОДА НА РАСЧЕТ
ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ПО ДАННЫМ МЯГКОГО РЕНТГЕНОВСКОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ
С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ТОНКИХ ФИЛЬТРУЮЩИХ ФОЛЬГ НА УРАГАНЕ-3М
Н.Б. Древаль, Е.В. Турянская, А.С. Пагур
Диагностика плазмы на базе мягкого рентгеновского излучения постоянно используется на торсатроне
Ураган-3М. Одним из диагностических приложений этой диагностики является оценка температуры плазмы.
Соотношение сигналов мягкого рентгеновского излучения, прошедших через две разные фольги, зависит только
от температуры плазмы и может использоваться для ее оценки. Численно рассмотрено влияние спектральной
чувствительности фотодиода на методику оценки температуры плазмы методом двух фольг. В случае плоской
спектральной чувствительности в диапазоне энергий 5…500 эВ и тонких 1,5/2,25 мкм алюминиевых фольг это
влияние незначительно. В случае очень низкой спектральной чувствительности в диапазоне 5…500 эВ и ее
повышения в диапазоне 1 кэВ отношение сигналов, прошедших через две фольги, может быть очень высоким.
Этот результат может объяснить высокое соотношение сигналов мягкого рентгеновского излучения,
экспериментально наблюдаемое в стеллараторе Ураган-3М, где использовались фотодиоды с неизвестной
спектральной чувствительностью.
ВПЛИВ СПЕКТРАЛЬНОЇ ЧУТЛИВОСТІ ФОТОДІОДІВ НА РОЗРАХУНОК ТЕМПЕРАТУРИ ЗА
ДАНИМИ М’ЯКОГО РЕНТГЕНІВСЬКОГО ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ТОНКИХ
ФІЛЬТРУЮЧИХ ФОЛЬГ НА УРАГАНІ-3M
М.Б. Древаль, О.В. Турянська, А.С. Пагур
Діагностика плазми на базі м'якого рентгенівського випромінювання завжди використовується на торсатроні
Ураган-3М. Одним з діагностичних застосувань цієї діагностики є оцінка температури плазми. Співвідношення
сигналів м'якого рентгенівського випромінювання, що пройшли через дві різні фольги, залежить тільки від
температури плазми і може використовуватися для її оцінки. Чисельно розглянуто вплив спектральної чутливості
фотодіода на методику оцінки температури плазми методом двох фольг. У випадку плоскої спектральної
чутливості в діапазоні енергій 5…500 еВ і тонких 1,5/2,25 мкм алюмінієвих фольги цей вплив незначний. У
випадку дуже низькою спектральної чутливості в діапазоні 5…500 еВ і її підвищення в діапазоні 1 кеВ
співвідношення сигналів, що пройшли через дві фольги може бути дуже високим. Цей результат може пояснити
високе співвідношення сигналів м'якого рентгенівського випромінювання, що експериментально спостерігалося
в стелараторі Ураган-3М, де використовувалися фотодіоди з невідомою спектральною чутливістю.
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