Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV
The radiation resistance of Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B magnets under 10 MeV electron beam was studied. The simulation and design of a magnetic system for electron beam analysis of a technological accelerator for energy up to 10 MeV was carried out. The key component of magnetic system was Sm₂Co₁₇ magnets wit...
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| Zitieren: | Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV / V.A. Bovda, A.M. Bovda, I.S. Guk, S.S. Kandybey, S.G. Kononenko, V.N. Lyashchenko, A.O. Mytsykov, L.V. Onischenko // Problems of atomic science and technology. — 2019. — № 2. — С. 145-150. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1949432023-12-01T20:32:33Z Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV Bovda, V.A. Bovda, A.M. Guk, I.S. Kandybey, S.S. Kononenko, S.G. Lyashchenko, V.N. Mytsykov, A.O. Onischenko, L.V. Physics of radiotechnology and ion-plasma technologies The radiation resistance of Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B magnets under 10 MeV electron beam was studied. The simulation and design of a magnetic system for electron beam analysis of a technological accelerator for energy up to 10 MeV was carried out. The key component of magnetic system was Sm₂Co₁₇ magnets with the size of 30х24х12 mm. The maximum magnetic field in the magnetic system was 0.3 T. Експериментально досліджена радіаційна стійкість магнітних матеріалів зi Sm-Co- і Nd-Fe-B-сплавів під дією 10 МэВ електронного пучка. На основі зразків зi Sm₂Co₁₇-сплаву розмірами 30х24х12 мм проведені моделювання і конструювання магніту для аналізу пучка електронів технологічного прискорювача на енергію 10 МеВ. Приведено результати експериментального дослідження характеристик магніту. Максимальне поле в магніті дорівнює 0,3 Тл. Экспериментально исследована радиационная стойкость магнитных материалов из Sm-Co- и Nd-Fe-B-сплавов под действием 10 МэВ электронного пучка. На основе образцов из Sm₂Co₁₇-сплава размерами 30х24х12 мм проведено моделирование и конструирование магнита для анализа пучка электронов технологического ускорителя на энергию 10 МэВ. Приведены результаты экспериментального исследования характеристик магнита. Максимальное поле в магните равно 0,3 Тл. 2019 Article Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV / V.A. Bovda, A.M. Bovda, I.S. Guk, S.S. Kandybey, S.G. Kononenko, V.N. Lyashchenko, A.O. Mytsykov, L.V. Onischenko // Problems of atomic science and technology. — 2019. — № 2. — С. 145-150. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 29.30.Kv http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/194943 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Physics of radiotechnology and ion-plasma technologies Physics of radiotechnology and ion-plasma technologies |
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Physics of radiotechnology and ion-plasma technologies Physics of radiotechnology and ion-plasma technologies Bovda, V.A. Bovda, A.M. Guk, I.S. Kandybey, S.S. Kononenko, S.G. Lyashchenko, V.N. Mytsykov, A.O. Onischenko, L.V. Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The radiation resistance of Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B magnets under 10 MeV electron beam was studied. The simulation and design of a magnetic system for electron beam analysis of a technological accelerator for energy up to 10 MeV was carried out. The key component of magnetic system was Sm₂Co₁₇ magnets with the size of 30х24х12 mm. The maximum magnetic field in the magnetic system was 0.3 T. |
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Article |
| author |
Bovda, V.A. Bovda, A.M. Guk, I.S. Kandybey, S.S. Kononenko, S.G. Lyashchenko, V.N. Mytsykov, A.O. Onischenko, L.V. |
| author_facet |
Bovda, V.A. Bovda, A.M. Guk, I.S. Kandybey, S.S. Kononenko, S.G. Lyashchenko, V.N. Mytsykov, A.O. Onischenko, L.V. |
| author_sort |
Bovda, V.A. |
| title |
Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV |
| title_short |
Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV |
| title_full |
Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV |
| title_fullStr |
Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV |
| title_sort |
rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 mеv |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| topic_facet |
Physics of radiotechnology and ion-plasma technologies |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/194943 |
| citation_txt |
Rare-earth permanent magnet in magnetic system of electron accelerator with the energy of 10 MеV / V.A. Bovda, A.M. Bovda, I.S. Guk, S.S. Kandybey, S.G. Kononenko, V.N. Lyashchenko, A.O. Mytsykov, L.V. Onischenko // Problems of atomic science and technology. — 2019. — № 2. — С. 145-150. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| fulltext |
ISSN 1562-6016. PASТ. 2019. №2(120), p. 145-150.
RARE-EARTH PERMANENT MAGNET IN MAGNETIC SYSTEM
OF ELECTRON ACCELERATOR WITH THE ENERGY OF 10 MеV
V.A. Bovda, A.M. Bovda, I.S. Guk, S.S. Kandybey, S.G. Kononenko, V.N. Lyashchenko,
A.O. Mytsykov, L.V. Onischenko
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine
E-mail: bovda@kipt.kharkov.ua
The radiation resistance of Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B magnets under 10 MeV electron beam was studied. The simula-
tion and design of a magnetic system for electron beam analysis of a technological accelerator for energy up to
10 MeV was carried out. The key component of magnetic system was Sm2Co17 magnets with the size of
30х24х12 mm. The maximum magnetic field in the magnetic system was 0.3 T.
PACS: 29.30.Kv
INTRODUCTION
There is a considerable interest in the magnetic sys-
tems on the base of rare-earth permanent magnets for
use in special accelerators such as medical and techno-
logical accelerators, microtrons, liner colliders and etc
[1–5]. The creation of each such device is associated
with the need to take into account the parameters of
accelerators and the features of their operation. The key
component of the accelerating unit is permanent mag-
nets. The magnetic performance, time and thermal sta-
bility of the magnetic materials under irradiation play
crucial role for the steady operational parameters.
Linear accelerator LU-10 [6] in the NSC KIPT has
been used for many years for technological radiation
treatment of materials. Now, significant upgrade of all
the accelerator systems is performed. The main beam
parameter of this accelerator [7] after system upgrading
– maximum energy must be near 9.44 MeV. The up-
grading beam parameters were used in selecting the
basic requirements for a magnetic system aimed at
measuring the energy of the accelerator beam [8, 9].
According to the simulation and experimental meas-
urements, the design of the magnet should provide a
field of about 0.3 T in a gap of 2.5 cm.
The choice of magnetic material for use in a magnet-
ic system has been made. The paper also presents the
results of the development of the design and experi-
mental details of the magnetic characteristics of magnet-
ic system.
1. THE CHOICE OF MAGNET MATERIAL
One of the practical aspects of permanent magnets
using in the technological accelerators is the high radia-
tion background. Thus, magnetic materials should pre-
serve magnetic performance under high radiation doses
induced by electron beam and bremsstrahlung. Despite
an extensive literature on radiation stability of Sm-Co
and Nd-Fe-B magnets under electron irradiation with
energy from 8 GeV to 10 MeV and gamma-radiation
[10–23], the selection of appropriate magnetic material
can be described relatively unambiguously. According-
ly, experimental study of magnetic losses of Sm-Co and
Nd-Fe-B magnets under direct electron beam irradiation
with the energy of 10 MeV and bremsstrahlung were
carried out [24, 25].
Permanent magnets were produced by powder met-
allurgy [26]. Magnetic samples were magnetized to the
technical saturation in the magnetic field of 3.5 T. Typi-
cal size of rectangular magnets was 30×24×12 mm.
Nd-Fe-B magnets were covered with Ni coating.
Samples were irradiated by electron beam with en-
ergy of 10 MeV on the linear technological accelerator
KUT-1 [27]. The axis of accelerator was located verti-
cally. The electron beam yield was from top to down.
Electron beam passed to the air through the titanium
foil. In the experiment, the south pole of Nd-Fe-B mag-
nets (30×24 mm side) underwent electron irradiation.
The deviation of electron beam density was about 10%
above the sample’s surface. During the electron irradia-
tion, magnets were cooled by the water. The tempera-
ture of the coolant water was not less than 40 °С.
Four (4) Nd-Fe-B and four (4) Sm-Co magnets were
used in experiments. The following designation was
used for both types of magnets. Samples 1 and 2 were
irradiated continuously for 20 hours. Electron beam
went directly to the surface of sample 1. The absorbed
dose for the sample 1 was 16 Grad (the total electron
flux was of about 1.4∙10
17
electrons/сm
2
). Sample 2 was
irradiated simultaneously with the sample 1, but sample
2 was set far from the electron beam at the distance of
40 mm. Sample 3 was irradiated for 20 hours with 24
intervals. The total absorbed dose for the sample 3 was
160 Grad. Sample 4 was not irradiated and it was used
as the reference sample for the measurements.
It was revealed that Nd-Fe-B magnets had a small
amount of
147
Nd unstable isotope. It is the result of
148
Nd(γ, n)
147
Nd reaction with the energy threshold of
7.3 MeV and half lifetime of 10.98 days. The radiation
spectrum of Sm-Co magnets was characterized by the
153
Sm isotope produced by
154
Sm(γ, n)
153
Sm reaction
under gamma-radiation of electron bremsstrahlung. The
isotope half lifetime is 46.284 hours. Thus, the activity
of the magnets after the irradiation was within normal
range. The latter allows normal operation of the devices
with Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Co magnets in accelerators with
the energy up to 10 MeV.
2. MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS
The measurements of the normal z-component of
magnetic flux were performed using Hall probe line
(HPL) [24]. Hall probes were mounted into the cupper
matrix for temperature compensation. The distance be-
tween Hall probes on the HPL was about 6 mm. The
accuracy of measurements was about 0.03%.
The sample was passed transversely to the HPL. The
distance between magnets and HPL was 3.05 mm.
Magnets passed over the HPL with the step from 3 to
5 mm. The precision of magnet’s position was about
1 μm. The initial position of the sample within HLP was
fixed by stoppers. HLP measurements were performed
on the both sides of the magnet (north pole and south
pole).
3D quadratic interpolation can be used to estimate
approximation of magnetic field gradients along the
plane of a magnet. The approximation was done using
the measured HPL data. The interpolation area was set
by the distance between outermost probes of HPL and
x-y scanning area. The scanning area was precisely de-
termined by the sample coordinate system. Fig. 1 shows
the interpolation results for the HPL collected data for
non-treated Nd-Fe-B sample 1.
Fig. 1. Interpolation of the experimental data for the
Nd-Fe-B magnet (sample 1) before irradiation
In order to estimate the changes in magnetic flux,
the integral of the 3D interpolation normal component
of magnetic flux was used. Calculated S-parameter
measured in arbitrary units was chosen as integrated
z-component of magnetic flux. The S-parameter is cal-
culated within the x-y plane of the magnet. The relative
error for S-parameter is about 0.5% within HPL bound-
aries.
The S-parameters of Nd-Fe-B magnets (north pole)
before electron irradiation are shown in the Tabl. 1. It
was revealed that S-parameter for both poles (south and
north) coincided within the experiment accuracy.
Table 1
S-parameter (integrated z-component of magnetic flux)
of Nd-Fe-B magnets before and after electron
irradiation
Sample
S, a.u.
Initial e-irradiated
north pole* north pole south pole
1 175.763 162.356 160.2
2 179.556 178.526 –
3 176.357 126.556 –
4 175.452 – –
*North and south pole coincides within relative error.
The interpolations of magnetic field distribution of
the sample 1 (north pole and south pole) after electron
irradiation are depicted in Figs. 2 and 3, accordingly.
One can see that S value was decreased to 162.356 and
160.2.
Fig. 2. Interpolation of the experimental data for the
north pole of Nd-Fe-B magnet (sample 1) after irradia-
tion. Absorbed dose of 16 Grad
Fig. 3. Interpolation of the experimental data for the
south pole of Nd-Fe-B magnet (sample 1) after irradia-
tion. Absorbed dose of 16 Grad
As can be seen in Figs. 2 and 3, magnetic field dis-
tribution and S-parameters coincided for both poles of
the magnet (sample 1) within the accuracy of measure-
ments.
Fig. 4. Interpolation of the experimental data for the
north pole of Nd-Fe-B magnet (sample 2) after brems-
strahlung irradiation. Absorbed dose of 16 Grad
The magnetic field distribution for the sample 2 after
bremsstrahlung irradiation was the same as before irra-
diation (Fig. 4) and the S-parameter of 178.526 was
practically the same.
The substantial changes in the magnetic field distri-
bution after irradiation were observed for sample 3
(Fig. 5). The S-parameter for the sample 3 was de-
creased to 126.556. It should be noticed that reduction
of S-parameter was not proportional to the absorbed
dose.
Fig. 5. Interpolation of the experimental data for the
north pole of Nd-Fe-B magnet (sample 3) after irradia-
tion. Absorbed dose of 160 Grad
For the reference sample 4, the magnetic field distri-
bution measurements after the end of the measurement
cycle on the irradiated samples showed a coincidence
with the distributions obtained before irradiation.
The similar magnetic measurements were done for
Sm-Co magnets. The S-parameters are as following the
south pole for the sample 1 is 151.94, for the sample 2 is
149.007, for the sample 3 is 152.326, for the sample 4 is
152.519 (Tabl. 2). The S-parameters of north pole were
the same as for the south pole within experiment accu-
racy.
The interpolation of the magnetic field distribution
of Sm-Co magnet (sample 1) before irradiation is shown
in Figs. 6 and 7.
Table 2
S-parameter (integrated z-component of magnetic flux)
of Sm-Co magnets before and after electron
irradiation
Sample
S, a.u.
Initial e-irradiated
south pole* north pole south pole
1 151.94 – –
2 149.007 148.397 149.727
3 152.326 149.714 150.065
4 152.519 152.496 155.135
*North and south pole coincides within relative error.
B, T
x
y
Fig. 6. Interpolation of the experimental data for the
south pole of Sm-Co magnet (sample 1)
before irradiation
y
x
B, T
Fig. 7. Interpolation of the experimental data for the
north pole of Sm-Co magnet (sample 1) before
irradiation
The distribution of the magnetic field of Sm-Co
magnet (sample 1) left unchanged after irradiation
(Fig. 8).
B, T
x
y
Fig. 8. Interpolation of the experimental data for the
north pole of Sm-Co magnet (sample 1) after irradia-
tion. Absorbed dose of 16 Grad
It was revealed that the absorbed dose of 160 Grad
for the sample 3 did not change the initial magnetic field
distribution around the magnet. The S-parameter of
sample 2 was 148.397 and 149.727, for the sample 3
was 149.714 and 150.065 for the north and south poles
respectively. The magnetic field distributions of refer-
ence samples were not changed during experiments.
Despite high absorption doses, Sm-Co magnets (sample
2 and sample 3) preserved their magnetic performance.
The S-parameter of untreated Sm-Co magnet (sample 4)
was 152.496 and 155.135, correspondingly.
Thus, it was shown the advantage of using Sm-Co
magnets, because their magnetic properties did not
change under direct irradiation with an electron beam
and bremsstrahlung.
In addition, Sm2Co17 magnets have better magnetic
characteristics under critical conditions as the device
should remain stable. Such conditions can often arise
when magnets are used on technological electron accel-
erators. In the case of operation under high temperatures
and aggressive conditions, Sm2Co17 alloy have certain
advantages over devices made of Nd-Fe-B alloy. The
Curie temperature of the Sm2Co17 alloy is Tc = 825
0
C.
The maximum operating temperature of the Sm-Co
magnets reaches Tw = 350
0
C. The Curie temperature of
the Nd-Fe-B magnet is Tc = 312
0
C. Thus, under real
experimental conditions the operating temperatures for
this alloy should not exceed Tw = 180
0
C.
The temperature stability of Nd-Fe-B magnets is
smaller than that of Sm-Co magnets. The temperature
coefficient of magnetic induction (Br) of Nd-Fe-B mag-
nets varies from 0.07 to 0.13 %/
0
C, in contrast to
0.035 %/
0
C in Sm-Co magnets. In addition, Sm-Co
magnets are less prone to corrosion than neodymium
magnets, and usually do not require coating. Hence,
Sm-Co magnets were chosen for the development of a
magnet system for electron accelerator.
3. MAGNETIC SYSTEM DESIGN
To assess the parameters of magnetic system, the
simulation of beam travel at the output of the accelera-
tor was carried out. The parameters of the beam and
magnetic field inside magnetic system were fixed. The
typical size of Sm-Co magnets for the design of magnet-
ic systems was 30×24×12 mm. The distance between
Sm-Co magnets was 25 mm. The typical magnetic field
in the mid-plane of the magnetic system was about
0.3 T. This peak magnetic field of 0.3 T was used for
the simulation of beam travel. Hence, the simulation
allowed designing the construction of magnetic system.
Fig. 9. Magnetic system for electron accelerator
Fig. 9 shows the magnetic system which was de-
signed and constructed according simulation experi-
ments. Outside dimensions of the magnetic circuit were
90x73x24 mm. The magnetic circuit was made of soft
magnetic steel. Sm-Co magnets were fixed to the bar by
aluminum clamps. The tolerance and machining of parts
were of 5 m. The upper bar was designed portable to
facilitate the dismantling of the magnetic system and the
flange of accelerator during the measuring mode or ad-
justment accelerator energy procedure. The design of
the magnetic system provides the dispersion of magnet-
ic field in the both horizontal and vertical directions.
The distribution of magnetic field in the magnetic
system was carried out by abovementioned HPL meth-
od. Fig. 10 shows the experimental plot of HPL data.
The mid-plane scans in the gap of magnetic system on
the base of Sm-Co magnets are shown in Fig. 11. It was
found that peak magnetic field in the gap of magnetic
system was 0.331103 T. The effective length along the
central line of beam track was – 33.533 mm. The rota-
tion angle of electron beam with the energy of 10 MeV
was 0.31 rad. The estimation of the rotation angle was
done according to the simulation of electron beam mo-
tion.
Fig. 10. The distribution of magnetic field of magnetic
system on the base of Sm-Co magnets.
Experimental HPL plot
The deviation of magnetic field in the gap of mag-
netic system was investigated under various regimes as
opening and closing circuit, and the reconfiguration of
the upper bar. Fig. 12 shows the measurements of seven
Hall probes in the gap of magnetic system during
10 cycles of opening and closing circuit for 1000 s.
Fig. 11. Magnetic field distribution in the mid-plane of
gap of magnetic system on the base of Sm-Co magnets
(interpolation of HPL data)
Fig. 12. The distribution of magnetic field in the mag-
netic system after one cycle of opening/closing circuit
Fig. 13. The change of magnetic field (Hall probe data)
after each cycle of closing and opening circuit
The relative change of the magnetic field at the
measurement points is shown in Fig. 13. Hall probes
located at the centre of the magnetic system (green, red
and pink points) showed magnetic field variation about
0.5% after closing circuit.
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, it was revealed that Sm-Co magnets
had advantage in preserving magnetic performance un-
der high electron irradiation and bremsstrahlung. The
optimal design of magnetic system for particular elec-
tron accelerator with the energy of 10 MeV was devel-
oped. The measured parameters of the magnetic system
agreed with the simulation experiment.
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Article received 30.01.2019
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ РЕДКОЗЕМЕЛЬНЫХ ПОСТОЯННЫХ МАГНИТОВ В МАГНИТНОЙ
СИСТЕМЕ ЭЛЕКТРОННОГО УСКОРИТЕЛЯ НА ЭНЕРГИЮ 10 МэВ
В.А. Бовда, А.М. Бовда, И.С. Гук, С.С. Кандыбей, С.Г. Кононенко, В.Н. Лященко,
А.О. Мыцыков, Л.В. Онищенко
Экспериментально исследована радиационная стойкость магнитных материалов из Sm-Co- и Nd-Fe-B-
сплавов под действием 10 МэВ электронного пучка. На основе образцов из Sm2Co17-сплава размерами
30х24х12 мм проведено моделирование и конструирование магнита для анализа пучка электронов техноло-
гического ускорителя на энергию 10 МэВ. Приведены результаты экспериментального исследования харак-
теристик магнита. Максимальное поле в магните равно 0,3 Тл.
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ РІДКІСНОЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ ПОСТІЙНИХ МАГНІТІВ У МАГНІТНІЙ
СИСТЕМІ ЕЛЕКТРОННОГО ПРИСКОРЮВАЧА НА ЕНЕРГІЮ 10 МеВ
В.О. Бовда, О.М. Бовда, І.С. Гук, С.С. Кандибей, С.Г. Кононенко, В.М. Лященко,
А.О. Мициков, Л.В. Оніщенко
Експериментально досліджена радіаційна стійкість магнітних матеріалів зi Sm-Co- і Nd-Fe-B-сплавів під
дією 10 МэВ електронного пучка. На основі зразків зi Sm2Co17-сплаву розмірами 30х24х12 мм проведені
моделювання і конструювання магніту для аналізу пучка електронів технологічного прискорювача на енер-
гію 10 МеВ. Приведено результати експериментального дослідження характеристик магніту. Максимальне
поле в магніті дорівнює 0,3 Тл.
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