Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons
Experimental data are reported from studies of the reaction ⁴He(γ, pn)d through the use of the streamer chamber placed in the magnetic field and exposed to a linearly polarized photon beam from the electron linac LUE-2000. A structure has been revealed in the momentum distribution of deuterons. Studi...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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irk-123456789-1951362023-12-03T16:03:08Z Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons Peretiatko, A.A. Murtazin, R.T. Khodyachikh, A.F. Nuclear physics and elementary particles Experimental data are reported from studies of the reaction ⁴He(γ, pn)d through the use of the streamer chamber placed in the magnetic field and exposed to a linearly polarized photon beam from the electron linac LUE-2000. A structure has been revealed in the momentum distribution of deuterons. Studies were made into the effects of nucleon-deuteron correlation. The azimuthal distribution of reaction products and the asymmetry of proton production cross-section were measured. The obtained data were analyzed in the framework of the quasideuteron model. Надано експериментальні результати реакції ⁴He(γ, pn)d, які одержано за допомогою стримерної камери в магнітному полі, що опромінювалась пучком лінійно поляризованих фотонів від прискорювача ЛПЕ-2000. В імпульсному розподіленні дейтронів знайдено структуру. Досліджено ефекти кореляції нуклона і дейтрона. Виміряно азимутальне розподілення продуктів реакції та асиметрію перерізу створення протона. Результати проаналізовано в рамках квазідейтронної моделі. Представлены экспериментальные результаты исследования реакции ⁴He(γ, pn)d, полученные с помощью стримерной камеры в магнитном поле, облученной пучком линейно поляризованных фотонов от ускорителя ЛУЭ-2000.В импульсном распределении дейтронов обнаружена структура. Исследованы эффекты корреляции нуклона и дейтрона. Измерено азимутальное распределение продуктов реакции и асимметрия сечения образования протона. Результаты проанализированы в рамках квазидейтронной модели. 2019 Article Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons / A.A. Peretiatko, R.T. Murtazin, A.F. Khodyachikh // Problems of atomic science and technology. — 2019. — № 3. — С. 11-15. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 25.20.-x http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/195136 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Nuclear physics and elementary particles Nuclear physics and elementary particles |
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Nuclear physics and elementary particles Nuclear physics and elementary particles Peretiatko, A.A. Murtazin, R.T. Khodyachikh, A.F. Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
Experimental data are reported from studies of the reaction ⁴He(γ, pn)d through the use of the streamer chamber placed in the magnetic field and exposed to a linearly polarized photon beam from the electron linac LUE-2000. A structure has been revealed in the momentum distribution of deuterons. Studies were made into the effects of nucleon-deuteron correlation. The azimuthal distribution of reaction products and the asymmetry of proton production cross-section were measured. The obtained data were analyzed in the framework of the quasideuteron model. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Peretiatko, A.A. Murtazin, R.T. Khodyachikh, A.F. |
| author_facet |
Peretiatko, A.A. Murtazin, R.T. Khodyachikh, A.F. |
| author_sort |
Peretiatko, A.A. |
| title |
Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons |
| title_short |
Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons |
| title_full |
Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons |
| title_fullStr |
Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons |
| title_sort |
three-body photodisintegration of ⁴he nucleus by linearly polarized photons |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| topic_facet |
Nuclear physics and elementary particles |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/195136 |
| citation_txt |
Three-body photodisintegration of ⁴He nucleus by linearly polarized photons / A.A. Peretiatko, R.T. Murtazin, A.F. Khodyachikh // Problems of atomic science and technology. — 2019. — № 3. — С. 11-15. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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2025-07-16T22:57:10Z |
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| fulltext |
THREE-BODY PHOTODISINTEGRATION OF 4He NUCLEUS
BY LINEARLY POLARIZED PHOTONS
A.A.Peretiatko, R.T.Murtazin∗, A.F.Khodyachikh
Institute of High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics, NSC KIPT, 61108, Kharkiv, Ukraine
(Received February 27, 2018)
Experimental data are reported from studies of the reaction 4He(γ, pn)d through the use of the streamer chamber
placed in the magnetic field and exposed to a linearly polarized photon beam from the electron linac LUE-2000.
A structure has been revealed in the momentum distribution of deuterons. Studies were made into the effects
of nucleon-deuteron correlation. The azimuthal distribution of reaction products and the asymmetry of proton
production cross-section were measured. The obtained data were analyzed in the framework of the quasideuteron
model.
PACS: 25.20.-x
1. INTRODUCTION
The photonuclear reactions with two-nucleon yield
are used as a tool for investigating nucleon correla-
tions. At energies up to the meson production thresh-
old, the photon contributes a low momentum to the
nucleus. High nucleon momenta can be attained due
to momentum distribution of nucleons and their cor-
relations in the nucleus.
In this context, the 4He(γ, pn)2H reaction has
been chosen for the studies. The reaction prod-
ucts have no excited states, and this facilitates the
kinematic analysis of the experimental results. As
the number of nucleons is small, it can be expected
that the distortions caused by the final state inter-
action (FSI) would be insignificant. Therefore, the
4He(γ, pn)2H reaction yield, measured with respect
to the kinematic parameters of reaction products and
their angular and energy correlations, will be of use
for identification of the reaction mechanism. Being
the few-nucleon system, the 4He nucleus has been the
subject of intensive theoretical investigations. The
experimental information on the angular and energy
correlations is of importance for verifying the the-
oretical predictions. At subthreshold meson produc-
tion energies, the 4He(γ, pn)2H reaction was investi-
gated many times, using the Wilson chamber [1] and
diffusion chambers [2-5] on bremsstrahlung beams of
unpolarized photons. The main result of those stud-
ies was the statement that it was the quasideuteron
mechanism that was predominant at those energies.
According to the quasideuteron model, the deuteron
is considered to be a spectator. Therefore, it is hoped
that the investigation of its yield may provide infor-
mation of the FSI.
In the bremsstrahlung beam experiment using the
diffusion chamber, the reaction cross-section mea-
sured as a function of the deuteron momentum has
exhibited the peak at about 87MeV/c [6]. The max-
imum position of the peak and its width are inde-
pendent of the photon energy. As the momentum
increases, the cross-section smoothly decreases. The
result has been explained within the frame of the
quasideuteron model, where the FSI is absent. At
high momenta, the FSI manifests itself. The result is
an agreement with the mechanism represented by a
triangular diagram. The models provide explanation
of the angular and energy correlations of nucleons
both in the region of the peak and at high deuteron
momenta.
In the γ +4 He → p+ n+ d reaction induced by
linearly polarized photons, the investigation of polar-
ization effects enables one to obtain additional infor-
mation of the reaction mechanism.
2. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
The experiment was carried out with the use of a
streamer chamber placed in a magnetic field of 10 kGs
intensity. The chamber was filled with helium to a
pressure of 1 atm, and was exposed to linearly polar-
ized photons produced during coherent deceleration
of 600, 800 and 1200MeV electrons by a diamond
crystal. The peaks of photon spectra showed up at
energies of 40, 60 and 80MeV . The energy depen-
dence of the average degree of photon polarization
Pγ resulting from summation of three spectra, was
estimated in the range from 25 to 100MeV with the
use of the results from paper [7] dedicated to a de-
tailed study of energy and polarization properties of
those spectra. The polarization varies only slightly
with energy, and its average value in the range un-
der study is found to be Pγ = 54%. The magnetic
field direction and the directions of main optical axes
of three camera lenses are in line with the OZ axis.
∗Corresponding author E-mail address: rumurtazin@gmail.com
ISSN 1562-6016. PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2019, N3(121).
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (71), p.11-15.
11
The OX axis is directed along the beam. The pho-
ton polarization vector makes the angle α = −45◦
with the OZ axis. With reduction in the angle be-
tween the charged particle momentum and the OZ
axis, the accuracy of momentum measurement and
identification gets worse because of reduction in the
projected track length on the plane perpendicular to
the magnetic field vector.
For this reason, the restriction was imposed on the
directional cosine of the particle momentum |n| <
0.71. The azimuthal angle φ is more conveniently
reckoned from the OZ axis. It is expected that the
azimuthal distribution of the events in the ranges
45◦ < φ < 135◦ and 225◦ < φ
′
< 315◦ will be the
same. Therefore, the events falling within the second
range were entered in the first range, assuming that
φ = φ
′ − 180◦.
3. DEUTERON MOMENTUM
DISTRIBUTION
Fig.1 shows the reaction yield distribution in the
deuteron momentum modulus of P d for photon
energies ranging from threshold up to 150MeV .
Fig.1. Events distribution versus deuteron pulse
The dots are marked in the middle of the histogram
step. The distribution exhibits the structure, viz., the
peak with the maximum at P d = 84± 2MeV , and a
smooth yield reduction with the momentum increase
over 100MeV/c. For the analysis of the experimen-
tal data, the simplest models of the quasideuteron
mechanism were used; they are depicted in the in-
set in Fig.1. One is the pole diagram, where the
nucleons leave the nucleus without interaction with
the deuteron. The other is the triangular diagram
representing the process with due regard for the
nucleon-deuteron interaction. The models were used
to generate the reaction events by the Monte-Carlo
technique. For the peak the experimental deuteron
photodisintegration data were used. The final-state
nucleon-deuteron interaction was treated as the elas-
tic scattering of the nucleon by the deuteron. We
have used a similar simulation procedure for this
reaction on the unpolarized beam [6]. The pole dia-
gram calculation is represented in Fig.1 by curve 1.
In simulation, the error of the deuteron momentum
measurement, equal to 7%, was taken into account.
The calculation was normalized to the experimen-
tal peak value. The calculated curve shape is found
to be in agreement with the experiment. Curve 2
represents the triangular diagram calculation, which
was normalized to the area under the experimental
curve at the momenta exceeding 100MeV/c. The
calculation is found to be in agreement with the ex-
periment. On the assumption of the validity of this
representation, the ratio of the area under curve 2 to
the area under the experimental curve can be consid-
ered as the estimate of the FSI contribution, found
to be η = 0.74 ± 0.06. The deuteron momentum
values P d up to 100MeV/c and above will serve as
the parametric variables in the further analysis of the
results.
4. DEUTERON-NUCLEON
CORRELATIONS
The analysis of the deuteron momentum distribu-
tion has led to the conclusion about the presence
of FSI in the reaction under study. However, the
manifestation of FSI is also possible in the parti-
cle correlation. Figure 2a shows the event distri-
bution in the kinetic energy of relative motion of
the nucleon and the deuteron in their rest frame:
ENd = ((EN+Ed)
2−(PN+P d)
2)
1
2 −mN−md, where
EN ,PN ,Ed,P d,mN andmd are, respectively, the to-
tal energies, momenta and masses of the particles.
Fig.2. Energy of relative motion of nucleon and
deuteron
The events were taken with the deuteron momentum
P d to be below 100MeV/c. Curve 1 corresponds
to the pole diagram. Curve 2 is the calculation by
the triangular diagram model. The two curves are
normalized to the experiment areas. At the deuteron
12
momenta below 100MeV/c the both models show
agreement with the experiment.
Fig.2,b shows the event distribution with the
deuteron momentum P d higher than 100MeV/c.
The curve shows the triangular diagram calculation
normalized to the experiment. There is agreement
between theory and the experimental data. The pole
diagram gives no contribution.
The events distribution with P d below 100MeV/c
in the divergence angles of nucleon and deuteron
is shown in Fig.3,a. Curves 1 and 2 represent
the calculations by the pole diagram and the
triangular diagram, respectively. In simulation,
as in the experiment, restrictions were imposed
on the angle of vertical position of the parti-
cle pulses. The calculation data are normalized
to the area under the experimental curve. The
both models are in agreement with experiment.
Fig.3. Recession angle of nucleon and deuteron
Fig.3,b shows the event distribution with the momen-
tum P d higher than 100MeV/c. The curve repre-
sents the calculation in the context of the triangular
diagram. The simulation was carried out on the same
assumptions as those for the curves of Fig.3,a. The
calculation data were normalized to the experimental
peak. The figure shows a satisfactory fit of the curve
shapes. The pole diagram gives no contribution.
5. THE POLARIZATION EFFECTS
Polarized photons provide additional observables
for verification of the models. Reasoning from
the measurement accuracy requirements for kine-
matic parameters, restrictions were introduced on
the angle of proton and deuteron verticality so that
the projections of their directional cosines onto
the OZ axis were |np| < 0.71 and |nd| < 0.71.
Fig.4. Azimuthal distribution of protons
Within the limits of the pole model, considering the
unpolarized beam, we have checked the isotropy of
azimuthal proton and deuteron distributions in the
experimentally allowed region. Since the nucleons
are correlated, the azimuthal distribution of the neu-
tron is non-isotropic because of the restrictions on the
proton verticality angle. Therefore, it is not analyzed
in the given experiment.
Fig.4,a illustrates the event distribution in the az-
imuthal angle of the proton, reckoned from the polar-
ization vector direction. The photon energy ranges
from 30 to 100MeV . The deuteron momentum is
not limited. Visually, the yield increase can be no-
ticed with an increasing azimuthal angle. As a re-
sult of the distribution approximation by the func-
tion f(φ) = a(1 + p · cos(2φ)), we have obtained the
13
asymmetry coefficient p = −0.21± 0.06. The func-
tion f(φ) is represented by the curve 1.
Fig.4,b shows the azimuthal distribution of pro-
tons from the events, where P d < 100MeV/c.
The increase in the yield becomes obvious as
the azimuthal angle increases. The approxima-
tion of the distribution by the function f(φ) has
given the asymmetry coefficient p = −0.23 ±
0.09. The function f(φ) is shown by curve 1.
The pole diagram calculation is represented by
curve 2. The simulation was made in the assump-
tion that p = P γΣ, where P γ is the degree of
beam polarization, Σ is the cross-section asymmetry.
Fig.5. Cross-section asymmetry
Depending on the energy, the Σ value was taken from
ref. [8]. The calculated and experimental data were
normalized to the area. The model is consistent with
the experiment.
Fig.4,c gives the events distribution with the
deuteron momentum being higher than 100MeV/c.
The yield growth is noticeable with an increase in the
azimuthal angle. The approximation by the function
f(φ) has given p = −0.16±0.07. The data calculated
with the function f(φ) are shown by curve 1.The sim-
ulation was carried out using the triangular diagram
model. The result is represented by curve 2. The
calculation was normalized to the experiment. The
triangular diagram predicts the slope of the curve in
accordance with experiment.
The parameter p can be used to determine the
cross-section asymmetry by using the relation p =
P γΣ [8]. For determining Σ, azimuthal distributions
of protons were plotted for 10MeV photon energy in-
tervals, and the parameter p in each interval was de-
termined. The full circles in Fig.5,a show the proton
Σ value, averaged in the polar angle versus the photon
energy. The events with P d lower than 100MeV/c
were taken. A weak decrease in the asymmetry with
increasing photon energy can be seen in the figure.
The curve shows the Σ model in the framework of
the pole diagram. A slight change in the asymmetry
is predicted as its absolute value decreases. Within
the experimental error, the calculation is in agree-
ment with the experiment. In Fig.5,b, the full circles
show the polar angle-averaged Σ as a function of the
photon energy for the events with the deuteron mo-
mentum higher than 100MeV/c. The asymmetry is
practically independent of the photon energy. The Σ
model shown by the line in the framework of the tri-
angular diagram is in agreement with the experiment.
The empty circles show Σ from the deuteron photo-
disintegration reaction at a polar proton-yield angle
of 90◦ [8]. Fig.5,a shows the agreement between the
data in both the magnitude and their trend to change
with increasing energy. The model agrees with the
deuteron photodisintegration data. The momentum
distribution of quasideuterons at photon absorption
does not distort the asymmetry of the cross-section.
In Fig.5,b the mode of asymmetry behavior is differ-
ent. At lower energies the divergence is noticeable.
This may be attributed to the final-state interaction,
the influence of which increases with energy decrease.
6. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND
CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of the 4He(γ, pn)2H reaction yield in
the deuteron momentum has led to the conclusion
that at subthreshold meson production energies two
models of the quasideuteron mechanism (pole and tri-
angular diagrams) prevail. That has induced us to es-
timate their relative contributions, which were found
to be ρ = 0.26±0.05 and η = 0.74±0.06 for the pole
diagram and triangular diagram, respectively. If we
denote the probability of nucleon final-state interac-
tion by α, then the probability for the two nucleons
not to enter into interaction is (1 − α)2 = ρ. Hence,
we have α = 0.49±0.04. This value is in agreement
with the average value α = 0.50±0.03, obtained with
the nonpolarized beam [6] at energies up to 150MeV .
At photon energies between 150 and 250MeV [9],
α = 0.15. The disagreement may be due to the dif-
ference in energies.
The maximum in the momentum distribution of
α-particles in the 6Li(γ, np)α reaction is observed
at ∼ 60MeV/c [10]. 3He(γ, np)p reaction caused
by ∼ 245MeV photons, the spectrum of lower en-
ergy protons exhibits the maximum in the region
of 110MeV/c [11]. The reaction 4He(γ, npp)n [12]
has been investigated at energies of about 300MeV .
The mechanism of photon absorption by three nucle-
ons has been established. In the momentum distri-
bution of the spectator, the maximum has been re-
vealed at ∼ 120MeV/c. In the helium isotope reac-
tions caused by photons of different energies, the mo-
mentum distributions of nucleons-spectators have ap-
14
peared to be coincident in shape. For the lightest nu-
clei, the peak positions for the spectator, P i, and the
deuteron, P d, can be related by P i ≈ P d(md/mi)
1
2 ,
where md and mi denote the mass of the deuteron
and the spectator, respectively. It is of interest to ver-
ify this relation for other p-shell nuclei. Search must
be made to find the explanation for both the energy
independence of maximum positions in the spectral
distribution of deuterons, and the high threshold of
the deuteron yield equal to 50MeV/c.
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ÒÐÅÕ×ÀÑÒÈ×ÍÎÅ ÔÎÒÎÐÀÑÙÅÏËÅÍÈÅ ßÄÐÀ 4He ËÈÍÅÉÍÎ
ÏÎËßÐÈÇÎÂÀÍÍÛÌÈ ÔÎÒÎÍÀÌÈ
À.À.Ïåðåòÿòüêî, Ð.Ò.Ìóðòàçèí, À.Ô.Õîäÿ÷èõ
Ïðåäñòàâëåíû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðåàêöèè 4He(γ, pn)d, ïîëó÷åííûå ñ ïîìî-
ùüþ ñòðèìåðíîé êàìåðû â ìàãíèòíîì ïîëå, îáëó÷åííîé ïó÷êîì ëèíåéíî ïîëÿðèçîâàííûõ ôîòîíîâ îò
óñêîðèòåëÿ ËÓÝ-2000. Â èìïóëüñíîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèè äåéòðîíîâ îáíàðóæåíà ñòðóêòóðà. Èññëåäîâàíû
ýôôåêòû êîððåëÿöèè íóêëîíà è äåéòðîíà. Èçìåðåíî àçèìóòàëüíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïðîäóêòîâ ðåàêöèè
è àñèììåòðèÿ ñå÷åíèÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðîòîíà. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû â ðàìêàõ êâàçèäåéòðîííîé
ìîäåëè.
ÒÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÍÊÎÂÅ ÔÎÒÎÐÎÇÙÅÏËÅÍÍß ßÄÐÀ 4He ËIÍIÉÍÎ
ÏÎËßÐÈÇÎÂÀÍÈÌÈ ÔÎÒÎÍÀÌÈ
Î.Î.Ïåðåòÿòüêî, Ð.Ò.Ìóðòàçií, Î.Ô.Õîäÿ÷èõ
Íàäàíî åêñïåðèìåíòàëüíi ðåçóëüòàòè ðåàêöi¨ 4He(γ, pn)d, ÿêi îäåðæàíî çà äîïîìîãîþ ñòðèìåðíî¨ êà-
ìåðè â ìàãíiòíîìó ïîëi, ùî îïðîìiíþâàëàñü ïó÷êîì ëiíiéíî ïîëÿðèçîâàíèõ ôîòîíiâ âiä ïðèñêîðþâà÷à
ËÏÅ-2000. Â iìïóëüñíîìó ðîçïîäiëåííi äåéòðîíiâ çíàéäåíî ñòðóêòóðó. Äîñëiäæåíî åôåêòè êîðåëÿöi¨
íóêëîíà i äåéòðîíà. Âèìiðÿíî àçèìóòàëüíå ðîçïîäiëåííÿ ïðîäóêòiâ ðåàêöi¨ òà àñiìåòðiþ ïåðåðiçó ñòâî-
ðåííÿ ïðîòîíà. Ðåçóëüòàòè ïðîàíàëiçîâàíî â ðàìêàõ êâàçiäåéòðîííî¨ ìîäåëi.
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