On the Technological and Typological Integrity of Assemblages From North-Western Ukraine Between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP
The sites of Myrohoshcha I, Hriadky, Zhorniv, and Chervonyi Kamin are located in the central part of the Volhynian loess Plateau in north-western Ukraine. The assemblages, known from excavations and surface collections, exhibit a number of characteristics, which are traditionally seen to be indi...
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Інститут археології НАН України
2020
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irk-123456789-1957612023-12-07T11:12:14Z On the Technological and Typological Integrity of Assemblages From North-Western Ukraine Between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP Maier, A. Stupak, D. Vasyliev, P. Khoptynets, I. Tkach, V. Статтi The sites of Myrohoshcha I, Hriadky, Zhorniv, and Chervonyi Kamin are located in the central part of the Volhynian loess Plateau in north-western Ukraine. The assemblages, known from excavations and surface collections, exhibit a number of characteristics, which are traditionally seen to be indicative of different periods. Therefore, these assemblages were thought to represent palimpsests of Middle and Upper Paleolithic occupations. In 2018, these assemblages have been reviewed. At Myrohoshcha I, the old trench could be located and new excavations were carried out. In this paper, the results of the excavations from 2018 as well as preliminary notes on the campaign of 2019 are presented and the technological and typological characteristics of the assemblages are discussed. By demonstrating the repeated and consistent combination of specific and characteristic features, it is considered that these assemblages are neither mixed nor representative of a long settlement history. Instead, they rather seem to represent a coherent set of features, probably characteristic for the period roughly between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP. Стоянки Мирогоща I, Грядки, Жорнів та Червоний Камінь розташовані в центральній частині Волинського лесового плато на північному заході України. Крем’яні комплекси стоянок походять як із розкопок, так і з поверхневих зборів. Ці матеріали мають низку характеристик, які традиційно трактуються, як типові для матеріалів різних хронологічних періодів. Тому вважалося, що ці колекції представляють палімпсести середнього та верхнього палеоліту. У 2018 і 2019 рр. було отримано нові матеріали під час польових досліджень стоянки Мирогоща І, а також оброблено колекцію Мирогощі І та крем’яні комплекси низки інших пам'яток, які зберігаються в Рівненському обласному краєзнавчому музеї. В результаті проведених досліджень можемо стверджувати, що крем’яні комплекси стоянок Мирогоща I, Грядки, Жорнів та Червоний Камінь не є змішаними та не демонструють поступовий розвиток індустрій на цій території від середнього до верхнього палеоліту. Матеріали цих пам’яток демонструють однаковий послідовний набір типологічних та технологічних рис. Подібні ознаки спостерігаються також у крем’яних колекціях пам’яток Майдан-плато, Іваничі та Липа І. Найбільш вірогідно, ці типологічні та технологічні риси представляють цілісний набір особливостей, характерних для періоду приблизно від 35 до 30 тис. кал. р. т. Проведені дослідження, виконані у межах міжнародного українсько-німецького археологічного проекту «Between East and West. Social networks and environmental conditions before, during and after Last Glacial Maximum in Volhynia, Western Ukraine», коштами фонду наукових досліджень Німеччини (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), грант DFG-392605832. Стоянки Мирогоща I, Грядки, Жорнив и Червоный Каминь расположены в центральной части Волынского лессового плато на северо-западе Украины. Кремневые комплексы стоянок происходят как из раскопок, так и из поверхностных сборов. Эти материалы имеют ряд характеристик, которые традиционно трактуются, как типичные для материалов различных хронологических периодов. Поэтому считалось, что эти коллекции представляют палимпсесты среднего и верхнего палеолита. В 2018 и 2019 годах были получены новые материалы во время полевых исследований стоянки Мирогоща І, а также обработана коллекцияМирогощи І и кремневые комплексы ряда других памятников, которые хранятся в Ровенском областном краеведческом музее. В результате проведенных исследований можно утверждать, что кремневые комплексы стоянок Мирогоща I, Грядки, Жорнив и Червоный Каминь не являются смешанными и не демонстрируют постепенное развитие индустрий на этой территории от среднего к верхнему палеолиту. Материалы этих памятников демонстрируют одинаковый последовательный набор типологических и технологических черт. Подобные признаки наблюдаются также в кремневых коллекциях памятников Майдан-плато, Иванычи и Липа І. Наиболее вероятно, эти типологические и технологические черты представляют целостный набор особенностей, характерных для периода примерно от 35 до 30 тыс. кал. л. н. Данные исследования выполнены в рамках международного украино-немецкого археологического проекта «Between East and West. Social networks and environmental conditions before, during and after Last Glacial Maximum in Volhynia, Western Ukraine», на средства фонда научных исследований Германии (DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft), грант DFG-392605832. 2020 Article Назва / ПІБ // Археологія. — 2020. — №. 3. — С. 8–23. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. 0235-3490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.03.008 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/195761 [903’12.21:902.01](477.81)“632” en Археологія Інститут археології НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Статтi Статтi |
| spellingShingle |
Статтi Статтi Maier, A. Stupak, D. Vasyliev, P. Khoptynets, I. Tkach, V. On the Technological and Typological Integrity of Assemblages From North-Western Ukraine Between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP Археологія |
| description |
The sites of Myrohoshcha I, Hriadky, Zhorniv, and Chervonyi
Kamin are located in the central part of the Volhynian loess
Plateau in north-western Ukraine. The assemblages, known
from excavations and surface collections, exhibit a number of
characteristics, which are traditionally seen to be indicative of
different periods. Therefore, these assemblages were thought
to represent palimpsests of Middle and Upper Paleolithic
occupations. In 2018, these assemblages have been reviewed.
At Myrohoshcha I, the old trench could be located and new
excavations were carried out. In this paper, the results of the
excavations from 2018 as well as preliminary notes on the
campaign of 2019 are presented and the technological and
typological characteristics of the assemblages are discussed.
By demonstrating the repeated and consistent combination of
specific and characteristic features, it is considered that these
assemblages are neither mixed nor representative of a long
settlement history. Instead, they rather seem to represent a
coherent set of features, probably characteristic for the period
roughly between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Maier, A. Stupak, D. Vasyliev, P. Khoptynets, I. Tkach, V. |
| author_facet |
Maier, A. Stupak, D. Vasyliev, P. Khoptynets, I. Tkach, V. |
| author_sort |
Maier, A. |
| title |
On the Technological and Typological Integrity of Assemblages From North-Western Ukraine Between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP |
| title_short |
On the Technological and Typological Integrity of Assemblages From North-Western Ukraine Between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP |
| title_full |
On the Technological and Typological Integrity of Assemblages From North-Western Ukraine Between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP |
| title_fullStr |
On the Technological and Typological Integrity of Assemblages From North-Western Ukraine Between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP |
| title_full_unstemmed |
On the Technological and Typological Integrity of Assemblages From North-Western Ukraine Between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP |
| title_sort |
on the technological and typological integrity of assemblages from north-western ukraine between 35 and 30 kyr cal bp |
| publisher |
Інститут археології НАН України |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| topic_facet |
Статтi |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/195761 |
| citation_txt |
Назва / ПІБ // Археологія. — 2020. — №. 3. — С. 8–23. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Археологія |
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2025-07-16T23:56:57Z |
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2025-07-16T23:56:57Z |
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ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2020, № 38
Статтi
© Maier a., Stupak D., VaSylieV p.,
khoptynetS i., tkach V., 2020
* Maier andreas — ph.D., Junior professor, institute for
prehistoric archaeology, university of cologne, Germa-
ny, orciD 0000-0002-5021-3341, a.maier@uni-koeln.de
Stupak Dmytro — ph.D., research Fellow in the
Stone age archaeology Department of the institute of
archaeology, the national academy of Sciences of ukraine,
orciD 0000-0002-0809-2179, stupak17@ukr.net
VaSylieV pavlo — Junior research Fellow in
the Department «archaeological Museum» of the
institute of archaeology, the national academy of
Sciences of ukraine, orciD 0000-0002-9800-8152,
pavlikmorozovski@gmail.com
khoptynetS ivan — Senior research Fellow in the
Department of archaeology and Monumentology, State
Scientific center for protection of cultural heritage
from industrial Disasters, orciD 0000-0003-1143-
785X, vanhopta@ukr.net
tkach Vitalii — Fellow worker of the Volhynian
paleolithic expedition, Dubno, ukraine, orciD 0000-
0002-5581-3784, duben@ukr.net
УДК [903’12.21:902.01](477.81)“632”
https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.03.008
Maier A., Stupak D., Vasyliev P.,
Khoptynets I., Tkach V. *
On The TechnOlOgIcAl AnD TyPOlOgIcAl
InTegrITy Of ASSeMblAgeS frOM nOrTh-weSTern
UKrAIne beTween 35 AnD 30 Kyr cAl bP
The sites of Myrohoshcha I, Hriadky, Zhorniv, and Chervonyi
Kamin are located in the central part of the Volhynian loess
Plateau in north-western Ukraine. The assemblages, known
from excavations and surface collections, exhibit a number of
characteristics, which are traditionally seen to be indicative of
different periods. Therefore, these assemblages were thought
to represent palimpsests of Middle and Upper Paleolithic
occupations. In 2018, these assemblages have been reviewed.
At Myrohoshcha I, the old trench could be located and new
excavations were carried out. In this paper, the results of the
excavations from 2018 as well as preliminary notes on the
campaign of 2019 are presented and the technological and
typological characteristics of the assemblages are discussed.
By demonstrating the repeated and consistent combination of
specific and characteristic features, it is considered that these
assemblages are neither mixed nor representative of a long
settlement history. Instead, they rather seem to represent a
coherent set of features, probably characteristic for the period
roughly between 35 and 30 kyr cal BP.
K e y w o r d s: Unifacial and bifacial tools, flat flake cores,
narrow-face cores, blade cores, pointed blades
1. Introduction
the historic region of Volhynia is situated at about
50 ° northern latitude in today’s north-western
ukraine, parts of south-eastern poland, and
south-western Belarus. it roughly corresponds to
the extent of the Volhynian loess plateau, a gently
rolling landscape stretching circa 6o km from north
to south, roughly between the prypiat marshes and
the podolian upland and 300 km from eastern
poland to novohrad-Volynskyi in ukraine. the
loess plateau is subdivided into smaller units
by rivers flowing predominantly north, such as
the Western Bug, Styr and horyn, the two latter
joining the prypiat, which itself is a tributary to the
Dnieper. roughly in the centre of the Volhynian
loess landscape, in the vicinity of the cities of rivne
and Dubno, several sites are located in a relatively
small area of about 900 km2 (fig. 1).
an important aspect of Volhynia’s natural re-
sources is the occurrence of amber as well as many
outcrops of high-quality raw material, so-called
Volhynian flint, present in the marl underlying the
loess deposits, which, in turn, can reach a thick-
ness of about 10 m (Пясецький 1999, c. 8).
archaeological research in this region dates
back to the beginning of the 20
th
century. unfor-
tunately, many of the early finds, including hu-
man bones, were lost during World War i and ii.
to date, about 30 paleolithic sites are known be-
tween the Styr and horyn rivers. Several of these
sites have been known from surface collections
and were subject to numerous test trenches and
extensive excavations. the majority of these exca-
vations as well as the archaeological classification
of finds have been carried out by V. k. piasetskyi,
a geologist from the region (Пясецький 2009),
as well as archaeologists V. k. Savych (1975) and
D. yu. nuzhnyi (2015).
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2020, № 3 9
Based on his work on the region, M. ya. rudyn-
skyi claimed a certain idiosyncrasy of the paleolithic
in Volhynia, which he described as a specific phe-
nomenon that has no analogies in neighboring terri-
tories. the characteristic feature of this «industry of
the lypa type» is the usage of flakes as main blanks
for all types of tools. additionally, M. ya. rudyn-
skyi noted a wide range of technological concepts
applied in this industry, including also typical up-
per paleolithic blade production. at the time of his
research, he could not give an exact chronological
definition of this phenomenon (Рудинський 1952,
с. 143—154). this idea of a somewhat independ-
ent facies has also been pursued by M. i. ostrovskyi.
With reference to the material he had discovered be-
tween 1930s and 1960s mainly at the surface or in
unclear stratigraphic positions near the village of
lypa, at the sites of Myrohoshcha i and chervonyi
kamin, he described together with G. p. Grigoriev
the «lypa local culture» (Островский, Григорьев
1966, c. 9). the most important aspects of this cate-
gory were artifacts considered as displaying «aurig-
nacian features», such as carinated scrapers, and
cores with a narrow flaking surface. in subsequent
publications, Grigoriev reified this category further
(Григорьев 1968; 1970). this taxonomic attribu-
tion, however, has met with criticism. in the light of
his excavations at lypa i and lypa Vi, Savych rejects
the idea of the «lypa local culture» (Савич 1975).
at the sites of Zhorniv, Myrohoshcha i, and
hriadky, V. k. piasetskyi dug numerous test
trenches and conducted excavations on larger are-
as. Besides carinated cores and blade cores, he also
found unifacially and (in few numbers) bifacial-
ly worked tools on large flakes together with large
and flat flake cores, more or less resembling leval-
lois cores. considering both systems of blank pro-
duction as unreltaed per se, he assigned the blade
and bladelet cores to the aurignacian and the flake
cores together with the surface shaped pieces to the
Mousterian (Пясецький 1999; 2009, c. 87—103).
including also the surface collections from ch-
ervonyi kamin and ivanychi, V. k. piasetskyi pro-
posed a continuous occupation of the region from
the Mousterian (Zhorniv), over an early (ivanychi)
and late (chervonyi kamin) aurignacian, as well
as different earlier (Zhorniv, ivanychi, chervonyi
kamin) and also later (Myrohoshcha i and hri-
adky) Gravettian occupations (Пясецький 1999).
Similar to M. i. ostrovskyi and Grigoriev (1966),
piasetskyi saw a cultural development from ivan-
ychi over chervonyi kamin to Myrohoshcha i
as «successive stages of lypa paleolithic culture»
(Пясецький 1999, с. 8). the postulated differenc-
es between these allegedly successive assemblag-
es are probably for the most part the result of the
selection process conducted by V. k. piasetskyi.
this is particularly the case for artifacts, which he
considered to belong to a levallois-Mousterian.
through this systematic partitioning of the collec-
tions, the original character of the assemblages was
altered, and artifact combinations were ex post facto
adjusted to the expectations created by the classic
Western european sequence.
piasetskyi’s views and the idea of the lypa cul-
ture were criticized by a. S. Sytnyk, who argued in
Fig. 1. the location of sites in the region of Volhynia
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2020, № 310
favor of different and chronologically successive
cultural phenomena (Ситник 2010, с. 113—137).
the question thus arises as to what extent the
proposed archaeological sequence can be corrobo-
rated or refuted by a review of the assemblages in
question. in the following, a review of the tech-
nological and typological characteristics of Myro-
hoshcha i, hriadky, Zhorniv, and chervonyi ka-
min is presented. By emphasizing their strong sim-
ilarities and repeatedly co-occurring traits, we aim
at demonstrating that these assemblages consti-
tute coherent artifact associations. they thus do
not seem to be the remains of a longer sequence
of consecutive occupations, but rather represent a
comparatively short-lived phenomenon of only few
millennia at most. Based on the findings of the new
excavations at Myrohoshcha i, which are roughly
in agreement with an older 14c-date from Zhorniv,
these assemblages seem to date approximately be-
tween 35 and 30 kyr cal Bp.
2. Material and Methods
the assemblages of Myrohoshcha i, hriadky,
Zhorniv, and chervonyi kamin obtained by
M. i. ostrovskyi and, above all, V. k. piasetskyi,
are stored at the rivne regional Museum, where
they are accessible for analysis.
Myrohoshcha i is situated on a slope oriented
to the north. an artifact assemblage of 218 pieces
was collected on a small area on the modern sur-
face (Пясецкий 1999, с. 99—104). additionally, a
test trench was dug into the slope sediments. From
this trench, only a small number of artifacts was re-
covered (Пясецький 2009, с. 110—112). recent-
ly, the test trench could be localized and extended
by three of the authors (p. Vasyliev, i. khoptynets,
V. tkach). this renewed excavation so far brought
about 5536 artifacts from 10 cultural layers. in con-
trast to the previous excavations, the sediment has
been wet-sieved and all finds were documented
three-dimensionally.
hriadky was excavated by V. k. piasetskyi in 31
test trenches and four larger excavations, covering
together an area of ca. 1200 m2. the artifacts have
been found in a sandy deposit roughly 50 cm below
the modern surface and comprise about 2058 piec-
es (Пясецький 2009, с. 122, 123).
From the site of Zhorniv, 7 find spots are report-
ed, whereof the spots 3 and 4, separated from each
other by ca. 100 m, are most important (Пясецький
2009). together, excavations at the spots 3 and 4
brought an artifact assemblage of 2191 items.
the assemblage of chervonyi kamin (n = 2502)
is only known from surface finds (Пясецький
2009, с. 92—102), and thus the internal integrity of
the collection cannot be established with certainty.
the assemblages were analysed with regard to
their typological and technological characteris-
tics using attribute analysis and chaîne opératoire
reconstruction. Since raw material is available in
abundance, the collections often have the charac-
ter of workshop assemblages. they thus comprise a
lot of chronologically and chorologically rather in-
sensitive blanks and debitage pieces, often obtained
in non-standardized, opportunistic fashion. to ac-
count for this fact, the assemblages were first exam-
ined in their entirety. in a second step, the record-
ing of attributes focused on sub-samples of diag-
nostic pieces, which are considered representative
for the technological and typological spectrum.
3. Results
Myrohoshcha I: surface collection and trenches
by V. K. Piasetskyi. the material from the surface
collection and V. k. piasetskyi’s trench are
technologically and typologically indistinguishable.
From this assemblage, attribute recording was done
for a total of 96 artifacts (fig. 2—4).
Fig. 2. artifacts from V. k. piasetskyi’s surface collection
and test trench at Myrohoshcha i. 1—2 — flat flake cores;
3 — scraper on a large, thin cortical flake; 4 — blade with
convergent lateral retouches
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2020, № 3 11
the assemblage contains a number of unidirec-
tional, volumetric blade cores in different stages
of exploitation. the analysed subset (n = 7) shows
a median length of 66 mm (min. 59 mm; max.
111 mm), median width of 52 mm (min. 37 mm;
max. 67 mm), median thickness of 44 mm (min.
30 mm; max. 67 mm) and striking angles at around
60 °. crested blades are present. Bidirectional blade
production is indicated by a few blades with al-
ternating negatives from opposite directions (e. g.
Пясецький 2009, рис. 37: 12).
Bladelets are often obtained from character-
istic cores-on-flake with a narrow reduction face
(fig. 3: 4; 4: 1; Пясецький 2009, рис. 35: 3, 5, 7).
the back of the cores is formed by a crest that tran-
sitions into a likewise crest-shaped distal end. the
crest is used to control the lateral and distal mor-
phology of the core. the negatives of the reduction
face are often very regular. a sample of 15 narrow-
face cores has been recorded with a median length
of 65 mm (min. 31 mm; max. 82 mm), median
width of 25 mm (min. 14 mm; max. 40 mm), and
median thickness of 41 mm (min. 25 mm; max.
62 mm). the striking angles are between 60 ° and
85 °. additionally, bladelets are produced from the
lateral edges of blanks without much further prepa-
ration (Пясецький 2009, рис. 13).
Short bladelets were obtained from carinated
cores (n = 6; fig. 4: 2; Пясецький 2009, рис. 37: 1,
2). the distal part can be pointed or flat. the medi-
an length of the sampled specimens is 25 mm (min.
19 mm; max. 37 mm), the median width is 38 mm
(min. 27 mm; max. 55 mm), and the median thick-
ness is 55 mm (min. 45 mm; max. 62 mm). the
striking angles are at around 60 °.
additionally, flakes (and rarely blades) are pro-
duced from rather flat flake cores with a more or less
radial pattern of centripetal flake removals (fig. 2:
1, 2). these cores can be made on raw volumes as
well as on larger flakes. the latter are exploited on
one or both of their dorsal and ventral sides, some-
times leading to a kombewa-like appearance. the
sample of 5 flat flake cores has a median length of
65 mm (min. 55 mm; max. 101 mm), median width
of 63 mm (min. 50 mm; max. 80 mm), and median
thickness of 25 mm (min. 17 mm; max. 38 mm).
Fig. 3. artifacts from V. k. piasetskyi’s surface collection
and test trench at Myrohoshcha i. 1 — large flake with
invasive, unifacial retouch; 2—3 — artifacts with steep
lateral retouches; 4 — narrow-face bladelets core
Fig. 4. artifacts from V. k. piasetskyi’s surface collection
and test trench at Myrohoshcha i. 1 — narrow-face bladelet
core; 2 —carinated core; 3 — bifacially shaped artifact
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the striking angles are with values at around 45 °
often very acute. the flat flakes removed from these
cores often have a faceted butt.
the tool spectrum comprises besides end-scrap-
ers (Пясецький 2009, рис. 36: 1—9, 11, 12) and
burins (Пясецький 2009, рис. 37: 9), a number of
side-scrapers and flakes with intensive, steep lat-
eral retouches (fig. 3: 2, 3). there are also blades
with convergent lateral retouches, sometimes inva-
sive at the tip (fig. 2: 4). these pieces are sometimes
referred to as pointed blades, points a face plane,
or pavlov points. additionally, there are large and
thin flakes, most likely from flat flake cores, show-
ing flat and invasive retouches or unifacial surface
shaping (fig. 2: 3; 3: 1). a large, thick, and irregular
blade shows bifacial retouches (fig. 4: 3). a broken
tip of a long borer as well as a laterally retouched
pointed bladelet (Пясецький 2009, рис. 39: 9, 10)
also deserve mentioning.
Myrohoshcha I: new excavations. the stratig-
raphy was studied in 4.0 m2 test pits. the 3.65 m
deep stratigraphic sequence consists of 28 litholog-
ical layers (fig. 5). the pleistocene sediments are
represented by loess and silt deposits, within which
ten archaeological levels were found. level 1 accu-
mulated in loess and contains only a few artifacts;
level 2 accumulated in mixed deposits and contains
194 artifacts (fig. 6: 1). levels 3—5 accumulated in
silt deposits. the collection from level 3 is repre-
sented by 3810 artifacts (fig. 6: 2—9), 16 fragments
of unidentifiable bones, and numerous small piec-
es of charcoal. the toolkit contains burins (fig. 6:
6, 7), end-scrapers (fig. 6: 9), a backed point on a
microblade (fig. 6: 5), fragments of backed micro-
blades and bladelets (fig. 6: 2—4), and retouched
blades. there are 10 radiocarbon dates on char-
coal available for level 3, which place the occupa-
tion roughly around 32 kyr cal Bp (table 1). the
collection from level 4 is represented by 392 arti-
facts (fig. 6: 10—12) and 5 fragments of unidentifi-
able bones. the toolkit contains end-scrapers and
retouched blades and flakes (fig. 6: 10, 11). For lev-
el 4, two radiocarbon dates are available (table 1),
indicating a calendar age of roughly 33 kyr cal Bp.
the collection from level 5 is represented by 169
artifacts, 7 fragments of unidentifiable bones, and
1 piece of burned bone. the toolkit contains re-
touched blades and flakes. level 6 accumulat-
ed in silt deposits, the collection is represented by
639 artifacts, 16 fragments of unidentifiable bones,
and numerous small pieces of charcoal. the toolkit
contains end-scrapers and retouched flakes. the
few finds of level 7 accumulated in sand. level 8
accumulated in thin silt deposits. the collection is
Fig. 5. Stratigraphic section with the origin of radiocarbon dates from the new excavation of Myrohoshcha i
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represented by 52 artifacts, 1 fragment of an un-
identifiable bone, and numerous small pieces of
charcoal. level 9 accumulated in silt deposits, the
collection is represented by 197 artifacts, 1 frag-
ment of unidentifiable bone, and numerous small
pieces of charcoal. the toolkit contains retouched
blades and flakes. level 10 accumulated in silt de-
posits, the collection is represented by 77 artifacts,
3 fragments of unidentifiable bones, and numerous
small pieces of charcoal.
a set of 13 consistent radiocarbon dates from
layers 3 and 4 (see table 1) can be aggregated to
two weighted averages and indicate a usage of the
site roughly between 34 and 31 kyr cal Bp (fig. 7).
Hriadky, test trenches and excavations. the
attribute analysis has been done for 56 artifacts
(figs. 8—10). unidirectional blade cores (n = 4)
show a median length of 70 mm (min. 64 mm; max.
90 mm), median width of 56 mm (min. 48 mm,
max. 67 mm), and a median thickness of 45 mm
(min. 33 mm; max. 57 mm). the striking angles
are around 75 ° and crested blades are present. core
corrections from the distal end are often visible.
the largest blade is 140 mm long (the distal part is
not preserved) and shows evidence of bidirectional
flaking (fig. 9: 1).
narrow-face cores-on-flakes for bladelet pro-
duction are present (fig. 10: 5). the recorded sub-
sample (n = 4) shows a median length of 81 mm
(min. 70 mm; max. 117 mm), a median width of
22 mm (min. 14 mm; max. 58 mm), and median
thickness of 58 mm (min. 33 mm; max. 89 mm).
Striking angles are at around 60 °. one narrow-
face core is made on a fragment of a unifacially
shaped tool, underlining the internal coherence of
these two technological features. less standardized
bladelet production from the lateral edges of flakes
and blades can also be observed.
carinated bladelet cores (n = 14; fig. 9: 5; 10:
3, 4) show a median length of 17 mm (min. 6 mm;
max. 28 mm), a median width of 31 mm (min.
22 mm; max. 82 mm), and median thickness of
54 mm (min. 34 mm; max. 38 mm). the striking
angles are usually between 45 and 60 °, but 80 ° is
also attested. the distal end can be flat or pointed.
Flat flake cores (n = 3; fig. 8: 3) are relative-
ly similar in their dimension and show a median
length of 68 mm (min. 68 mm; max. 74 mm), me-
dian width of 63 mm (min. 48 mm; max. 68 mm),
and median thickness of 24 mm (min. 18 mm;
max. 43 mm). the striking angles are rather acute.
Flakes are often thin and large with characteristic
patterns of negatives on the dorsal side and faceted
striking platform remnants (fig. 10: 1, 2). there are
also rather thick éclats débordants.
end-scrapers and burins are present (Пясецький
2009, рис. 44, 45), as are side-scrapers (also double)
with invasive retouches (Пясецький 2009, рис. 47:
13, 14). additionally, flakes and blades with inten-
sive and steep lateral retouches occur (fig. 8: 1, 2).
Fig. 6. artifacts from the recent excavations at Myrohoshcha i. Flint artifacts from test-pit 2018: 1 — level 2, retouched flake
fragment; 2—4 — level 3, fragment of backed microblade and bladelets; 5 — level 3, backed point; 6—7 — level 3, burins;
8 — level 3, core; 9 — level 3, end-scraper; 10—11 — level 4, end-scrapers; 12 — level 4, core fragment
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unifacial surface shaping on large flakes and blades
is attested (fig. 9: 4). Since many of these pieces are
at display at the museum and could not be removed,
a verification of the presence of bifacial pieces was
not possible. elongated fragments with convergent
lateral retouches also occur (fig. 9: 2, 3; Пясецький
2009, рис. 47: 17). one fragment of a backed point
on blade is present in the assemblage.
Zhorniv, excavation areas 1 and 2. Due to the
proximity of the two excavation areas (< 100 m)
and the similar composition of the assemblage,
they are evaluated jointly. initially, V. k. piasetskyi
(2009) distinguished four layers at the excavation
area 1 (point 4). however, a large flake core has
been refitted from about 20 pieces by V. k. piaset-
skyi. Since these pieces come from layers i and ii,
the material documented within these layers should
be considered as belonging to a single occupation
event. this notion is further corroborated by other
refittings. the collection comprises also relatively
Table 1. Radiocarbon dates
Site L M Lab.-Nr. BP Std % calBP Std P% BP-w Std-w CalBP-w Std-w Refe-
rences
Zshorniv ІІа ch
Gin-
4143
28100 500 1.8 32137 601
piasetskyi
2009
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38110
27660 180 0.7 31432 145 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38143
27870 180 0.6 31655 223 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38200
27870 280 1.0 31781 366 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38108
27910 180 0.6 31707 245 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38140
27930 190 0.7 31747 272 *
this paper
84.2 27843 87 31550 110
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38107
28230 190 0.7 32107 353 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38109
28350 180 0.6 32246 354 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38363
28410 140 0.5 32322 319 *
this paper
74.8 28348 96 32240 280
Myrohoshcha i 4 ch
oxa-
38364
28850 150 0.5 33046 246 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38142
28910 210 0.7 33085 297 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-
38141
28950 210 0.7 33132 287 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 4 ch
oxa-
38424
29470 550 1.9 33464 573 *
this paper
Myrohoshcha i 3 ch
oxa-X-
3004-19
29570 970 3.3 33425 1031 *
this paper
79.3 28918 103 33136 196
Stillfried B ch
Grn-
2523
28200 290 1.0 32119 438 *
Buch &
Zöller
1990
Stillfried B ch
Grn-
2533
28340 220 0.8 32242 390 *
Buch&
Zöller
1990
Stillfried B ch
Grn-
11188
28900 1400 4.8 32897 1319 *
Buch &
Zöller
1990
84.6 28298 174 32182 344
l: layer; M: material; ch: charcoal; p %: probability of the weighted average (w) that above-listed dates marked with * are
statistically identical
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Fig. 7. radiocarbon date from Zhorniv and weighted averages of the recent excavations at Myrohoshcha i (for details see
table 1). all dates calibrated with the intcal13 curve (reimer et al. 2013) as implemented in calpal2014 (Weninger et al.
2014). Weighted averages calibrated with calpal2014
small pieces. From Zhorniv, 86 pieces have been
recorded for attribute analysis (fig. 11—13).
Blade production from volumetric cores is at-
tested on-site and was carried out in a unidirec-
tional fashion (Пясецький 2009, рис. 22: 5, 6, 9).
negatives from the distal part of the core, some-
times removing parts of the striking platform, seem
to be the result of core corrections rather than of
bidirectional blade production. however, some
cores show a second striking platform at the dis-
tal part of the core. here, the evidence indicates a
unidirectional production from two platforms that
have been used subsequently, in contrast to a true
bidirectional flaking strategy. the three recorded
specimens are between 73 and 85 mm long, 52 and
67 mm wide, and 24 and 61 mm thick. the flaking
angles are around 55 °, 70 °, and 85 °. the longest
blade, the distal part of which is not entirely pre-
served, measures ca. 125 mm in length (fig. 13: 1).
Bladelet production from narrow-face cores
occurs. Beside flakes, flat plaquettes and frost
sherds serve as blanks (fig. 13: 3). one core is made
on a fragment of an end-scraper with invasive re-
touch. here, the curved, retouched edge of the
scraper is used as crested back and distal part. in
one case, the initial reduction surface was subse-
quently used as striking platform to obtain blade-
lets from the former back of the core. the medi-
an length of the 4 recorded cores is 70 mm (min.
52 mm; max. 105 mm), the median width is 26 mm
(min. 17 mm; max. 34 mm), and median thickness
is 53 mm (min. 40 mm; max. 58 mm).
carinated cores are present (fig. 12: 4). the larg-
est specimen on a thick cortical flake has a length
of 45 mm and shows heavy exploitation that ended
in numerous hinge fractures (fig. 13: 5).
Flat flake cores are frequent and flaking has
been carried out on both, the ventral and dor-
sal side of these cores (fig. 12: 5, 6; Пясецький
2009, рис. 10). their sizes range from larger speci-
mens (160 × 135 × 60 mm) to smaller ones (52 ×
56 × 15 mm). the obtained products are usually
round or pointed flakes with on- and off-axis ori-
entation and faceted striking platform remnants
(Пясецький 2009, рис. 11, 12). it seems, howev-
er, that elongated flakes or blades have also been
produced (fig. 11: 3). Éclats débordants are also
present.
Besides end-scrapers (fig. 12: 1) and burins,
side-scrapers are numerous. the latter are often
made on large and rather thin cortical flakes and
show invasive retouches (fig. 11: 1, 2; Пясецький
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Fig. 8. artifacts from V. k. piasetskyi’s test trenches and
excavations at hriadky. 1—2 — large cortical flakes with
lateral retouch; 3 — flake core on frost sherd
Fig. 9. artifacts from V. k. piasetskyi’s test trenches and
excavations at hriadky: 1 — blade; 2—3 — artifacts with
convergent retouches; 4 — fragment of a large flake with
lateral and invasive retouches; 5 — carinated bladelet core
2009, рис. 18—20). the 18 recorded specimens
show a median length of 100 mm (min. 54 mm;
max. 154 mm), median width of 62 mm (min.
43 mm; max. 140 mm), and median thickness of
15 mm (min. 10 mm; max. 33 mm). additional-
ly, uni- and bifacially shaped pieces occur (fig. 13:
4; Пясецький 2009, рис. 22: 1). three fragments
of laterally retouched points are reported. Special
mentioning deserves a slender point with a lateral,
backing retouch from excavation area 1.
Chervonyi Kamin, surface assemblage. For the
attribute analysis, 96 artifacts have been recorded
(fig. 14). Blade production from volumetric cores is
attested (Пясецький 2009, рис. 27: 4—6). the two
recoded specimens show dimensions of 99 × 47 ×
37 mm and 66 × 52 × 32 mm, respectively. anoth-
er six cores are small and rather directed towards
the production of bladelets. they show a median
length of 39 mm (min. 18 mm; max. 48 mm), me-
dian width of 31 mm (min. 25 mm; max. 42 mm),
and median thickness of 40 mm (min. 20 mm;
max. 44 mm). two specimens (87 × 78 × 51 mm
and 50 × 22 × 31 mm) show negatives of both blade
and bladelets production. one of them shows two
opposite striking platforms. however, the negatives
extending from the second striking platform are all
younger than those from the first and do not extend
over the middle of the flaking surface, thus rather
indicating core correction than blank production
(Пясецький 2009, рис. 27: 7). Striking angles are
at around 65 °.
narrow-face cores (n = 8; fig. 14: 2, 3) have
a median length of 44 mm (min. 38 mm; max.
104 mm), median width of 18 mm (min. 7 mm;
max. 33 mm), and median thickness of 32 mm
(min. 22 mm; max. 68 mm).
carinated cores are very abundant (fig. 14: 1,
7; Пясецький 2009, рис. 28: 1—15). the record-
ed 40 specimens show also shouldered specimens
and pointed as well as flat distal parts. they have
a median length of 25 mm (min. 11 mm; max.
43 mm), median width of 39 mm (min. 23 mm;
max. 71 mm), a median thickness of 51 mm (min.
24 mm; max. 80 mm), and a median striking an-
gle of 60 ° (min. 45 °; max. 80 °). For two pieces,
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Fig. 10. artifacts from V. k. piasetskyi’s test
trenches and excavations at hriadky: 1—2 —
flat flakes from flat flake cores; 3—4 — carinated
cores; 5 — narrow-face core
it seems that carinated cores with a formerly large
flaking surface were turned 90 °. the former lateral
edges were trimmed by lateral negatives and used
as reduction face, giving the core a nosed or shoul-
dered shape.
eight flat flake cores on flakes are present
(Пясецький 2009, рис. 27: 8, 9). the three re-
corded specimens (72 × 70 × 38 mm, 68 × 61 ×
38 mm, 59 × 51 × 37 mm) show an exploitation of
both their dorsal and ventral sides.
the tool ensemble comprises end-scrapers
and burins (Пясецький 2009, рис. 29) as well as
pieces with steep and intensive lateral retouches
(Пясецький 2009, рис. 30: 10). evidences for
invasive retouches and unifacial surface shaping
are rare, but not absent. additionally, three distal
fragments of pointed blades occur (fig. 14: 4—6).
the lack of small pieces is probably due to the fact
that the collection was obtained by surface mate-
rial alone. Flakes, however, are also under-repre-
sented. this is because they were usually not re-
covered (see: Пясецький 2009, с. 94, табл. 1,
point 5).
4. Discussion
4.1 Recurrent joint occurrence of characteristic
traits. the technological and typological analysis
of the inventories from Myrohoshcha i, hriadky,
Zhorniv, and chervonyi kamin shows the recurrent
joint occurrence of eight specific traits, namely (1)
blade production from uni- and (to a lesser extent)
bidirectional volumetric cores, (2) blank production
from flat flake cores, (3) bladelet production
from carinated cores on flakes (sometimes also
shouldered), (4) bladelet production from narrow-
face cores on flakes with a crested back, (5) intensive
steep retouches on medium-sized cortical blanks, (6)
invasive flat lateral retouch on large, often cortical
flakes, (7) pointed blades (or pavlov points, or points
a face plane), and (8) uni- or bifacial surface shaping.
long borers occasionally occur. additionally, there
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Fig. 11. artifacts from V. k. piasetskyi’s excavations at
Zhorniv: 1—2 — large cortical flakes with lateral and
invasive retouch; 3 — core-on-flake
Fig. 12. artifacts from V. k. piasetskyi’s excavations at
Zhorniv: 1, 5 — end-scrapers; 2—3 — bladelets; 4 —
carinated core; 6—7 — flat flake cores
are burins, end-scrapers, splintered pieces, and
laterally retouched as well as notched pieces. the
microlithic component in the assemblages is low
and retouched or unretouched micro-bladelets (the
products of carinated cores and small narrow-face
cores) are lacking completely. this is probably due
to two reasons. First, some assemblages are surface
collections. Second, the rather coarse excavation
techniques and a lack of wet-sieving are probably
also responsible for this bias. however, backed and
pointed blades and bladelets are documented in
a few cases, for instance from Zhorniv. the new
excavations at Myrohoshcha i, where sediments
have been sieved regularly, yielded 4 microlithic
pieces 4.0 m2.
considered individually, none of these traits is a
sufficient condition for the attribution to a specific
chronological or chorological unit. nevertheless, it
can be stated that these traits together form a con-
sistent and regularly co-occurring set of typological
and technological characteristics. however, given the
wide range and comparably large number of techno-
logical methods applied, it cannot be expected that
all traits are always represented in all assemblages.
the ratios of these traits in comparison to one
another may thus vary.
(1) Blade production from uni- and bidirectional
volumetric cores
all assemblages show the production of often
long and regular blades from volumetric cores. pri-
mary and secondary crested blades are abundant.
Blade production usually takes place in a unidirec-
tional fashion. the cores often show a second strik-
ing platform opposed to the first one which serves
for core correction to remove hinge fractures.
Sometimes the cores are turned 180 ° and a second
sequence of unidirectional blade production is car-
ried out, subsequent to the first. true bidirectional
production with the alternating exploitation of one
flaking surface from two opposed striking platforms
is also attested, but not very frequent.
(2) Flake and blade production from flat flake
cores
an important characteristic of all analysed as-
semblages is the presence of flat flake cores, showing
a standardized exploitation. the cores themselves
are rarely made on natural raw volumes. Most spec-
imens are cores-on-flakes. the cortical blanks for
the cores were produced from larger blocks of raw
material under the exploitation of naturally suited
angles. Sometime also frost sherds were selected.
two variants of subsequent blank production can
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Fig. 13. artifacts from V. k. piasetskyi’s excavations at
Zhorniv: 1 — blade; 2 — blade with convergent lateral
retouches; 3 — narrow-face core on a frost sherd; 4 — large
flake with lateral and invasive retouch; 5 — large bladelet
core on cortical flake
be observed. in variant a, the ventral side was used
as striking platform, which sometimes shows traces
of preparation, but usually was used without further
modification. the products of variant a are large
and comparably thin flakes with a slightly curved
profile, a comparatively small striking platform rem-
nant, and very acute flaking angle between about
60 ° and 45 °. Variant B uses the natural convexities
of the ventral side for blank production. here, the
dorsal side of the flake is used as striking platform,
which is usually prepared with some negatives pri-
or to blank production. if this preparation is carried
out all round, the remnants of cortex are usually still
found in the centre of the dorsal side. after the prep-
aration of the dorsal side, flakes (and rarely blades)
are obtained from the ventral side in unidirection-
al, bidirectional, or centripetal fashion, often with-
out any further preparation. Flakes early in the pro-
duction sequence thus morphologically correspond
to kombewa-flakes. Flakes from later exploitation
stages are usually non-cortical, flat and thin. they
have an acute flaking angle and can show a uni- or
bidirectional as well as centripetal scar pattern and
both an on- and off-axis striking direction. the butts
are often faceted and can also have a ‘chapeau-de-
gendarme’ morphology. During core maintenance,
éclats débordants are also produced.
it is particularly because of these cores and flakes
why there has been the idea of a Mousterian com-
ponent in the assemblages. however, it has to be
stressed that the chaîne opératoire is distinctively
different from Mousterian-levallois cores (Boëda
1994) and that the observable similarities are only
superficial. Beside the fact that the cores in ques-
tion are made on flakes, it is above all the use of the
naturally convexities of the ventral side as opposed
to prepared convexities which sets these both ways
of production apart.
(3) Bladelet production from carinated cores
the second variant of cores on flakes is represent-
ed by carinated cores. here, thick blanks were select-
ed and the ventral face was used as a striking platform,
while the distal part of the dorsal side served as flak-
ing surface. the distal part of the core (i.e. the dorsal
ridge of the initial blank) is left unaltered and delimits
the length of the bladelets and determines their dis-
tal form (pointed or blunt). the distal convexities are
thus determined by the shape of the piece which can
be pointed (left-skewed, central/symmetrical, right-
skewed), round, or flat. the organization of the later-
al convexities is carried out from the striking platform.
usually, large negatives are stricken on the lateral side
of the core for lateral trimming. Sometimes negatives
directly adjacent to the flaking surface further re-
duced the width of the flaking face, giving the pieces
the form of nosed or shouldered carinated cores. the
back of the core has no function and is often blunt,
but can also have other shapes.
(4) Bladelet production from narrow-face cores
the third variant of cores from flakes is repre-
sented by narrow-face cores. in contrast to carinat-
ed cores, where the blank is turned 180 °, the blank
is turned 90 ° and the terminal or lateral edge of the
blank is exploited as flaking surface. the striking
platform is usually formed by one or more nega-
tives stricken from the direction of the future flak-
ing surface. the back and distal part of the core are
formed by a single, continuous crest that allows the
organization of the lateral and distal convexities.
Despite of sometimes extensive reworking, ventral
and dorsal sides are often still decipherable. Some-
times, the cores are turned and striking and flaking
face switch their function.
(5) Steeply and intensively retouched cortical
blanks
a characteristic component is also usually me-
dium-sized cortical blanks with steeply and inten-
sively retouched lateral edges.
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Fig. 14. artifacts from the surface collection of chervonyi kamin: 1, 7 — carinated cores; 2—3 — narrow-
face cores; 4—6 — fragments of blades with convergent lateral retouches
(6) Large cortical flakes with invasive retouch
a conspicuous feature of the analysed assem-
blages is the presence of large and thin cortical
flakes with flat extensive retouches. these flakes
often show a comparatively small striking platform
remnant with an acute angle and are obtained from
larger cortical flakes, where the ventral side has
served as striking platform (see point 2). the tran-
sition to unifacially shaped pieces is fluent.
(7) Pointed blades
likewise characteristic are pointed blades,
sometimes referred to as pavlov points or points a
face plane. these tools often show invasive retouch-
es or unifacial surface shaping, particularly in their
pointed section. Sometimes, one side of the point
shows a more acute angle than the other.
(8) Uni- and bifacially shaped pieces
uni- and (less numerous) bifacial surface shap-
ing of comparatively large and thick flakes is an-
other characteristic of the assemblages in question.
in both cases, the cortex has been removed largely
or completely by flat, invasive retouches. although
being found mostly fragmented, the shape of these
pieces varies between short and large to elongated
and slender-pointed ovates. Smaller fragments of
these tools are sometimes used as (narrow-face or
wedge-shaped) cores for bladelet production.
it is quite possible that other, smaller assem-
blages from the region are also part of this group of
sites. this applies, for instance, probably for Maid-
an-plateau, located in close vicinity to chervonyi
kamin. the small surface collection contains, de-
spite the low number of finds, an interesting combi-
nation of characteristics, such as a volumetric blade
core, a carinated and a narrow-face core, as well as
a fragment of a large cortical flake with invasive re-
touch (Пясецький 2009, рис. 31). it is also pos-
sible that ivanychi belongs to the same type of as-
semblage. Found by V. k. piasetskyi (2009, с. 87—
88) at the north-western wall of limestone quarry,
the lithological sequence of ivanychi starts with the
modern soil (thickness up to 0.3 m), followed by
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2020, № 3 21
loess (from 0.6 up to 3.0 m), a «terra rossa» (about
0.4 m), and limestone. the artifacts (n = 306) were
found on the contact of loess sediments and «terra
rossa». Due to their position embedded in a strati-
graphic sequence, the integrity of the assemblage is
likely. a number of carinated cores occur togeth-
er with a piece showing intensive lateral retouches
(Пясецький 2009, рис. 25). however, the assem-
blage is small and these artifacts also occur in other
periods. their argumentative capacity is therefore
limited. at lypa i, a single archaeological level has
been excavated on an area of more than 100 m2.
a circular structure (3.60 × 3.75 × 0.43 m) with a
fireplace has been described. Finds include fau-
nal remains, wood charcoal, ochre and abundant
flint artifacts (Савич 1975, с. 36—51). the artifact
assemblage (n = 4970) contains volumetric blade
cores alongside flat flake cores, carinated cores,
and narrow-face cores. large cortical flakes with
steep retouches are also present. one fragment
(Савич 1975, рис. 12, 19) attests the presence of
unifacial shaping or at least larger flakes with in-
vasive retouches. Fragments of backed bladelets
and a long borer tip complement the assemblage’s
composition. the lithic tools are mainly made on
large blades and comprise numerous dihedral and
dihedral angle burins, pointed blades, and backed
microliths (Савич 1975).
a first indication as to the age of these assem-
blages comes from the observation by V. k. piaset-
skyi, who states that at hriadky and Zhorniv, the
finds were embedded in a paleosol which he corre-
lates with the paleosol of Stillfried B (Пясецький
2009, с. 31—33, 39—48, 116—124). the chron-
ological position of Stillfried B is still debated
(Sprafke 2015, 154 p.). however, there is a con-
sistent set of three radiocarbon dates (see table
1). their weighted average of 32,182 ± 344 cal Bp
is roughly in accord with a tl date of 29,800 ±
2,500 years Bp (Qtl83c; Juvigné and Wintle
1988). With all necessary caution about these dat-
ings and the correlation of the soils, these observa-
tions may be taken as a weak hint that the artifacts
are not younger than Greenland interstadial 5.
From Zhorniv, excavation area 1, a larger con-
centration of charcoal fragments is reported. a dat-
ed sample resulted in a measurement of 28,100 ±
500 Bp (Gin-4143), corresponding to a calendar
age between 33 and 32 kyr cal Bp. together with
the dates recently obtained from Myrohoshcha i
(see table 1 and fig. 7), it can be stated that these
assemblages were produced roughly between 34 to
31 kyr cal Bp.
With regard to the proposed cultural succes-
sion, it can be stated that there are no Mousterian
components in the assemblages under study. early
aurignacian assemblages are likewise not attested.
it appears futile to debate whether the analysed as-
semblages should be attributed to a late aurigna-
cian or an early Gravettian, since there seems to be
a continuous development between these two ar-
chaeological units.
Conclusion
the sites of Myrohoshcha i, hriadky, Zhorniv
and chervonyi kamin present the same consistent
set of typological and technological traits. Similar
traits are observable also at Maidan-plateau,
ivanychi and lypa i. there is thus no convincing
evidence of a long occupation history of the
Volhynian region spanning from the Mousterian
to the late upper paleolithic, as stated previously.
More likely and in accord with the available
radiocarbon dates, is an occupation roughly
between 35 and 30 kyr cal Bp.
Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude to l. a. Babinchuk,
o. t. kruk, o. p. Voituk, and a. a. Marchuk for
the welcoming reception and their most appreciated
help at the rivne regional Museum. thanks also
to o. kaiser (Friederich-aleander-universität
erlangen-nürnbegr, r. John, and l. hermsdorf-
knauth (both from the univesity of cologne) for
their help in the preparation of the figures.
this research was funded by the Deutsche For-
schungsgemeinschaft, project «Between east and
West. Social networks and environmental con-
ditions before, during and after the last Glacial
Maximum in Volhynia (Western ukraine)».
Григорьев, Г. П. 1968. Начало верхнего палеолита и проис-
хождение Homo sapiens. Ленинград: Наука.
Григорьев, Г. П. 1970. Верхний палеолит. Каменный век на
территории СССР. Материалы и исследования по ар-
хеологии СССР, 166, с. 43-63.
Нужний, Д. Ю. 2015. Верхній палеоліт західної і північної
України (техніко-типологічна варіабельність та пері-
одизація). Київ: видавець Олег Філюк.
Островский, М. И., Григорьев, Г. П. 1966. Липская па-
леолитическая культура. Советская археология, 4,
с. 3-13.
Пясецький, В. К. 1999. Палеоліт східної частини Волин-
ської височини. Vita Antiqua, 2, с. 8-17.
Пясецкий, В. К. 1999. Позднепалеолитическая стоянка
Мирогоща І (Поле Вотрубы). Российская археология,
3, с. 98-107.
Пясецький, В. К. 2009. Палеоліт Волинської височини і Ма-
лого Полісся. Рівне: ТОВ «Друк Волині».
Рудинський, М. Я. 1952. Дубно-Кременецька палеолі-
тична експедиція. Археологічні пам’ятки УРСР, iV,
с. 143-154.
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Савич, В. П. 1975. Пізньопалеолітичне населення південно-
західної Волині. Київ: Наукова думка.
Ситник, О. С. 2010. Липська пізньопалеолітична куль-
тура: аналіз та інтерпретація джерел. Кам’яна доба
України, 13, с.113-137.
Boëda, e. 1994. Le Concept Levallois: Variabilité des Méthodes.
paris: cnrS editions.
Buch, M. W., Zöller, l. 1990. Gliederung und thermo-
lumineszenz-chronologiederWürmlösse im raum
regensburg. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart, 40, s. 63-84.
Juvigné, e. h. & Wintle, a. G. 1988. a new chronostratigraphy
of the late Weichselian loess units in Middle europe
based on thermoluminescence Dating. Eiszeitalter und
Gegenwart, 38, p. 94-105.
reimer, p. J., Bard, e., Bayliss, a., Beck, J.W., Blackwell,
p. G., Bronk ramsey, c., Buck, c. e., cheng, h.,
edwards, r. l., Friedrich, M., Grootes, p. M.,
Guilderson, t. p., haflidason, h., hajdas, i., hatté, c.,
heaton, t. J., hoffmann, D. l., hogg, a. G., hughen,
k. a., kaiser, k. F., kromer, B., Manning, S. W., niu,
M., reimer, r. W., richards, D. a., Scott, e. M.,
Southon, J. r., Staff, r. a., turney, c. S. M, & van der
plicht, J. 2013. intcal 13 and Marine 13 radiocarbon age
calibration curves 0-50,000 years cal Bp. Radiocarbon,
55, p. 1869-1887.
Sprafke, t. 2015. Löss in Niederösterreich. Archiv quartärer
Klima- und Landschaftsveränderungen. Würzburg:
Würzburg university press.
Weninger, B., Jöris, o. & Danzeglocke, u. 2014. CalPal-
2014. Cologne Radiocarbon Calibration & Palaeoclimate
Research Package, http://www.calpal.de, (access 09
november 2016).
Received 21.07.2020
А. Майєр1, Д. Ступак2, П. Васильєв3, І. Хоптинець4, В. Ткач5
1 Ph.D., молодший професор, Інститут доісторичної археології, Кельнський університет, Німеччина,
ORCID 0000-0002-5021-3341, a.maier@uni-koeln.de
2 Кандидат історичних наук, науковий співробітник відділу археології кам’яної доби,
Інститут археології НАН України, ORCID 0000-0002-0809-2179, stupak17@ukr.net
3 Молодший науковий співробітник відділу «Археологічний музей», Інститут археології НАН України,
ORCID 0000-0002-9800-8152, pavlikmorozovski@gmail.com
4 Старший науковий співробітник сектору археології та пам’яткознавства Державного наукового центру захисту
культурної спадщини від техногенних катастроф, ORCID 0000-0003-1143-785X, vanhopta@ukr.net
5 Співробітник Волинської палеолітичної експедиції, Дубно, Україна, ORCID 0000-0002-5581-3784, duben@ukr.net
ПРО ТехНОЛОГІчНУ Та ТИПОЛОГІчНУ цІЛІСНІСТь КОМПЛеКСІВ
ПІВНІчНО-захІДНОї УКРаїНИ МІж 35 Та 30 ТИС. КаЛ. РОКІВ ТОМУ
Стоянки Мирогоща i, Грядки, жорнів та червоний Камінь розташовані в центральній частині Волинського лесо-
вого плато на північному заході України. Крем’яні комплекси стоянок походять як із розкопок, так і з поверхне-
вих зборів. ці матеріали мають низку характеристик, які традиційно трактуються, як типові для матеріалів різних
хронологічних періодів. Тому вважалося, що ці колекції представляють палімпсести середнього та верхнього па-
леоліту. У 2018 і 2019 рр. було отримано нові матеріали під час польових досліджень стоянки Мирогоща І, а також
оброблено колекцію Мирогощі І та крем’яні комплекси низки інших пам'яток, які зберігаються в Рівненському
обласному краєзнавчому музеї.
В результаті проведених досліджень можемо стверджувати, що крем’яні комплекси стоянок Мирогоща i,
Грядки, жорнів та червоний Камінь не є змішаними та не демонструють поступовий розвиток індустрій на цій
території від середнього до верхнього палеоліту. Матеріали цих пам’яток демонструють однаковий послідовний
набір типологічних та технологічних рис. Подібні ознаки спостерігаються також у крем’яних колекціях пам’яток
Майдан-плато, Іваничі та Липа І. Найбільш вірогідно, ці типологічні та технологічні риси представляють ціліс-
ний набір особливостей, характерних для періоду приблизно від 35 до 30 тис. кал. р. т.
Проведені дослідження, виконані у межах міжнародного українсько-німецького археологічного проекту
«Between east and West. Social networks and environmental conditions before, during and after last Glacial Maximum in
Volhynia, Western ukraine», коштами фонду наукових досліджень Німеччини (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft),
грант DFG-392605832.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: односторонні та двосторонні знаряддя, радіальні нуклеуси, торцеві нуклеуси, нуклеуси для плас-
тин, вістря на пластинах.
А. Майер 1, Д. Ступак2, П. Васильев3, И. Хоптынец 4, В. Ткач5
1 Ph.D., младший профессор, Институт доисторической археологии, Кельнский университет, Германия,
ORCID 0000-0002-5021-3341, a.maier@uni-koeln.de
2 Кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник отдела археологии каменного века,
Институт археологии НАН Украины, ORCID 0000-0002-0809-2179, stupak17@ukr.net
3 Младший научный сотрудник отдела «Археологический музей», Институт археологии НАН Украины,
ORCID 0000-0002-9800-8152, pavlikmorozovski@gmail.com
4 Старший научный сотрудник сектора археологии и памятниковедения Государственного научного центра защиты
культурного наследия от техногенных катастроф, ORCID 0000-0003-1143-785X, vanhopta@ukr.net
5 Сотрудник Волынской палеолитической экспедиции, Дубно, Украина, ORCID 0000-0002-5581-3784, duben@ukr.net
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2020, № 3 23
О ТехНОЛОГИчеСКОй И ТИПОЛОГИчеСКОй цеЛОСТНОСТИ КОМПЛеКСОВ
СеВеРО-заПаДНОй УКРаИНы МежДУ 35 И 30 ТыС. КаЛ. ЛеТ НазаД
Стоянки Мирогоща i, Грядки, жорнив и червоный Каминь расположены в центральной части Волынского
лессового плато на северо-западе Украины. Кремневые комплексы стоянок происходят как из раскопок, так
и из поверхностных сборов. Эти материалы имеют ряд характеристик, которые традиционно трактуются, как
типичные для материалов различных хронологических периодов. Поэтому считалось, что эти коллекции пред-
ставляют палимпсесты среднего и верхнего палеолита. В 2018 и 2019 годах были получены новые материалы
во время полевых исследований стоянки Мирогоща І, а также обработана коллекцияМирогощи І и кремневые
комплексы ряда других памятников, которые хранятся в Ровенском областном краеведческом музее.
В результате проведенных исследований можно утверждать, что кремневые комплексы стоянок Мирогоща
i, Грядки, жорнив и червоный Каминь не являются смешанными и не демонстрируют постепенное развитие
индустрий на этой территории от среднего к верхнему палеолиту. Материалы этих памятников демонстрируют
одинаковый последовательный набор типологических и технологических черт. Подобные признаки наблюдают-
ся также в кремневых коллекциях памятников Майдан-плато, Иванычи и Липа І. Наиболее вероятно, эти ти-
пологические и технологические черты представляют целостный набор особенностей, характерных для периода
примерно от 35 до 30 тыс. кал. л. н.
Данные исследования выполнены в рамках международного украино-немецкого археологического проекта
«Between east and West. Social networks and environmental conditions before, during and after last Glacial Maximum in
Volhynia, Western ukraine», на средства фонда научных исследований Германии (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft),
грант DFG-392605832.
К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: односторонние и двусторонние орудия, радиальные нуклеусы, торцевые нуклеусы, нуклеусы для
пластин, острия на пластинах.
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|