Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development
Priorities which have been actually formed in Ukraine in the last decades do not answer those which are widespread in the world. Strategy of economic breach of Ukraine is really can be based on speed-up of the development of those domestic productions which led to competitiveness on the internal and...
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Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України
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irk-123456789-240102022-09-29T21:22:56Z Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development Chumachenko, М.G. Amosha, O.I. Lyashenko, V.І. Economic Theory Priorities which have been actually formed in Ukraine in the last decades do not answer those which are widespread in the world. Strategy of economic breach of Ukraine is really can be based on speed-up of the development of those domestic productions which led to competitiveness on the internal and external markets. Keywords: innovation, technology, postіndustrialism, neoіndustrialism. Пріоритети, які фактично сформувалися в Україні за останні десятиліття, не відповідають тим, які поширені у світі. Реальна стратегія економічного прориву України може базуватися на прискореному розвиткові тих вітчизняних виробництв, що довели конкурентоспроможність на внутрішньому і зовнішньому ринках. Ключові слова: інновація, технологія, постіндустріализм, неоіндустриалізм. Приоритеты, которые фактически сформировались в Украине в последние десятилетия, не отвечают тем, которые распространены в мире. Реальная стратегия экономического прорыва Украины может базироваться на ускоренном развитии тех отечественных производств, которые довели конкурентоспособность на внутреннем и внешнем рынках. Ключевые слова: инновация, технология, постиндустриализм, неоиндустриализм. 2010 Article Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development / М.G. Chumachenko, O.I. Amosha, V.І. Lyashenko // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2010. — № 4(22). — С. 18-25. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. 1817-3772 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/24010 [338.1:330.341.1](477) en Економічний вісник Донбасу Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
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Economic Theory Economic Theory Chumachenko, М.G. Amosha, O.I. Lyashenko, V.І. Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development Економічний вісник Донбасу |
| description |
Priorities which have been actually formed in Ukraine in the last decades do not answer those which are widespread in the world. Strategy of economic breach of Ukraine is really can be based on speed-up of the development of those domestic productions which led to competitiveness on the internal and external markets. Keywords: innovation, technology, postіndustrialism, neoіndustrialism. |
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Article |
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Chumachenko, М.G. Amosha, O.I. Lyashenko, V.І. |
| author_facet |
Chumachenko, М.G. Amosha, O.I. Lyashenko, V.І. |
| author_sort |
Chumachenko, М.G. |
| title |
Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development |
| title_short |
Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development |
| title_full |
Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development |
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Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development |
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Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development |
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neoindustrial ways of national ukrainian and donbass regional economical development |
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Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
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2010 |
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Economic Theory |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/24010 |
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Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and Donbass regional economical development / М.G. Chumachenko, O.I. Amosha, V.І. Lyashenko // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2010. — № 4(22). — С. 18-25. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
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Економічний вісник Донбасу |
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| fulltext |
18
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
Introduction
During recent decades the world economy has
changed rapidly. Qualitative transformation of the world
market institutional foundations rises. National economies
are actively integrated into a single global mechanism with
a universal system of macroeconomic regulation and
appropriate system of assessment. In fact — there is a
new world, new economy, not like a traditional old
economy of the times of A. Smith’s and D. Ricardo’s
market. What are its specific differences, indeed?
Firstly, there is a rapid development of knowledge
market, a role of high-tech sector, of modern high
technology manufacturing and marketing is constantly
growing, which speeds up the processes of information
space computerization of the economy and all social life.
In the U.S.A. the costs for buying of computer equipment
exceed already the costs for buying of cars, housing and
industrial and commercial construction.
Secondly, a new economy is the quick growth of
market value capitalization of companies by creating their
extensive networks, which carry out groundbreaking
research and development in advanced fields of science
and technology. These, as a rule, small in number of
involved and in amount of capital resources of the
company, in essence, define the industrial face of new
economy.
Thirdly, a new economy is the economy in which
the system of government priorities in science and
technology development primarily is aimed at the
capitalization of costs, which are invested in a person.
Here, the main priority is the policy of promotion of
education level and improvement of population health.
Fourthly, a new economy is the economy that
provides a high rate of fixed capital renewal, invested in
life-supporting sectors of material production and service
infrastructure.
Fifthly, a new economy is the economy that
provides approximately equal conditions for normal life
of every citizen, regardless of the domicile: salary,
housing, employment, access to information and
transport services and suchlike. Megalopolises become
the most acceptable form of urbanization in these
circumstances.
Global structural changes in the world economy
are associated with the transition of developed countries
to the sixth NEOINDUSTRIAL technological structure,
in which a qualitatively new social, resource and high
environmental criteria and standards are inherent. They
are achieved through structural changes in the economy
in general as well as in the individual industries, regions
and companies, which provide technological innovation-
based breakthrough. Under the globalization the political
and corporate elites of various countries build their geo-
economic strategies and ways of economy modernization,
which are to ensure their worthy place in the new
hierarchy of interrelationships. With this the developed
countries concentrate the efforts on retaining their
leadership in the global innovative production and securing
technology leadership over other countries.
The fact that industrial products have become more
numerous and have changed and grown more complex
during the 200-year history of this epoch is something
that we are constantly reminded of as consumers and
through the media. The concurrent conversion of the
industrial organisation into a new form of organisation, a
neo-industrial organisation — or rather into a new form
of organising —neo-industrial organising (to stress the
becoming rather than the being aspect of industry)—has
not received Ihe same attention. This can in pail be
explained by old ideas having survived within certain
spheres of society. In large sections of the educational
system, industry is still portrayed as being typified by an
oldfashioned factory with massive, fixed capital and
assembly-line production controlled by multilevel
managerial decisions. This perception—outdated as it is
—does not take into consideration the fact that the
majority of the well-educated staff of many consulting
firms actually work in industryrelated projects. In addition,
industrial robots and computerised procedures have taken
over much of the physical production, which in turn
accounts for the trend towards decreased employment
but increasing production within industry in most
УДК [338.1:330.341.1](477)
M. G. Chumachenko,
Dr. of Science (Economics), Prof.,
O. I. Amosha,
Dr. of Science (Economics), Prof.,
V. I. Lyashenko,
Dr. of Science (Economics),
Institute of Industrial Economics, NAS of Ukraine, Donetsk
NEOINDUSTRIAL WAYS OF NATIONAL UKRAINIAN AND DONBAS REGIONAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
M. G. Chumachenko, O. I. Amosha, V. I. Lyashenko
PART I
19
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
developed countries. Neo-industrial development is
associated with another type of capital-intensiveness in
industry, and with other forms of knowledge, as well as
with other ways of exploiting available resources. In other
words, wc are not experiencing the end of industry, of
industrial production or of capital intensity in industry,
but industry is changing and taking on new. alternative
forms in which production per se is less in focus than
previously [29, p.3].
Concerning analysis of the situation that is prevailed
now in the Ukrainian economy, it is characterized by one
word — CRISIS! Ukraine is on the verge of new tests,
in the maelstrom of global-scale world challenges, that
require the maximum concentration of our joint efforts,
consolidation of all society. Very complex realities require
prompt and effective response from the leadership of
the country, balanced, coordinated actions, aimed at
overcoming the crisis. On the other hand, it is also a kind
of “moment of truth”, which gives us the opportunity to
decide which groundwork can be offered by the
economic science to the country, region and government
in the short and much longer perspective.
Technological economic development of Ukraine
and it’s regions
About the urgent need for structural reforms of the
domestic economy, the power and business have been
speaking since the late 90-ies of the last century
[4;5;6;13;14]. Therefore, now almost every Ukrainian
citizen knows that in the country, besides the
constitutional reforms, should be undertaken institutional
ones. It is necessary to reform the state apparatus, to
simplify a regulatory approval system, to adopt a new
tax code, to give serious attention to energy conservation
by implementing the reform of industrial enterprises and
housing and communal services, and finally to build a
legitimate land market [7;9;10;11;12;16]. There is a
necessity of these and many other reforms, no doubt.
However, in the country their implementation hasn’t been
succeeded for nearly twenty years…
Technological economic development provides
economic development through progressive changes,
attracting investments, consistent growth of scientific
and technological sector, knowledge economy.
Development lagging of the theory of technological
structures, disuse of it in the process of state
prognostication and control, lead to distortions in the
trajectories of the country and regions development.
Formation of the post-industrial society in the end of the
XX-th century provided a new historical phase in the
civilization development, in which the main goods of
production became information and knowledge. The
features, that distinguished the information society in the
developed countries, became: increased role of information
and knowledge in society life; increased proportion of
information communications, products and services in
the gross domestic product; the creation of global
information space, which provides effective informative
cooperation of people, their access to the world
informative resources and meeting their needs with
respect to informative goods and services.
In the modern post-industrial society, information
has become the most important value, and the industry
of receipt, processing and transmission of information
has become the leading sector of activity, where with
each year more and more considerable capitals are
invested. According to leading scientists, information
becomes an important strategic resource, the lack of
which leads to considerable losses in the economy.
Therefore, the informatization of society acts as one of
the crucial factors of economic modernization and the
key to the integration of any country in the modern world
community.
In the theories of post-industrialism the questions
of essence, content, ways and methods of socio-
economic transformations in the National and Global scale
acquire a specific interpretation, systemic transformations
in post-socialist countries, transition period to a new
economic system. This is one of the principal differences
between theories of post-industrialism, which leaves its
mark on the functions of these theories as well.
The French scientist Alain Touraine in the work
“post-industrial society” [18] offered not to make any
differences between socio-economic systems along an
axis of contrasting of different types of property and
various social modes of production. Similar thoughts are
expressed in the writings of Daniel Bell [1], where the
author proposed the so-called multi-axis approach to
explaining of the transition from an industrial to a
postindustrial society and characterization of the last. The
main axes in this case are the development of science
and technology, changes in production structure and
employment structure, changes in social structure and
application of knowledge, changes in property relations.
The American scientist Manuel Castells in the work
“The Information Era: Economy, Society and Culture”
[27] lays the differences on the other axis — between
the pre-industrial era, industrialism and the information
civilization. Socio-economic changes take place in the
production and knowledge application. “Information
Society” appears to be a new name of the postindustrial
society in the works of D. Bell. At the core of his approach
is not so much a sequence of replacing each other stages
of social development, as the changes in social structure,
due to increased importance of information, which is
associated with the scientific, theoretical knowledge and
becomes a base of the economy [1, p. 153].
Transformations in connection with the transition from
M. G. Chumachenko, O. I. Amosha, V. I. Lyashenko
20
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
M. G. Chumachenko, O. I. Amosha, V. I. Lyashenko
industrial society to information society, lead to the
isolation and increased social role of the new professional
group, which M. Castells outlined by the concept of
“informational employees” [27, p. 98]. The activity of
the representatives of this socio-professional group and
in the Soviet literature is regarded as a cause of changes
in the economic, social, political and cultural society life.
Castells explains that his term “informational” points “to
attribute of a specific form of social organization, in which
thanks to new technological conditions, emerged in this
historical period, generating, processing and transmission
of information have become the fundamental sources of
productivity and power” [27, p. 99]. In the system of
social division of labor, these employees are concentrated
mainly on the Industry Technologies and Software (IT-
industry), where they can fully serve as the participants
of production. In the studies on the new middle-class,
the informational employees play the leading role.
O.I. Shkaratan on the basis of an analysis of foreign
literature has constructed an ideal model of “informational
employee”, highlighting his characterological features. A
specific study was conducted by him, the object of which
were professionals, managers of companies, engaged in
information and communication technology and related
industries [28, p. 16-27]. Their responses were compared
with views of traditional professionals (which existed
before the advent of a new technological structure). As a
result, there was a conclusion that such a social-
professional group was formed, as a whole.
Differences in definitions of postindustrial society,
knowledge economy, as theoretical constructions and the
reality indicate some debatable issues, related to the formation
and development of post-industrial civilization. The onset
of post-industrial stage and the respective society is
characterized by a process of creation in the service sector
with the increased share of GDP and the concentration in
this human activity sphere of more proportion of involved.
In countries with high level development in the GDP
structure the tertiary sector dominates, and the secondary
one is represented by the processing industry, while the
share of primary sector is small.
In modern economic literature as to industrialization
we can identify such trends in views on the correlation
of information and postindustrial societies: 1) the
information society — is a certain part of the
postindustrial society (Vladislav Inozemtsev[2] and
others), 2) the post-industrial and information societies
are interchangeable factors (M. Connors and others),
3) the information society is a consequence of industrial
development (Daniel Bell [1], J. Martin and others).
Noteworthy is the point of view of N. Kondratiev, who
connects the post-industrial society not so much with
changes in technologies as with a transition to a society,
which is based on post-material, information means.
However, no country in the world has reached this
development yet.
Technology as an important element of the
productive forces always exists in a certain socio-
economic form, which is determined by the prevailing
production relations. Therefore, with all the unity of all
the technological and economic components of social
production the inconsistencies and contradictions
inevitably occur between them. Capital accumulation and
scientific and technological advances change the capital
structure, the level of mechanization increases, and
consequently, the technical pricing structure of capital
changes, which determines the trend of profit rate to
reduction. On this basis, the laws of downward
productivity of capital are derived. Capital accumulation
is a process that combines the economic and technological
changes. As far as technological changes have historically
allocated limits and go through cycles from growth of its
role in economic development to its decay when
approaching the technological limit, then these processes
correspond to processes of increasing and decreasing of
capital productivity ratio. The depth of production decline
and reduction of the capital productivity are determined
essentially by state of the scientific and technological
progress and the degree of usage of its achievements. Such
negative processes occur sharply at a constant technical
basis. And conversely, the scientific and technical progress,
the usage of new technology provides an increasing capital
productivity ratio.
Particularly acute the contradiction becomes when
one or another technological structure is approaching its
limit, exhausting its potential. Therefore, overcoming this
technological limit is reached by the transition to a
qualitatively new technology and technological structure.
As the assessments of the world’s leading scientists
show, now we are exactly on this phase of development
— the transition from the downward long wave of M.
Kondratiev’s cycle (the fifth technological structure) to
the rising wave of new — the sixth technological structure.
Therefore, a number of legitimate questions appears: “Has
not a modern post-industrial, information society
exhausted its potential of breakthrough development? Is
the transition to the new sixth technological structure
put on the agenda, and at the same time the transition to
a new NEOINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY? Will this slogan
be strategically possible for Ukraine:
“FROM INDUSTRIALISM — omitting the
POSTINDUSTRIALISM — to NEOINDUSTRIALIZM?”
Today’s neo-industrial economy thus exhibits many
of the features that have been described in the
futurological books. It is knowledge as well as service
intensive, utilising an information technology that is
developing and spreading at a rapid pace. We believe,
however, that the most radical change in our daily work
21
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
M. G. Chumachenko, O. I. Amosha, V. I. Lyashenko
is to be found in the way in which economic activities
are organised. Old routines, roles and rules arc being
transformed into or exchanged for new ones. Knowledge
and conceptions of work and its organisation arc changing.
Large production units arc being replaced and/or
supplemented with flexible organisations.
Temporary organisations and projects are becoming
more common as instruments. Rule systems, traditions
and other institutions, are becoming obsolete in the same
way as in the agrarian society during the traditional
industrialism. There are good reasons for asking whether
those institutions that handled renewal in traditional
industrial societies will also work In a neo-industrial
economy. The changes also suggest that the traditional
relations between work and leisure of industrialism should
be reconsidered [29, p.3].
For example, in less than a year, Russian structures
managed to establish control in two of the largest sectors
in Ukrainian business: metallurgy and
telecommunications. The Russians will also try to squeeze
the maximum out of Ukraine in other industries. The future
of the acquired assets looks differently. Ukrainian
metallurgy could become a raw material appendage for
foreign countries, while the telecom sector will become
a cash cow for the expansion of Russian business to
other regions of the world. In both cases, however, there
is clearly a common goal —getting the most out of
Ukraine to achieve higher goals in the global economy.
The penetration of Russian capital into the Ukrainian
mining and smelting industry began late in 2007. Then,
shareholders of the Evraz Group Roman Abramovich,
Aleksandr Abramov and Aleksandr Frolov purchased from
Ihor Kolomoiskiy the Petrovskiy Steelworks, three by-
product coke plants and one and a half ore-enrichment plants.
Calling these purchases successful would be
incorrect mainly due to the conflict with the Privat Group,
which did its best to put sticks in the spokes of the wheels
of the governor of Chukotka Abramovich. However, all
the confusion seems to be a thing in the past. Kolomoiskiy
is not as omnipotent as his Russian counterparts plus the
global economic climate has significantly improved. The
surging growth on the global steel market and noticeable
warming of relations between top Russian and Ukrainian
officials led to a continuation of the Russian crusade for
Ukraine’s steel industry. In the very beginning of 2010,
mysterious Russian buyers with the help of
VneshEkonomBank acquired a controlling stake in the
Donbas Industrial Union from Serhiy Taruta and Oleh
Mkrtchan and in May became the owners of OJSC
ZaporizhStal. In the latter case, the new owner risked
crossing the paths of Rinat Akhmetov, who also had plans
of purchasing the Zaporizhzhya steelworks. In addition,
the Donetsk Electro-metallurgical Plant (former Istil) was
sold by Alfa Bank to the Russian group Mechel. Given
this, there are two active structures clearly visible in the
Ukrainian metallurgy sector — MetInvest owned by Rinat
Akhmetov, who fought back Mariupol Illich Steelworks
from an unfriendly acquisition, and mysterious Russians
who are buying up everything and everyone. Aside from
the interests of the Russians and Akhmetov, there is
KryvorizhStal owned by Lakshmi Mittal. However, this
plant is in the throes of court trials the outcome of which
could influence the alignment of forces. Moreover, the
court trials were initiated by the Prosecutor General’s
Office in the interests of the state, which has become
considerably warmer to Russian business than during
the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko.
Speaking about the motives of the new investors, it
is worth recalling the response of Frolov to the question
about the criteria of Evraz when selecting its targets for
acquisition: “These should be either assets on developed
markets where we will have an opportunity to use our
semi-finished products or assets on developing markets
where cheap steel can be produced.” Clearly, the Ukrainian
metallurgy cannot be ascribed to the first category.
Ukraine produces 30-35 mn t of steel annually and the
share of export accounts for 70-80% of the total output
volume. Semi-finished products, slabs and bars account
for up to 50% of export. The turnover in this industry
are quite impressive. In the record year 2008, steel export
brought Ukraine over US $21 bn. According to the
forecasts of the DerzhZovnishInform center, Ukrainian
steelmakers will earn US $14-14.5 bn from the sale of
exported metal products in 2010.
This 2010 year, the shareholders of Russian telecom
companies basically dominated the Ukrainian market. We
are talking about two companies — the Alfa Group and
JSFC Sistema (which owns MTS Ukraine). At the end
of this summer, the former managed to become the
largest owner of VimpelCom Ltd. with headquarters in
the Netherlands, which Ukraine’s Kyivstar and Beeline
are a part of. It seems that the Sistema managed to
establish relations with the shareholders of Astelit (TM
life:)), the third largest mobile operator in Ukraine. Sistema
has yet to make any major acquisitions, but its influence
on the Ukrainian market could increase by the end of the
year during the privatization of Ukrtelecom.
As a result of a transaction between the Russian
Alfa Group and the Norwegian holding Telenor on the
merger of Kyivstar and Beeline, the positions of the
Scandinavians on our market have weakened significantly.
Earlier, they directly controlled over 50% shares of the
country’s largest operator Kyivstar, while now they
indirectly own only 36.03% of the merged VimpelCom
Ltd. Meanwhile, Alfa remained its largest shareholder with
44.65% of the voting shares. The merger of Beeline and
Kyivstar was not particularly thrilling for the two
remaining market players — Astelit and MTS Ukraine.
22
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
M. G. Chumachenko, O. I. Amosha, V. I. Lyashenko
Astelit management even appealed to the Antimonopoly
Committee of Ukraine this past spring requesting it to
additionally study the current trend of market
concentration. The AMC gladly agreed to do so, thereby
putting the deal of the century under threat. However, in
the middle of this summer the relations between Alfa and
Astelit shareholders (the Turkish holding Turkcell and
the Ukrainian SCM of Rinat Akhmetov) apparently
improved when the latter recalled its claim from the AMC.
Noteworthy is that at the same time Alfa became one of
the largest owners of the Turkish holding increasing its
stake in it to 13.22%. Thus, Alfa gained the power to
influence the decision making process of three operators
— Kyivstar, Astelit and Beeline .
ProUA sources claim that in autumn Alfa managed
to find a final compromise with SCM, a minority
shareholder in Astelit, regarding the distribution of radio
frequencies in such a way that none of the parties would
look like a monopoly in this sector. The two sides refused
to comment on such information. However, if this is the
case then the AMC will soon give its final approval to the
merger of Ukrainian assets controlled by Russians and
Norwegians. “If the opposition of competitors dies out,
the regulatory body usually takes this into account,” a source
to proUA. As soon as the Alfa Group strengthened its
position on the Ukrainian market, its offspring VimpelCom
Ltd. began realizing its plans of international expansion.
Last week, it announced the acquisition of holding of
telecom assets of Egyptian businessman Naguib Sawiris
— companies owned by the Weather Investments S.p.
Group, by the Amsterdam-based holding company. The
deal will cost VimpelCom Ltd. US $6.5 bn. In order to pay
such a high price for an acquisition, a company must
naturally earn a decent amount. And where else would a
company manage to do so than on old markets on which
it has had a significant presence? Moreover, the company
has practically managed to successfully create an ideal
environment for monopolization in Ukraine, one of the most
powerful markets, with all the ensuing consequences. For
the average Ukrainian, this can mean only one thing — a
hike in tariffs for voice communication and Internet
services. Notably, the turnover of companies indirectly
associated with the Alfa Group in Ukraine is massive even
by world standards. In Q2 2010, the turnover of
VimpelCom Ltd. united assets in our country was US
$310.6 mn, Astelit — US $89.5 mn. Based on these
indicators, one can assume that the total annual turnover
of the aforementioned Ukrainian companies may exceed
US $1.5 bn. To avoid a slightest turbulence, Alfa’s daughter
company must simply find a common ground with the
second Russian structure on the Ukrainian market —
Sistema (MTS). In this case, the sale of the Ukrainian
state-run communications operator Ukrtelecom
(privatization is scheduled for the end of the year) could
be the ultimate bargaining chip. Nothing can prevent the
two Russian companies from discussing privately who
acquires this asset in order to not offer too high a price on
tender. Moreover, they can agree to not infringe upon each
other’s interests on the usurped Ukrainian market [30].
Summing up the total results in both the metallurgy
and telecom sectors of Ukraine, it is worth noting that
the Russians must take into account at least one Ukrainian
structure during their active expansion into the country,
namely SCM controlled by Party of Regions MP Rinat
Akhmetov. The Russians must either agree to a
compromise with him or seek common benefits in their
joint businesses. As for average Ukrainians, they are not
likely to feel an improvement in the quality of life after
the intervention of the Russian cousins into the nation’s
key industries. Investors want to see a return on their
investments, which is not likely to happen through an
increase in social standards and wages. Furthermore,
granting Ukraine the status of ‘semi-finished product’
supplier will not increase proceeds to the budget, because
these products are cheaper than those that undergo a
higher level of processing. Meanwhile, interactive
entertainment gaining popularity among Ukrainians by the
day — e.g. Internet, calls to friends and relatives — may
very soon get be more expensive than it was in the past.
Banks cut interest rates and collateral requirements
hoping to secure a successful position in corporate
lending. Ukrainian banks are uwilling to unfreeze lending
to businesses before the end of the year. However, in
order to win future clients they are already starting to
lower interest rates. The volume of corporate loans is
slowly on the rise. According to the NBU, in June the
credit portfolio of corporate clients grew by 0.6% (or
UAH 3 bn), in July — by 1.9% (UAH 7.7 bn) in August
— 1.3% (UAH 6.5 bn). In the January-August period
the loan portfolios of legal entities grew 2.9%. For
comparison, in the first six months of 2010 this indicator
shrank 0.3%. At the same time, financial experts say real
growth in lending to businesses was slightly
higher. Despite this, the performance results of banks
are being “eaten up” as to are forced to cover the unpaid
debts on loans previously issued to borrowers. There
are several factors forcing commercial banks to be more
generous. “The main engine driving the re-activation of
corporate lending is the excess of liquidity. An inflow of
deposits is higher, while lending is still somewhat lagging
behind,” said Director of the Corporate Loans Department
of Alfa-Bank (Ukraine) Svitlana Monastyrska. In addition,
sensing that the crisis is quickly coming to an end banks
are fighting to secure a place in this potentially lucrative
segment. Nevertheless, the number of creditors remains
limited. Subsidiaries of Russian banks being stably
supported by their parent structures are still in the lead in
the Ukrainian banking sector. “At the moment, the most
23
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
M. G. Chumachenko, O. I. Amosha, V. I. Lyashenko
active players on this market are Russian banks as a result
of the thawing of relations between the two countries.
In addition our bank such major financial institutions as
Prominvestbank (owned by the Russian
Vneshekonombank), VTB and Alfa-Bank are most active,”
says Deputy Chairman of JSC Sberbank of Russia Marina
Bykova. Russia’s Deputy Prime Minister for Finance
Aleksei Kudrin, who heads the supervisory board of
Vneshtorgbank, the credit portfolio of VTB for loans to
Ukrainian companies alone amounted to approximately
US $3.5 billion. The main competitors are domestic state-
owned banks, as well as the affiliates of certain Western
European banks and domesfic majors. However, the
market is getting overcrowded even for such a narrow
circle of creditors. Banks are no longer as willing to dish
out loans as was the case before the financial crisis,
fearing a rise in bad debts. At the same time, there are
not that many wealthy borrowers that can boast a clean
credit history and strong financial performance. According
to banking experts, the most prosperous situation can be
observed in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
“Prospects of receiving loans look good for giants in the
agriculture, food processing and production, machine-
building and power engineering, transport and
communications sectors. Effective infrastructure projects
will also receive substantial support,” says Manager of
the Loan Management Division of ING Bank (Ukraine)
Oleksiy Mostoviy. In the ranks of credit outsiders. As
was the case earlier, the construction industry remains
an outsider in terms eligibility for loans as the vast majority
of banks try to steer clear from enterprises in this sector.
Banks are most willing to give short-term loans as
working capital up to one year, at most — up to three
years. Gradually, financing of the purchase of fixed assets
is on the rise. “If a company is stable even in times of
crisis, for example, a company operating in the food
industry, has reliable distribution channels and is not
affected by exchange rate risks, we are even ready and
willing to finance investment projects,” says Iryna
Mykhailova, Executive Director of Forum Bank
(Commerzbank Group), which works with key corporate
customers. The shortage of high quality borrowers
forces banks to be more flexible. This primarily affects
the cost of a loan. In 2009, interest rates on loans in
hryvnia were 25-30% per annum. In early spring of 2010,
they dropped to 20-25% and today are 18-20%. The
requirements for maintenance have also changed.
“Initially, real estate that covered a loan twice over or
deposits in the loan currency were the only form of
collateral at the height of the crisis. Today, banks accept
automobiles, equipment and turnover goods as collateral
for a loan. It is now also possible to provide “blank”
overdrafts popular in pre-crisis times and other goods
that carry a minimum credit risk such as tender
guarantees,” noted experts at VTB Bank. According to
the forecasts of financial experts, the growth rate of the
credit portfolios of legal entities in the banking system
this year will not likely exceed 5-8%. Banks unlikely will
enliven lending to businesses before early next
year. “While 2009-2010 was a period of restructuring of
loans, in 2011 all banks that have coped with bad debts
and survived the peak of the crisis will gradually restore
corporate lending portfolios,” Bykova predicts [31].
The features of such processes more clearly are felt
in the modern information economy. After all, information
and knowledge as a new production resource remove the
questions of limitedness, provide the growth of output,
implement the action of increasing productivity law. D.
Bell notes: “Replacing of the working machines leads not
only to labor savings, but also to investment savings,
because each successive unit of capital is more efficient
and productive, than the previous one. And therefore, less
costs are needed per unit of production” [1, p.164].
Modern information society makes changes in the
nature of technological and economic development.
Industrial economy is characterized not only by the law
of downward capital productivity, but also increased
entropy by using matter and energy. However, it is
possible if the technical-economic level of production
remains unchanged. Qualitatively new technologies are
distinguished by providing a rational and more efficient
usage of energy and matter, that’s why radical
technologies of breakthrough predetermine resource
provision and thus reduce the entropy of production
systems. At the same time, this leads to increased profit
rate, although then may be a gradual decline over a
relatively long period.
The methodology of technological development of
a country is clearly articulated in the writings of the
researcher T. Stouner: “In an agrarian economy the
economic activity was associated mainly with the
production of enough quantity of food, and the limiting
factor usually was the availability of good land. In the
industrial economy, economic activity was mainly the
production of goods and the limiting factor more of all
was the capital. In the information economy the economic
activity — it is mainly the production and usage of
information in order to make all other forms of production
more effective and, thus, to create more material wealth.
The limiting factor is the knowledge available” [2, p.64].
There is a question to determine how these factors will
look like in conditions of neoindustrial economy.
Returning to the theory of Bell, it should be noted
that he has developed a new concept of a sector theory,
which separated, except the third, as well the fourth and
fifth structures: for this he has cut the third sector, having
limited it with transport services and utilities; and trade,
finance, insurance and real estate transactions took to
24
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
M. G. Chumachenko, O. I. Amosha, V. I. Lyashenko
the quaternary sector, and the quinary sector included
health, education, recreation, government agencies. This
concept of Bell rouses a number of controversies in the
modern economic world of science, but its study allows
to define more clearly the technological structures and
the corresponding leading technologies in each of them.
Notwithstanding these controversies, D. Bell
formulated the nature of the transition from industrial to
postindustrial society: a new society does not replace
industrial or even agricultural one, but gives a new
dimension, including the sphere of data and information
usage, that are a necessary component of society, that
inevitably becomes more complicated. Thus, society loses
nothing, but increases production capacity, converts it
to a new development level. The transition to a
postindustrial society, and from it — to neoindustrial —
does not deny the existence of the agricultural and mining
sectors. Consequently, we can conclude that neoindustrial
society will not deny the achievements of the information
one. The developed industry converts agriculture and
extractive industries through the introduction of modern
machine technology, complex mechanization and
production automation. This allows to increase
productivity and reduce employment in this area, and to
convert a free labor force to a modern industry.
The transition to a new technological method of
production is accompanied by profound structural
changes in production sectors. Noteworthy are the views
of Jeffrey Sachs, who notes that the division of labor in
the world in terms of technology development is deeper
than ideological differences. A smaller part of the planet
with a population of approximately 15% of its whole
population (developed countries), in practice provides the
rest of the world’s countries with technological
innovations. The second part, which comprises about
half of the whole population, is able to reproduce these
technologies. The rest of the planet, which is populated
with about a third of its whole population, is
technologically divorced — it does not create innovation
itself and does not introduce foreign technologies. The
main problems of such countries are the widely-spread
infectious diseases, low agricultural productivity and
environmental degradation. Accordingly, technological
changes are above their strength. That’s why, the
developed countries are at the peak of post-industrial stage
of development. The information and intelligent
technologies dominate in them, the bulk of computers is
concentrated, a high standard of living is provided.
Elvin Toffler describes the features of a modern
society: “Societies of “first wave” receive their energy from
the living batteries — muscular strength of man and animals
— or from sun, wind and water, the goods of usual
production are made by piece on a by-order basis, what
considerably relates to distribution as well” [3, p. 233]. In
other words, a pre-industrial society is characterized both
by primitive mode of production, and low-level production,
and hence by the appropriate living and working conditions.
Absolutely correct is the statement of Jeffrey Sachs: “To
overcome the gap in technologies is much more
complicated than the gap in the capital.”
Economic views of Joseph Schumpeter define the
elements of institutionalism and neo-classical trend of
science. In “The Theory of Economic Development”
Schumpeter as opposed to Walras explores not the
conditions of economic equilibrium, but develops the
theories of economic development, in the center of which
are those internal factors that cause the economic
development of the system. A special contribution of
Schumpeter to the economic theory consists in that he
explores the factors that cause the balance of the market
system inside. These internal factors become the new
production combinations, which determine the dynamic
changes in the economy: the creation of a new product;
usage of new production technology; usage of new
production organization. Production, according to the
teachings of Schumpeter, can not exist without the
constant revolutionary changes in technology and
production technology. Such constant innovations, which
are implemented in the manufacturing process, are a major
source of profit, which does not exist in a situation of
production. Profit is possible when the economy is in
constant motion, in the process of dynamic development.
(To be continued in № 4, 2011)
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Chumachenko М. G., Amosha O. I., Lyashen-
ko V. І. Neoindustrial ways of national Ukrainian and
Donbass regional economical development
Priorities which have been actually formed in
Ukraine in the last decades do not answer those which
are widespread in the world. Strategy of economic breach
of Ukraine is really can be based on speed-up of the
development of those domestic productions which led
to competitiveness on the internal and external markets.
Keywords: innovation, technology, postіndustrialism,
neoіndustrialism.
Чумаченко М. Г., Амоша О. І., Ляшенко В. І.
Неоіндустріальні шляхи розвитку національної еко-
номіки України та регіональної економіки Донбасу
Пріоритети, які фактично сформувалися в Україні
за останні десятиліття, не відповідають тим, які поши-
рені у світі. Реальна стратегія економічного прориву
України може базуватися на прискореному розвиткові
тих вітчизняних виробництв, що довели конкурентос-
проможність на внутрішньому і зовнішньому ринках.
Ключові слова: інновація, технологія, постіндус-
тріализм, неоіндустриалізм.
Чумаченко Н. Г., Амоша А. И., Ляшен-
ко В. И. Неоиндустриальные пути развития на-
циональной экономики Украины и региональной
экономики Донбасса
Приоритеты, которые фактически сформирова-
лись в Украине в последние десятилетия, не отвечают
тем, которые распространены в мире. Реальная стра-
тегия экономического прорыва Украины может бази-
роваться на ускоренном развитии тех отечественных
производств, которые довели конкурентоспособность
на внутреннем и внешнем рынках.
Ключевые слова: инновация, технология, постин-
дустриализм, неоиндустриализм.
Received by the editors: 08.11.2010
and final form in 01.12.2010
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