The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria
Agricultural ecology is a key element of the EU legislation and over the last years its importance for the common agricultural policy has increased. One of the biggest challenges for Bulgaria in the process of its economical restructuring is to secure a balance between the sufficient production of f...
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irk-123456789-240242022-09-29T21:47:01Z The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria Nikolova, М. International and Regional Economics Agricultural ecology is a key element of the EU legislation and over the last years its importance for the common agricultural policy has increased. One of the biggest challenges for Bulgaria in the process of its economical restructuring is to secure a balance between the sufficient production of food supplies and the increase of employment on one hand and the preventive protection of the environment on the other hand. The biological agriculture has been chosen as a pilot agricultural activity within the framework of the agricultural ecological measure in the country. Regardless of this fact, Bulgaria has been late compared to a number of European countries which have gained experience in the field of biological production. Nevertheless, despite the existing problems in the realization of the agro-ecological activities in animal breeding, the biological production is gaining momentum and is turning into a profitable strategy for each modern agricultural business. Key words: biological agriculture, biological roduction of grain crops, specific characteristics in Bulgaria. Сільськогосподарська екологія — ключовий елемент законодавства ЄС, і за минулі роки його значимість для загальної сільськогосподарської політики лише збільшилася. Один з головних викликів для Болгарії в процесі її економічної реструктуризації — забезпечити баланс між достатнім виробництвом продуктів харчування та збільшенням зайнятості з одного боку і попереджувальним захистом навколишнього середовища — з іншого. Біологічне сільське господарство було вибране як експериментальна сільськогосподарська діяльність в рамках сільськогосподарського екологічного заходу в країні. Не зважаючи на цей факт, Болгарія була порівняна з низкою Європейських країн, які вже мають досвід у сфері біологічного виробництва. Проте, незважаючи на існуючі проблеми в реалізації агро-екологічних дій в тваринництві, біологічне виробництво набуває інерції і перетворюється на прибуткову стратегію для кожного сучасного сільськогосподарського бізнесу. Ключові слова: біологічне сільське господарство, біологічне виробництво урожаїв зерна, специфічні характеристики в Болгарії. Сельскохозяйственная экология — ключевой элемент законодательства EС и за прошедшие годы его важность для общей сельскохозяйственной политики только увеличилась. Один из главных вызовов для Болгарии в процессе её экономичной реструктуризации — обеспечить баланс между достаточным производством продуктов питания и увеличением занятости с одной стороны и предупредительной защитой окружающей среды — с другой. Биологическое сельское хозяйство было выбрано как экспериментальная сельскохозяйственная деятельность в рамках сельскохозяйственного экологического мероприятия в стране. Несмотря на этот факт, Болгария была поздно сравнена с рядом Европейских стран, которые имеют опыт в сфере биологического производства. Однако, несмотря на существующие проблемы в реализации агро-экологических действий в животноводстве, биологическое производство приобретает инерцию и превращается в прибыльную стратегию для каждого современного сельскохозяйственного бизнеса. Ключевые слова: биологическое сельское хозяйство, биологическое производство урожаев зерна, специфические характеристики в Болгарии. 2010 Article The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria / М. Nikolova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2010. — № 4(22). — С. 97-101. — англ. 1817-3772 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/24024 [338.432:(606:63)](497.2) en Економічний вісник Донбасу Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
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International and Regional Economics International and Regional Economics |
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International and Regional Economics International and Regional Economics Nikolova, М. The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria Економічний вісник Донбасу |
| description |
Agricultural ecology is a key element of the EU legislation and over the last years its importance for the common agricultural policy has increased. One of the biggest challenges for Bulgaria in the process of its economical restructuring is to secure a balance between the sufficient production of food supplies and the increase of employment on one hand and the preventive protection of the environment on the other hand. The biological agriculture has been chosen as a pilot agricultural activity within the framework of the agricultural ecological measure in the country. Regardless of this fact, Bulgaria has been late compared to a number of European countries which have gained experience in the field of biological production. Nevertheless, despite the existing problems in the realization of the agro-ecological activities in animal breeding, the biological production is gaining momentum and is turning into a profitable strategy for each modern agricultural business. Key words: biological agriculture, biological roduction of grain crops, specific characteristics in Bulgaria. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Nikolova, М. |
| author_facet |
Nikolova, М. |
| author_sort |
Nikolova, М. |
| title |
The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria |
| title_short |
The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria |
| title_full |
The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria |
| title_fullStr |
The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria |
| title_sort |
biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in bulgaria |
| publisher |
Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
| publishDate |
2010 |
| topic_facet |
International and Regional Economics |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/24024 |
| citation_txt |
The biological production of grain crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria / М. Nikolova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2010. — № 4(22). — С. 97-101. — англ. |
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Економічний вісник Донбасу |
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2025-07-03T03:29:31Z |
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2025-07-03T03:29:31Z |
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1836594884976312320 |
| fulltext |
97
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
М. Nikolova
Introduction
Over the last years the popularization of biological
agriculture has continued to increase. The country in
general has exceptional soil and climate characteristics
which can facilitate the production biological products
and more than 80% of the cultivated land is suitable for
the development of biological agriculture. The country
has set the ambitious goal to develop biological
agriculture and realize its potential by planning to
increase the percentage of biological products on its
domestic market and stimulate their consumption so
that by 2013 3% of all sold food products will have to
be biologically produced1. Another important objective
is to have 8% of the total area of used land biologically
cultivated by the same time. The fulfillment of these
goals has been integrated in the National Plan for
Development of Biological Agriculture for the period
2007 — 2013.
Discussion
Currently there are 432 controlled businesses
which deal with the production, processing and selling
of biological products in the country and the total area
of certified land for the production of biological
products amounts to 166 741 hectares. Of these the
area used for biological plant breeding (in a period of
conversion or having passed the period of conversion)
amounts to 9370.88 ha, while the permanent meadows
and pastures (in a period of conversion or having passed
the period of conversion) occupy 155 792.55 ha and
the free areas of the fallow areas occupy (in a period of
conversion or having passed the period of conversion)
occupy 1577 ha. To the certified 166 741 hectares we
should add 242 677.31 ha of land that is approved by
the controlling organs as suitable for harvesting wild
plants. In this way, the total amount of the controlled
area managed under the requirements of biological
production is 409 418.31 hectares. The highest rate
of certified areas is observed in the Northern Central
Region and in the South Central Region of the country.
(see table 1)2.
The latest data about the condition of the biological
agriculture in Bulgaria shows that the total area of the
certified land, i.e.166 741 ha is 3.12% of the land used
for agricultural purposes, i.e. 5 330 000 ha. According
to this indicator Bulgaria occupies one of the top places
in the European Union together with countries like
France, Great Britain, Spain, and Germany. Compared
to the results from the previous report from 31.12.2006,
the highest increase is observed in the land for permanent
meadows and pastures — 5400%; next come the bee
hives with an increase of 5040%, followed by the
cultivated land with an increase of 300% and the areas
for harvesting wild herbs, fruits and mushrooms with
220%. These incredible figures are partly due to the
fact in 2007 the Ministry of Agriculture and Food gave
control and certification licenses to 4 new organizations
УДК [338.432:(606:63)](497.2)
М. Nikolova,
PhD (Economics), Assoc. Prof, Academy of Economics “D.A.Tsenov”, Svishtov,
Bulgaria
THE BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF GRAIN CROPS – A PERSPECTIVE FORM
OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN BULGARIA
Table 1
Condition of biological agriculture in Bulgaria as of 31st
December 2007
А. Biological production of plants
Crop Types Total area
(hectares)
Grain crops 1 362,91
Fodder crops 914,30
Pharmaceutical and aromatic crops 1 428,10
Fiber crops 1 285,00
Tubers: potatoes, sugar cane and fodder
cane
56,73
Vegetables 393,93
Greenhouse production 58,90
Fruit crops 3 565,48
Vineyards 298,53
Total amount of cultivated areas 9 370,88
Permanent meadows and pastures 155 792,55
Wild plants harvesting 242 677,31
Free/ fallow land 1 577,57
TOTAL AMOUNT OF AREA 409 418,31
1 National pla for the development of biological production in Bulgaria for the period 2007-2013
2 The data is based on the annual reports of the six controlling organs approved by the Minister of the Agriculture and Food for 2007
( “Balkan Bioset OOD”, „QC&I International services” AD, „Seres” OOD; „Lakon” OOD; „BCS Oeco-Garanti” OOD, and „Control
Union Certifications” AD)
98
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
М. Nikolova
which have not submitted official reports to the Ministry
until then.
The biological agriculture is a specific method of
plant breeding which maintains the ecological balance.
Its products are also obtained by maximum preservation
of the soil-plant-animal system and the natural growth
cycles3. In addition, it is of great importance for the
sustainable development of the rural regions and the
preservation of the natural environment.
According to the definition of FAO (the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the UN), the biological
agriculture is an “overall system for management of
production which stimulates and enhances the
sustainability of agricultural systems, including
biodiversity, biological cycles, and biological activity
of the soil”. The bio-agriculture focuses on the
adaptation of this system through practices for its
realization that are region specific by the use of
agronomical, biological, and mechanical methods for
protection from weeds, pests and diseases. These
methods aim at improvement of soil fertility, maximum
utilization of natural elf-reproducible resources, and
introduction of agricultural practices which are in
balance with nature, decrease of energy consumption
and safety foods. The alternative, nature-friendly
methods for plant protection not only create
biodiversity but also restore and maintain it in farms.
The main objective of the biological production
is, if possible, to preserve and expand the natural relations
in the system which involves plants, soil, and animals so
that farmers can avoid the use of the fertilizers and the
means for plant protection which damage the natural
environment.
One of the basic principles of biological
production, and this method of agriculture in general,
is to cultivate crops under conditions which as close
as possible to their requirements of these crops to the
environmental factors. The provision of the necessary
conditions makes the crops more adaptive to the
climate factors and the attacks from various diseases,
weeds and pests. The knowledge about the specific
requirements of these crops allows farmers to apply
properly the cultivation technologies and solve
problems related to fertilizing and presence of pests,
pathogens, and weeds.
The biological agriculture, which has a positive
influence on the future potential of the agricultural
production, is based on both traditional and modern
technologies. These technologies have proved their
efficiency throughout the years and encompass the
following activities:
• Development of balanced crop rotation and natural
stimulation of plants;
• Soil tillage;
• Usage of fertilizers that do not harm the
environment;
• Stimulation of the useful insect and animal
populations and plant protection with natural plant
extracts and means;
• Weed, disease, and pest protection of plants;
The main grain crops in Bulgaria are wheat, rye,
triticale, barley, oats, maize, sorghum, rice, and millet
which are cultivated for food supplies, fodders and other
technical reasons. When these crops are biologically
cultivated, it is important to meet some important
requirements referring to the particular agro-technical
activities, namely place/sequence in the crop rotation,
tillage, sowing, fertilizing, plant protection.
Crop rotation. The appropriate rotation of the grain
crops is the main source farmers have for utilization of
the economic and ecological recourses of the particular
agro-ecological regions and the realization of the genetic
potential of the cultivated plant types. The crop rotation
which is based on scientific principles is an efficient
method for the regulation of the biological factors of soil
fertility. In addition, its phyto-sanitary role is of key
importance for the cultivation of the crops.
When crops are rotated, the chemical composition
of the plants is very important. According to this, they
are divided into two groups:
I group — grain crops, whose residues contain less
hydrogen, their biomass decomposes less slowly, their
nutrients are released slowly. As a result, the semi decayed
plant residues allow the appearance of fungi which release
toxic substances;
II group — leguminous plants, beet, vegetables,
etc.— their residues decompose quickly, release nutrients
quickly and clear the soil from toxic substances.
In field crop rotation the grain crops should not
exceed 60% of all plants, the sugar beet and potatoes
respectively 20% and 30-40%. When 25-40 % of grass
(cereals, legumes, and mixtures) are included in the
rotation of crops the soil loss caused by erosion decreases
from 3 to 8 times4. Except for the necessary inclusion of
grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, the sustainable
agriculture is based on the efficient soil tillage and
application of organic fertilizers. Some of the grain crops
can be grown in succession in the same place — wheat,
3 Yancheva, H., I. Manolov, Basics of organic agriculture, ET “Vasil Petrov”, Plovdiv, p 480
4 Peneva, S. Manager of the biological farm affiliated to the Agro-ecological Centre at the University of Agriculture, “Practical guidelines
for conversion to biological agriculture”,2008, Plovdiv
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Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
М. Nikolova
barley for up to 2 years, maize for up to 4-5 years but
when there is shift to alternative agriculture this should
be an exception.
Under the conditions of biological agriculture it
is important to use efficiently the cultivated areas by
the use of catch crops. This is done to allow the longer
use of these areas with vegetating plants and for the
longer periods for production of biomass. The efficient
crop rotation in the country is done in several ways:
the plating of second crops; planting of winter and
spring crops, the simultaneous planting of two and
more crops (maize and beans, maize, sunflower,
pumpkins, etc.), trap cropping (the main crop is
surrounded by clover and on the second year the trap
crop is replaced by maize). The catch crops play an
important role in the protection of soil from erosion
and pollution with chemical substances.
For example, after harvesting the wheat and the
necessary treatment of the soil it is possible to plant crops
such as lacy phacelia, legumes, mustard, etc. which are
not winter resistant. Until winter comes they produce
big vegetation mass which dies when it becomes cold
and covers the soil surface like mulch. Since the covered
soil is heated more slowly, strips of land are left during
the sowing of the catch crop. These strips are planted
with the next earthed-up crop next spring. This
technology allows farmers to avoid the use of herbicides
not only for the removal of the catch crop but also during
the vegetation of the main crop because the mulch can
also protect the plants.
Place in the crop rotation — very good crops that
can be planted before the main crops are the one-year
grain legumes — peas, vetch, chick peas, lentils, beans,
fodder legumes, early potatoes, and melon field crops.
Other types of crops that can be planted before the main
crop are the earthed-up crops such as maize, sunflower,
tobacco, late potatoes, and cotton.
Soil tillage. Soil tillage depends on the crop which
is planted before the main crop, the soil humidity, and
the amount of weeds in the soil and with reference to
these aspects biological agriculture does not differ from
conventional one. The appropriate system for soil
tillage is very important when all types of crops are
planted, including field crops. All activities should help
the reduction of soil depletion and the increase of soil
fertility.
In a period of conversion when there is a shift from
conventional to biological production it is necessary to
spend enough time and make efforts to restore soil
structure. With reference to this the following important
measures should be applied:
• Careful tillage;
• various schemes for crop rotation;
• regular use of organic fertilizers.
Deep ploughing has a negative effect on those
pests that spend their whole life or part of it in the soil.
Soil tillage stops the natural life cycles of development
of these pests. It also destroys the self-planted plants
and prevents the appearance and development of
powdery mildews and rusts which attack grain crops
and thus also stop the appearance of many pests which
feed on these weeds.
The simultaneous planting of several crops is an
important prerequisite for successful plant protection and
can allow farmers gradually minimize its use. It gives good
results if beet and sunflower are planted simultaneously
because the two crops develop well together and mutually
protect themselves from diseases and pests.
To include legumes in the crop rotation is of key
imoprtance for the improvement of soil fertility and
also stimulates green manuring. The successive
planting of deep-root and shallow-root plants facilitates
the better assimilation of nutrients and improves the
soil structure.
It is advisible to plant strips with flowering plants
along the field crops such as lacy phacelia, mustard,
rapeseed, sunflower.
Use of fertilizers. In order to secure the necessary
nutrients needed for good yields, it is necessary to enrich
the soil with phosphorus and potassium. The whole range
of phosphorus and potassium based fertilizers is applied
with the main tillage after the harvesting of the crops
which are planted before of the main crops or when these
preceding crops are planted to enrich the soil for their
proper development.
To use manure with grain crops is not appropriate
because it is mineralized rather late when the intensive
absorption of nutrients by the grain crops is already done.
For these reasons manure should be used for the
preceding crop.
To enrich the soil with nitrogen farmers should use
biological fertilizers two times — from 1/3 to 1/2 of the
norm when the soil is treated before sowing and the rest
1/2 to 2/3 of the norm in early spring I the form of feeding
up in February and March. When done in this period the
feeding is most effective because then there is enough
humidity in the soil. In addition, it secures enough nitrogen
needed for the beginning of the ear development
processes when the ear length and the productivity of
the crop are determined.
Sowing terms and sowing norms — are not
different from those referring to conventional production.
Cares during the vegetative period — generally
they take the form of protection from weeds through the
appropriate sequencing of crops; appropriate soil
treatment; usage of clean sowing material; securing the
100
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
М. Nikolova
appropriate thickness of crops; performing of all activities
by respecting optimal terms and deadlines.
Watering. To receive stable yields from the grain
crops it is necessary to water them especially when they
are cultivated biologically5. Watering is done before sowing
and during the vegetative period. The former type is done
in years with heavy autumn drought while the latter sustain
the optimal soil humidity according to the type of the soil
and vegetative period.
Harvesting. One phase harvesting — when the
grain is fully ripe and its humidity is 13-18%. Two —
phase harvesting (separate harvesting) — in the
transitional period from wax ripeness to the beginning of
the full ripeness. It is done when there are many weeds
and danger of heavy rains and hailstorms. The threshed
grain is transported to special places where it is left to
dry naturally to reach a humidity of 13-14% and is the
stored in silos or storehouses.
Plant protection
Weeds — when farmers have to protect the crops
from perennial weeds they use the methods of drying
and exhaustion. When earthed-up plants are grown
the activities related to plant protection involve their
rotation with winter grain crops. In modern agriculture
it is also efficient to use specially treated organic waste
(compost) which enriches the soil and can act as a
good herbicide.
Diseases and pests — protection from diseases
and pests id done by applying agro-technological and
biological measures:
• inclusion of grain cops in crop rotation after peas,
beans, sunflower, beet and other earthed-up plants;
• choosing varieties of plants that are resistant and
not so susceptible to climate influences and planning for
various crops;
• moderate and balanced application of organic
fertilizers against all types of pests, dust-brand and
powdery mildew;
• sowing of high quality seeds with high absolute
weight, germination, and germinating energy;
• analysis of used seed material against various types
of smut, fusaria against smut, root decay, various bacteria
and fusaria caused diseases;
• complying with the optimal sowing terms for the
respective crops, trying to avoid early and late sowing;
• complying with the optimal sowing norms and
depths;
• timely harvesting by avoiding crumbling and over-
drying of the grain to prevent from various fusaria, Aelia
accuminata L and storehouse pests;
• surface treatment of stubbles against self-planted
species and to prevent the appearance of diseases such
as rusts and powdery mildew; and insects such as the
tiger beetle, the cereal leaf beetle, the Hessian fly , sunn
pests, plant lice, and various rodents;
• covering of the plant residues;
• keeping the cultivated areas clean of wheat weeds
against rusts, powdery mildew, smuts, fusaria caused
diseases, tiger beetles, Hessian flies, and stink bugs which
can damage the crops;
• elimination of the weed hosts such as bindweed,
corn thistle, amaranth, orach,etc.;
• use of «AgroBioStim» biological products such
as organic fertilizers, micro-fertilizers, ecological
fertilizers, ad natural stimulant.
Characteristic of rye — is that it can be included
in the crop rotation after legumes, sunflower, beet and
vegetables weeded with perennial root weeds or it can
be a compact crop together with winter peas used for
grazing and green manure against economically
important diseases and pests such as the ergot, fusaria
based diseases, various smuts, root and stem rot,
powdery mildew and perennial weeds. Seeds clear
from fungi should be used. This is achieved in the
following ways — the seeds are dipped in a sodium
chloride solution, then they are washed out and dried;
or the seeds are cleaned through a process of semi-
wet disinfection with copper sulphate against ergot or
stem smut.
Characteristic of barley — is that when it is grown
farmers should select varieties that are resistant and not
so susceptible to climate influences. They should also
plan for various crop structure by using different varieties
such as Obzor, Krasi 2, Yubilei 100, Rusi, etc. Farmers
should also use high quality seeds which have been tested
for diseases such as loose smut, barley stripe, smuts and
pests or treated thermally against diseases if there are
not available healthy seeds.
Conclusion
The biological production of grain crops allows the
harvesting of yields with high biological quality through
minimum energy consumption and other costs. Under
the conditions of contemporary environmentally-friendly
and sustainable agriculture it is a good possibility for the
development of mixed biological plant growing and animal
breeding farms.
When here is sufficient knowledge of the
environmental factor requirements of the particular crops
it is entirely possible to deal efficiently with the basic
difficulties related to the provision of appropriate nutrients
5 Yancheva, H., 2008. Handbook on biological agriculture, Plovdiv, p. 128
101
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (22), 2010
М. Nikolova
and protection from pathogens and pests necessary for
the biological production of these crops. Nevertheless,
despite these difficulties, the biological production of grain
crops has good prospects in Bulgaria. What is more, the
demand for healthy and safe food products constantly
increases which leads to an increase in the production of
biologically grown products.
Nikolova М. The biological production of grain
crops — a perspective form of sustainable agriculture
in Bulgaria
Agricultural ecology is a key element of the EU
legislation and over the last years its importance for the
common agricultural policy has increased. One of the
biggest challenges for Bulgaria in the process of its
economical restructuring is to secure a balance between
the sufficient production of food supplies and the increase
of employment on one hand and the preventive protection
of the environment on the other hand.
The biological agriculture has been chosen as a
pilot agricultural activity within the framework of the
agricultural ecological measure in the country.
Regardless of this fact, Bulgaria has been late compared
to a number of European countries which have gained
experience in the field of biological production.
Nevertheless, despite the existing problems in the
realization of the agro-ecological activities in animal
breeding, the biological production is gaining momentum
and is turning into a profitable strategy for each modern
agricultural business.
Key words: biological agriculture, biological
production of grain crops, specific characteristics in
Bulgaria.
Николова М. Біологічне виробництво уро-
жаїв зерна — перспективна форма підтримува-
ного сільського господарства в Болгарії
Сільськогосподарська екологія — ключовий еле-
мент законодавства ЄС, і за минулі роки його зна-
чимість для загальної сільськогосподарської політики
лише збільшилася. Один з головних викликів для Бол-
гарії в процесі її економічної реструктуризації — за-
безпечити баланс між достатнім виробництвом про-
дуктів харчування та збільшенням зайнятості з одного
боку і попереджувальним захистом навколишнього се-
редовища — з іншого.
Біологічне сільське господарство було вибране
як експериментальна сільськогосподарська діяльність
в рамках сільськогосподарського екологічного захо-
ду в країні. Не зважаючи на цей факт, Болгарія була
порівняна з низкою Європейських країн, які вже ма-
ють досвід у сфері біологічного виробництва. Проте,
незважаючи на існуючі проблеми в реалізації агро-еко-
логічних дій в тваринництві, біологічне виробництво
набуває інерції і перетворюється на прибуткову стра-
тегію для кожного сучасного сільськогосподарсько-
го бізнесу.
Ключові слова: біологічне сільське господарство,
біологічне виробництво урожаїв зерна, специфічні
характеристики в Болгарії.
Николова М. Биологическое производство
урожаев зерна — перспективная форма поддер-
живаемого сельского хозяйства в Болгарии
Сельскохозяйственная экология — ключевой эле-
мент законодательства EС и за прошедшие годы его
важность для общей сельскохозяйственной политики
только увеличилась. Один из главных вызовов для
Болгарии в процессе её экономичной реструктуриза-
ции — обеспечить баланс между достаточным произ-
водством продуктов питания и увеличением занятос-
ти с одной стороны и предупредительной защитой
окружающей среды — с другой.
Биологическое сельское хозяйство было выбра-
но как экспериментальная сельскохозяйственная дея-
тельность в рамках сельскохозяйственного экологи-
ческого мероприятия в стране. Несмотря на этот факт,
Болгария была поздно сравнена с рядом Европейс-
ких стран, которые имеют опыт в сфере биологичес-
кого производства. Однако, несмотря на существую-
щие проблемы в реализации агро-экологических дей-
ствий в животноводстве, биологическое производство
приобретает инерцию и превращается в прибыльную
стратегию для каждого современного сельскохозяй-
ственного бизнеса.
Ключевые слова: биологическое сельское хозяй-
ство, биологическое производство урожаев зерна,
специфические характеристики в Болгарии.
Received by the editors: 25.10.2010
and final form in 01.12.2010
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