The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova
В статті, на підставі аналізу впровадження освітнього проце судля ромських громад в республіці Молдова, висвітленно численні об’єктивні й суб’єктивні проблеми, які виникли в перехідний період. Молдовське суспільство перебуває на початковому етапі пошуку потрібних механізмів впровадження ромс...
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Інститут української археографії та джерелознавства імені М.С. Грушевського НАН України
2008
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| Назва видання: | Науковi записки. Збiрник праць молодих вчених та аспiрантiв |
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irk-123456789-269172013-02-03T17:53:13Z The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova Duminica, І. В статті, на підставі аналізу впровадження освітнього проце судля ромських громад в республіці Молдова, висвітленно численні об’єктивні й суб’єктивні проблеми, які виникли в перехідний період. Молдовське суспільство перебуває на початковому етапі пошуку потрібних механізмів впровадження ромських освітніх програм. Незважаючи на досить інтенсивні зусилля неурядових організацій і, частково, державного сектору, більшість проблем освіти ромів залишаються невирішеними. На базе анализа организации образовательного процесса для ромских общин в республике Молдова, статья освещает многие объективные и субъективные проблемы, возникающие в переходный период. Молдавское общество пока пребывает лишь на начальном этапе поиска походящих путей к решению ромских образовательных программ. Несмотря на относительно интенсивные усилия неправительственных организаций и, частично, государственного сектора, большинство проблем образования ромов все ещё не решены. On base of the analysis of the Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova, this article demonstrates the many objective and subjective problems that appear in this transitional period. Moldovan society is still only at the beginning of its search for appropriate ways of solving Roma educational issues. In spite of the relatively intense efforts of non-governmental organization and partially also the governmental sector, the situation of Roma education is not yet being solved in the most efficient way. As suggested in the text, there are some strategic possibilities for taking responsible measure. 2008 Article The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova / І. Duminica // Науковi записки. Збiрник праць молодих вчених та аспiрантiв. — Т. 15. — К., 2008.— С. 162-170. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. XXXX-0076 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/26917 en Науковi записки. Збiрник праць молодих вчених та аспiрантiв Інститут української археографії та джерелознавства імені М.С. Грушевського НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| description |
В статті, на підставі аналізу впровадження освітнього проце судля ромських громад в республіці Молдова, висвітленно численні об’єктивні й суб’єктивні
проблеми, які виникли в перехідний період. Молдовське суспільство перебуває на
початковому етапі пошуку потрібних механізмів впровадження ромських освітніх
програм. Незважаючи на досить інтенсивні зусилля неурядових організацій і,
частково, державного сектору, більшість проблем освіти ромів залишаються
невирішеними. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Duminica, І. |
| spellingShingle |
Duminica, І. The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova Науковi записки. Збiрник праць молодих вчених та аспiрантiв |
| author_facet |
Duminica, І. |
| author_sort |
Duminica, І. |
| title |
The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova |
| title_short |
The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova |
| title_full |
The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova |
| title_fullStr |
The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova |
| title_sort |
educational process of the roma community in the republic of moldova |
| publisher |
Інститут української археографії та джерелознавства імені М.С. Грушевського НАН України |
| publishDate |
2008 |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/26917 |
| citation_txt |
The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic of Moldova / І. Duminica // Науковi записки. Збiрник праць молодих вчених та аспiрантiв. — Т. 15. — К., 2008.— С. 162-170. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
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Науковi записки. Збiрник праць молодих вчених та аспiрантiв |
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AT duminicaí theeducationalprocessoftheromacommunityintherepublicofmoldova AT duminicaí educationalprocessoftheromacommunityintherepublicofmoldova |
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2025-07-03T06:40:07Z |
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2025-07-03T06:40:07Z |
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1836606877556801536 |
| fulltext |
162 163
(Decision Nr.1453 from the 21st of December 2006), is concerned about the
accomplishment of the main directions for supporting Roma community [2]. In
the same time, the Moldovan Government initiated the supporting process of the
Roma people in 2001 (Decision Nr. 131 from the 16th of February 2001 „Re-
garding some measures of supporting the Roma from Moldova”, during 2001 –
2010) [3]; the results achieved by the governors were presented in the report
done by the UNDP. One of the UNDP reporters alleged that „in order to solve
the social integration problems of Roma, the Moldovan governors have to pass
from words to action”. But because of the lack of financial resources, the imple-
mentation process of these actions is done „little by little”. For solving the „Prob-
lem of Roma”, according to the representatives of the Central Public Adminis-
tration, it is necessary to implement activities like trainings, round tables, semi-
nars etc. The result of these actions is only words, but so as to pass to the imple-
mentation of concrete activities, the Moldovan Government has to assume some
responsibilities. One of them is to acquit 20.000 Euro per year so as to accede to
the Roma Inclusion Decade (2005 – 2015), supported financially by the World
Bank with over 400 million Euro. This Decade is an initiative of 9 governments
from the Central and Southern-Eastern Europe: Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia,
Macedonia, Slovakia, Czech Rep., Hungary and Montenegro, having as scope
to improve the social-economic situation of Roma in a regional framework, be-
ing based on the adoption of the national action plans for 2005-2015. The repre-
sentative of the World Bank, who invited the Moldovan Government to join this
regional structure in order to benefit from the international projects, remained
without any answer. It seems that the Roma community situation is going to
remain uncertain till 2010, when the “Action plan for supporting Roma from
Moldova, durring 2007-2010” will expire.
For now the state structures conserve the existing situation of Roma people
from Moldova, their social integration remains an unachievable goal, without
any external financial support. The politics operated by the governmental bodies
are focused on holding some ethno-cultural festivals that have the role to trans-
form the Moldovan Roma in a touristic attraction for foreigners [4].
Education has a major importance not only in reducing the risk of poverty,
but also in capitalizing human potential. Ensuring the right to education is a
universal right which is incorporated in the Constitution of the Republic of
Moldova and in the nationalized Millennium Development Goal 2, where
Moldova committed to achieve universal access to secondary (gymnasium) school
education thus increasing the enrolment rate in secondary (gymnasium) school
education from 88% in 2002, to 88.9% in 2006, to 93.8% in 2010 and to 100%
Education is the main element in the development of a nation. By acquiring
the necessary knowledge, a person increases its self-esteem and has the neces-
sary intellectual level in order to participate to a healthy social and political life
of his/her own country. This phenomenon shall address not only to the majority
of the population, but also to the national minorities, including Roma. In the
Republic of Moldova, the education of Roma minority is an important issue as
far as their number is rather high: 12. 271 – according to the results of the last
general census of population in Moldova (5-12 October, 2004). A particularity
of Roma community from Moldova is the dispersion of their living places all
over the country. There is no area where Roma minority is concentrated. At this
end it is needed a specific support for Roma inclusion through education and
other community activities.
On the 7th of December, 2007 the UNDP launched the first integral report
on the social-economic situation of the Roma community from the Republic of
Moldova. In this report, the statistics and the qualitative analysis confirmed the
alarming situation and the social-economic problems that Roma are facing: the
high unemployment rate, the high level of illiteracy; the increasing mortality
among newly-born children; the low rate of vaccination among Roma children;
the lack of adequate conditions for a decent living (electricity, potable water, gas,
roads etc.); the lack of didactic materials in Rromani language; the low represen-
tativeness of Roma in the Local and Central Public Administration structures
etc. The results exposed in this report have the role to bring the precarious state
of the Roma population from Moldova to the attention of the governmental bod-
ies and to stimulate the adoption of some adequate public politics in order to
solve these problems [1].
Currently, the Government of the Republic of Moldova, after the adoption
of the „Action Plan on Supporting the Roma from Moldova, during 2007-2010”
Іon Duminica (Moldova)
THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF THE ROMA COMMU-
NITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
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private ones (but they need to pay taxes for studying). The Roma youth are in-
cluded in the special category of graduators, who need special facility criteria to be
enrolled in higher institutions supported by the state budget. This social category
that benefits from these facilities consists of: 1. The orphans. 2. The people with
disabilities. 3. The children from very big families (5 and more members). 4. The
children whose parents are victims of the Chernobyl disaster (1986). 5. The chil-
dren whose parents fought in the Afghanistan war (1979-1989).
So, the Roma youth face a big problem in benefiting from this facility criteria,
most of them don’t have good marks in the graduating certificate of the primary
school. Most of the time they work with their parents abroad, for instance in Russia
and Ukraine and they miss a lot of courses. When graduating the primary school,
the Roma youth have a low general mark and they can not be competitive with
other youth included in this social support category. In general, in the Roma com-
munities from Moldova it is not common to be actively involved in the educational
process. The pattern principle has a big influence on Roma people. According to
this principle it is not necessary to study. The main objective of Roma is to be rich,
but not smart. “If I have money, I am an influent person, but if I have the certificate
of higher education, I am nothing”, say the most part of Roma leaders. This is the
results of post-transitional society, who strives against poverty [8].
On the other hand, there are some Roma youth who wanted to obtain a good
professional degree so as to have an office work. In this way, they wanted to be
good specialists, unlike their unemployed friends. So, in the budgeted level of
higher education it is a big competitiveness (in some institutions there is corrup-
tion in obtaining a scholarship). It was a good practice to initiate a national con-
test for Roma youth with the support of Soros Foundation. Twenty four Roma
students have obtained special financial support from the Roma Memorial Uni-
versity Scholarship Program for 2006-2007. It is the beginning of the biggest
process of Roma inclusion in the higher educational level. The main obstacle in
this progressive process is the lack of any primary or higher education institu-
tions where Roma educational process is attested in Rromani language. The
educational process in the Republic of Moldova is implemented in Moldovan,
Russian, Gagauze, Ukrainian, Bulgarian languages, but there are no schools where
children study in Rromani language. Now, only in the Institute of Cultural Heri-
tage it is being researched the Roma history and culture, but most of these re-
searches’ results show that young Roma students don’t know the Roma history
and culture as they are missing from the Moldovan schools. So, now it is very
necessary to implement the educational process in Moldova in Rromani lan-
guage for Roma people, so as to stimulate their educational level [9].
in 2015. The results of the survey show a significant gap in education and lit-
eracy levels between Roma and non-Roma. The education component of the
Human Development Index, unlike other components, shows the biggest differ-
ence, one-third lower for Roma than for non-Roma. Compared to the rest of
population, Roma have a much higher illiteracy rate, a much lower level of
education, a significantly lower enrolment in education and a higher drop-out
rate. Roma education and literacy levels fall well short of the national average.
Every fifth Roma cannot write and read, while a person with college or higher
education degree is a rarity, this category constituting only 4% of the total Roma
population in comparison to the non-Roma population enrolment of 38%. The
drop-out rates at schools and low enrolments among Roma children have alarm-
ing proportions and raise the legitimate question: why is this happening? [5].
The reasons for school non-attendance are both objective and subjective.
From the objective point of view, Roma claim they lack of the financial capacity
to support their children’s education. There are also child health related prob-
lems and problems related to school infrastructure. From a subjective point of
view parents invest little effort in encouraging their children’s education since
many consider that the child has already achieved the necessary level of educa-
tion. Early marriages and perceived discrimination in schools are determining
factors. Another important factor that can influence the educational process of
Roma is the migration of the entire family abroad so as to find work [6].
In order to solve the problem of Roma school non-attendance, a series of
activities have been undertaken concerning both the enrolment of Roma chil-
dren in the cycles of compulsory education, and the creation, using the principles
of positive discrimination, of favourable conditions for the promotion of young
Roma in higher education. However in practice, inclusion of Roma children in
the cycles of compulsory education – primary and low secondary (gymnasium) –
have not been a significant success - the situation, thus, remaining difficult [7].
In the area of higher education, the Ministry of Education has undertaken ac-
tions to simplify the access of Roma youths to Universities. Thus, in 2003 every
state institution of higher education reserved two budgetary scholarships and two
extra budgetary scholarships for candidates of Roma origin. In 2006, the Regula-
tion for higher education enrolment foresaw a share of 15% allocated to vulnerable
categories, including Roma, in the total enrolment places provided by the enrol-
ment plan for budgetary financing. However, there is little evidence that Roma
were included in these 15% and were actually getting access to higher education.
According to the national educational law, all people from the Republic of
Moldova have the right to study in higher education state institutions as well as in
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166 167
same time, the majority of the Roma people are indifferent about the local or
national public policies, a thing that reduces considerably the resonance of their
political voice [11].
Despite all these, although there are multiple problems that Roma people
from Moldova face, the education remains the major handicap in improving the
social-economic situation of this ethnical group. The governmental measures
focused on the clearance of these social problems, didn’t reach the expected
result yet, because the state doesn’t have sufficient financial resources to revere
its engagements taken in the Action Plan for 2007-2010. In April 2003, the Helsinki
Committee for Human Rights from Moldova made an analytic study in the Roma
communities. According to the data exposed in the report, each non-Roma child
was allocated 25 Euro from the local budgets for education, comparing to 0, 01
Euro for a Roma child, which is 200 times less [12]. In the Ursari village (Calarasi
district), all the pupils from the 1st to the 4th forms, study in only one classroom,
without central heating and electricity. In the majority of Roma communities
there is a lack of kindergartens, this degrading condition creating a huge disad-
vantage to the integration process of children in the primary education system.
So, currently the state doesn’t have a national strategy to improve the education
level of the Roma people from Moldova and the needed competent staff for the
efficient implementation of this objective; that is why this problem is solved in
an undirected way by different actors of the civil society [13].
The first attempt in this domain was made by the Public Association “Ograda
Noastrã”, which grace to the financial support of the USA Embassy in 2004
opened a Club for Roma Children in the Zirnesti commune (Cahul district). In
this club, about 30 Roma children together with their non-Roma mates study the
English language and literature and get relevant knowledge in the health, ecol-
ogy and human rights areas [14].
In 2005, the Union of Young Roma “Tarna Rom” created the “Network of
the Roma Children”, formed by 20 children and representatives of Roma com-
munities from the Northern, Central and Southern regions of Moldova. With the
financial support of the Holland foundation “Spolu” the Roma pupils and mem-
bers of the national network had the opportunity to study the “History and Cul-
ture of Moldovan Roma” together with their non-Roma mates, to participate at
different competitions on Roma holidays, to organize local debates etc.
Another relevant case of primary education stimulation among Roma chil-
dren took place in Talmaza commune (Stefan Voda district). Participating at one
of the ordinary meetings of the district Council of Stefan Voda, where it was
discussed the problem of the low level of school housing of the children from the
To improve enrolment of Roma children in primary education, the Ministry
of Education monitored the activity of education departments concerning school
attendance by children from Roma families. According to the newly approved
Plan of Action to Support Roma in the Republic of Moldova, during 2007-2010,
the Government committed to develop a specialized curriculum for the disci-
pline “Language, History and Roma Culture”, as well as to deliver specialized
courses on teaching this discipline in pre-university (secondary and high school)
education institutions in Roma densely populated communities. Enrolment of
Roma children in pre-university (secondary and high school) education, the par-
ents’ motivation in ensuring participation of their children in the educational
process, the development of legal framework to support the organization and
activity in Sunday schools, as well as other programmes targeted towards elimi-
nating Roma illiteracy are among other planned actions. Certainly, these are
important actions. However they are quite broad and incomplete for ensuring the
enhancement of Roma education, Roma enrolment in the labour force market
and overall sustainable human development. The action plan also does not in-
clude any measures in terms of development and improved access to educational
materials, as well as human resources. The number of Rromani teachers is very
low, which contributes to perceived barriers in access to education and teaching
in native language [10].
Nowadays, the Roma represent the most prominent group of risk regarding
poverty. From many interdependent reasons, the poverty among Roma people
was caused by their unfavorable start point at the beginning of the transition
from the planned economy to the market economy. The low level of education
and the over-represented sector of unqualified jobs created disadvantages on the
labour market, combined with the discrimination and mistrust of the employers.
In this way, the Roma people had more difficulties in accessing the labour mar-
ket than other groups and became a prisoner of a vicious circle of poverty. The
additional barriers include the lack of access to loans and clear rights of property.
These factors combined with the over-dependence on the humanitarian aids,
create a trap of poverty that impedes many Roma people to improve their living
conditions or to start their own enterprise. The persistent disadvantages of Roma
in the framework of the educational process are the lack of the minimum needed
knowledge that is included in the scholar curriculum. The positive discrimina-
tion at which the Roma people are exposed because of the lack of didactic staff
that knows the Rromani language, increase the probability that the next genera-
tion of Roma will remain the poorest social segment if there it will not be pro-
duced strategic interventions to smooth away this social disadvantage. At the
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168 169
mine the end of their educational process and send their children to Moscow to
earn money through beggary, as this activity became very profitable the last
period of time. A solution asked from the governors is to stop the massive exodus
of Roma people abroad, especially during their primary compulsory education
period (September-May). [16] On the other hand, nobody can force somebody
to learn, without ensuring a stable future on knowledge base. So, in present it is
being attested a double disregard in school enrollment of Roma children. From a
point of view, the Roma children together with their parents alienate themselves
consciously from the educational process, from another point of view the local
and central governance don’t find solutions to stimulate their own staff (Roma
and non-Roma) to earn money in their own country and stop them going abroad
after finishing their studies and prevent them from becoming hacks like Roma.
[17] This “surviving” way is uniting Roma and non-Roma, despite their differ-
ent educational status. However, the attempts of some functionaries to stimulate
the access of Roma to the educational process, should be highly appreciated as in
the case of the mayor of Talmaza, Vladimir Plesca, who cared about the these
children whose future without knowledge would become bleak. [18]
Bibliographie:
1. Cace Sorin, Cantarji Vasile et al., Roma in the Republic of Moldova // Chisinau:
UNDP Moldova, 2007
2. Hotãrîrea nr. 1453, 21 decembrie 2006 Cu privire la aprobarea Planului de
acþiuni pentru susþinerea þiganilor / romilor din Republica Moldova pe anii 2007 –
2010 // Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, nr. 203-206, 31.12.2006
3. Hotãrîrea nr. 131, 16 februarie 2001 Cu privire la unele mãsuri de susþinere a
þiganilor din Republica Moldova // Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, nr. 19-
20, 22.02.2001
4. Постановление № 82, 29 января 2002 Об этнокультурном фестивале //
Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, nr. 21-22, 05.02.2002
5. Federiuc Nicolae Problemele romilor din Moldova preocupã prea puþin
autoritãþile // Dreptul Meu, 27.12.2007
6. Zaharia Lilia Familiile de romi pleacã la munci peste hotare împreunã cu copiii
// Flux, 04.02.2005
7. [Молдова-пресс] Для развития культуры цыган // Независимая Молдова,
21.10.1993
8. Federiuc Nicolae Romii trebuie sг оnveюe єi sг nu-єi piardг identitatea // Flux,
10.03. 2006
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10. Рэдица Николай. Настоящее их противоречиво // ЭтноДиалог. Информа-
ционный бюллетень Центра по проблемам меньшинств. – Кишинёв, апрель 2007.
district, Mr Vladimir Plesca, mayor of Talmaza, was surprised about the data
presented by the functionaries from the educational directorate. According to
these data, in September 2005, the number of children not attending school in
Stefan Voda district was 0. To his question regarding how many Roma children
were attending school, the chief of the district directorate answered that Roma
children had not been included in the report, as “they all didn’t go to school
being always taken by their parents to work abroad”. This intolerant statement
made the mayor “protest”, he tried to explain the governors that the situation was
different. So, for the first time in the educational practice from Moldova, in
2005, the mayor Vladimir Plesca, gave money from the local budget of the town
hall to open a class for 11 Roma children of 7-12 years old in the primary school
nr 1 from the Talmaza commune. The purpose of this action was to give general
knowledge to these children (reading, writing, multiplication table, etc.) so as to
form them as good citizens. At present, the Roma class has 14 pupils who study
already courses of the 3d level of primary compulsory education. [15]
In November 2007, in the Theoretic Lyceum „Mihai Eminescu” from the
Hincesti city it was opened a class for 24 Roma pupils from the 1st to the 10th
forms, where they were studying an advanced Rromani language. Ms Elena
Bogdan and Angela Mirciu, after having participated in Romania at an inter-
national course of studying Rromani language (professor Gheorghe Sarau), came
back to Moldova as the first teachers of this course. This inedited activity which
is very necessary for preserving the Roma traditions in Moldova was implemented
grace to the financial support given by the Regional Centre “Project on Ethnic
Relations” for Central, Eastern and Southern-Eastern Europe (Bucharest) and
was efficiently managed by the “Women’s Political Club 50/50”.
Conclusively, it could be observed that poverty in Roma communities is
determined by the high rate of unemployment, the illiteracy among mature people
and children. That is why the main source of “income” for Roma is beggary.
Children are the ones to be the mostly involved in this activity, they don’t attend
school and they will become unemployed like their parents. The breakage of
this vicious circle Education-Unemployment-Poverty will not be successful while
the Roma children are neglecting school. The main way to stimulate the upturn
of the educational level of Roma children is to show them examples of Roma
personalities who through knowledge managed to grow out of the impasse gen-
erated by poverty. But as nowadays “money is the power” and “those who pos-
sess it” don’t realize the importance of the educational process, Roma remain
with their archaic and long-lasting point of view – “so as to make money, you
don’t have to study”. That is why the parents of Roma children usually deter-
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11. Цуркану Виорика Цыгане Молдовы: интеграционные аспекты // Inter-
conexiuni în contextul globalizării. (M. Cotlău coord.). – Iaşi: Pan Europe, 2005
12. Comitetul Helsinki pentru Drepturile Omului din Republica Moldova Situaţia
comunităţilor rurale ale romilor în Moldova: Regiunea Centru – Vest // Raport executiv. –
Chişinău, aprilie 2003.
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12.10.2001
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Flux, 04.02.2005
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copii romi // Dreptul Meu, 29.09.2007
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Думініку Іон. Освітній процес для ромських громад в республіці Молдова
В статті, на підставі аналізу впровадження освітнього процесу для ромських
громад в республіці Молдова, висвітленно численні об’єктивні й суб’єктивні проб-
леми, які виникли в перехідний період. Молдовське суспільство перебуває на почат-
ковому етапі пошуку потрібних механізмів впровадження ромських освітніх про-
грам. Незважаючи на досить інтенсивні зусилля неурядових організацій і, частково,
державного сектору, більшість проблем освіти ромів залишаються невирішеними.
Думиника Ион. Образовательный процесс для ромских общин в Молдове
На базе анализа организации образовательного процесса для ромских общин
в республике Молдова, статья освещает многие объективные и субъективные проб-
лемы, возникающие в переходный период. Молдавское общество пока пребывает
лишь на начальном этапе поиска походящих путей к решению ромских образова-
тельных программ. Несмотря на относительно интенсивные усилия неправитель-
ственных организаций и, частично, государственного сектора, большинство проб-
лем образования ромов все еше не решены.
Duminica Іon. The Educational Process of the Roma Community in the Republic
of Moldova
On base of the analysis of the Educational Process of the Roma Community in the
Republic of Moldova, this article demonstrates the many objective and subjective
problems that appear in this transitional period. Moldovan society is still only at the
beginning of its search for appropriate ways of solving Roma educational issues. In
spite of the relatively intense efforts of non-governmental organization and partially
also the governmental sector, the situation of Roma education is not yet being solved in
the most efficient way. As suggested in the text, there are some strategic possibilities for
taking responsible measure.
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