Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation
В полутораметровой пачке инситных рыхлых литологических отложений погребенного грота Кабази V обнаружено 56 археологических горизонтов (levels), которые составили 7 пачек горизонтов (subunits) и один культурный слой (Unit). Практически все горизонты представлены палимпсестами, которые образовались в...
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irk-123456789-288592011-11-25T12:11:36Z Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation Chabai, V.P. Patou-Mathis, M. В полутораметровой пачке инситных рыхлых литологических отложений погребенного грота Кабази V обнаружено 56 археологических горизонтов (levels), которые составили 7 пачек горизонтов (subunits) и один культурный слой (Unit). Практически все горизонты представлены палимпсестами, которые образовались в результате комбинации ряда антропогенных и геологических факторов: достаточно частых визитов гоминид, сопровождавшихся интенсивной эксплуатацией жилых поверхностей, и умеренной / низкой скорости аккумуляции рыхлых отложений. 2009 Article Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation / V.P. Chabai, M. Patou-Mathis // Археологический альманах. — 2009. — № 20. — С. 59-76. — англ. XXXX-0084 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/28859 en Археологический альманах Інститут археології НАН України |
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В полутораметровой пачке инситных рыхлых литологических отложений погребенного грота Кабази V обнаружено 56 археологических горизонтов (levels), которые составили 7 пачек горизонтов (subunits) и один культурный слой (Unit). Практически все горизонты представлены палимпсестами, которые образовались в результате комбинации ряда антропогенных и геологических факторов: достаточно частых визитов гоминид, сопровождавшихся интенсивной эксплуатацией жилых поверхностей, и умеренной / низкой скорости аккумуляции рыхлых отложений. |
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Chabai, V.P. Patou-Mathis, M. |
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Chabai, V.P. Patou-Mathis, M. Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation Археологический альманах |
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Chabai, V.P. Patou-Mathis, M. |
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Chabai, V.P. |
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Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation |
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Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation |
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Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation |
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Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation |
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Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation |
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kabazi v, late middle palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation |
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Інститут археології НАН України |
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2009 |
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Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation / V.P. Chabai, M. Patou-Mathis // Археологический альманах. — 2009. — № 20. — С. 59-76. — англ. |
| series |
Археологический альманах |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT chabaivp kabazivlatemiddlepalaeolithiccampsrawmaterialandfaunaexploitation AT patoumathism kabazivlatemiddlepalaeolithiccampsrawmaterialandfaunaexploitation |
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2025-07-03T09:00:47Z |
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2025-07-03T09:00:47Z |
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1836615727301263360 |
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STRATIGRAPHY, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE,
chroNology aNd eNviroNmeNt
The Kabazi V collapsed rock-shelter (44°84′ N; 34°03′
E) is situated at the foot of a limestone cliff, near the peak of
the south-west facing slope of Kabazi cuesta, 360 m above
sea level, and 150 m above the present day Alma River
valley (Crimea, Ukraine). The rock-shelter was formed
in relatively soft Eocene fossil clay (Eb), which underlies
the Eocene nummulitic limestone (Ea). The lithological
sequence is represented by 27 lithological layers, grouped
into 11 Strata (Table 1). The thickness of in situ soft cultural
bearing deposits comprises about 1,5 metres: lithological
layers 10 through 14A (Fig. 1). Fifty six archaeological
levels (thirty nine of them are in primary context), grouped
into seven sub-units and six Units (Table 1), were discovered
during the 1993-1996 and 2002-2003 field campaigns.
the archaeological occupations are subdivided into three
principal groups: those found in primary contexts – levels
II/4a, II/7, sub-units III/1, III/2, III/3, III/5, and Unit IV;
those partially disturbed by erosion – sub-units III/4, III/6,
and III/7; and those found in secondary context – Units I, IA,
IIA, levels II/1 through II/4, II/5 through II/6 (Yevtushenko
1998b, Chabai 2007, чабай, 2008).
kABAzi v, lATe MiDDle pAlAeoliThic cAMps: rAW MATeriAl
& fAunA eXploiTATion
V.P. CHABAI & M. PATOU-MATHIS.
Table 1. Kabazi V: lithological and archaeological sequences
geological sequence archaeological sequence
St
ra
ta
description
li
th
ol
og
ic
al
la
ye
rs
le
ve
ls
Su
b-
un
its
U
ni
ts
a 10YR4.5/1 poorly sorted gravelly silt loam; many angular and many rounded
limestone cobbles and pebbles; thick carbonate crusts on the clast bases; gradual
wavy boundary. 1 i/1
ib1 10YR7/2 gravelly silt; clasts, mainly granules, with some rounded pebble to
cobble clasts; continuous carbonate coats and some possible concretions; gradual
irregular boundary. 2 i/2
b2 10YR7/2 gravelly silt; clasts, mainly granules, with many rounded cobbles and
few boulders; continuous carbonate coats on clasts;clear irregular boundary paral-
lel to modern surface. 3 ia ia
c 10YR8/1 silt; massive; contains few granule-size fossil clasts in upper part; thins
down-slope; upslope it merges with weathered bedrock; faint bedding planes
parallel to slope; lower 10 cm indurated; gradual smooth boundary.
4 iia
iia
4a (4 rockfall) 1rf
5 iia
d 10YR7/3 clast supported granule gravel; some thin beds are silt matrix supported;
clasts mainly small fossils from bedrock; beds subhorizontal; gradual wavy
boundary.
6 (upper) ii/1
ii
6 (lower) ii/2
7 sterile
8 sterile
9 (upper)
ii/3
ii/3a
ii/3b
9 (lower) II/4
10 (upper)
II/4a
II/5
II/5a
II/6
10 (lower) ii/7
11 (3 rockfall) 2rf
e1 10YR7.5/4 silt with angular cobble to pebble eboulis clasts; some zone clast sup-
ported; few thin discontinuous beds of sand-sized rock fragments; unit thins and
pinches out to east; base of unit appears erosional.
12 (upper)
iii/1b
iii/1
iii
iii/1
iii/1a
iii/1c
iii/2
iii/2
iii/2a
кабази V: эксплуатация сырьевых и фаунистических ресурсов в финале среднего палеолита60
the main characteristic feature of kabazi v archaeological
sequence is the interstratification of occupations with
Micoquian and Levallois-Mousterian assemblages.
Micoquian assemblages were found in sub-units III/1, III/2
and III/5, while Levallois-Mousterian artefacts stem from
sub-unit III/3 and Unit IV (Veselsky 2008a, Chabai 2008a,
2008c, Demidenko 2008a, Yevtushenko 2008). The artefact
collections from occupations, which were partially eroded
(sub-units III/4, III/6 and III/7), contain both Micoquian and
Levallois-Mousterian technological and typological features
(Veselsky 2008d, 2008e, Chabai, 2008d).
the investigations of both lithological and archaeological
sequences clearly demonstrate that most of the archaeological
levels are products of palimpsests (Chabai 2007, Chabai,
Veselsky 2007). These palimpsests were able to develop
due to a combination of such factors as frequent human
visits, intensive exploitation of living surfaces, and medium
to low sedimentation rate. Most occupation surfaces feature
Table 1 (continued). Kabazi V: lithological and archaeological sequences
geological sequence archaeological sequence
St
ra
ta
description
li
th
ol
og
ic
al
la
ye
rs
levels
Su
b-
un
its
U
ni
ts
e2 10YR5/3 granual silt, with thin lenses of clast supported granual to pebble
eboulis; base of unit appears erosional.
12 (lower)
III/3-1
iii/3
iii
III/3-1A
III/3-1B
III/3-1C
III/3-1D
III/3-2
III/3-2A
III/3-3
III/3-3A
III/4-1
III/4
III/4-2
III/4-3
III/4-4
III/4-5
III/4-6
e3 10YR6/2 granual silt, some zone of clast supported; few thin discontinuous
beds of pebble-sized rock fragments; few large blocks of limestone rockfalll
(these are more common and larger in east wall of block); sediments fill verti-
cal fissures in rockfalll blocks at east; base of unit appears erosional at west.
12a
III/5-1A
III/5
III/5-1
III/5-1B
III/5-2
III/5-3
III/5-3в
III/5-3B2
III/6-1-2
III/6
III/6-3
III/7-1
iii/7III/7-2
III/7-3
13 (2 rockfall) 3rf
E4 2.5YR7/3 granual silt; massive, very hard when dry; clasts are mainly nummu-
litic fossil fragments; increase with eboulis content and clast size with depth,
with the same silt matrix; unit thins and pinches out to west; the boundary is
a few large blocks of limestone rockfalll east (sediments fill vertical fissures in
rockfalll blocks) and appears erosional at west. 14A
iv/1
iv
iv/2
iv/3
IV/4
f 2,5Y7/4 granual silt; massive, very hard when dry; clasts are mainly num-
mulitic fossil fragments with many rounded cobbles and boulders; brecciated
(lithological layer 14Bb) near the back-wall (square lines AA and A); gradual
wavy boundaries.
14Bb
14B
15 (1 rockfall)
16
g weathered bedrock; 2,5Y4/4 clayey channel (lithological layer 17) lies directly
on weathered bedrock limestone (lithological layers 18 and 19).
17
18
19
Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation 61
Figure 1: Kabazi V, combined sections along square lines 6 / 7 and д / е; Arabic numerals indicate lithological layers, combined Roman
and Arabic numerals indicate archaeological levels.
кабази V: эксплуатация сырьевых и фаунистических ресурсов в финале среднего палеолита62
but somewhat colder mean winter temperatures of -4-8. The
depth of snow cover was simulated as 0,5-5 cm for both
warm and cold phases of OIS 3. The difference between
“warm” and “cold events” consists in the number of days
Figure 3: Kabazi V, variation of large mammals (MNIc).
hearths and pits. Mammoth bones (level III/2) and wood
(level III/5-3B2) were both used as fuel for fires. All pits
were associated exclusively with Micoquian occupations
(Chabai, Veselsky 2007).
Radiometric investigations have yielded two alternative
versions (Table 2) for a chronology of Kabazi V: a “low”
one and a “high” one (Housley et al. 2007). Whereas the low
chronology is based on radiocarbon and eSr measurements,
and suggests that the entire kabazi v cultural sequence
dates to MIS 3, the high chronology, which is supported
by TL and OSL dates, places the sequence in MIS 4 to
MIS 5, or even earlier (Rink et al. 1998; McKinney 1998,
Housley et al. 2007). The pollen studies and the analysis
of micro-faunal remains support the low (radiocarbon and
ESR) chronology (Markova 2007, Gerasimenko 2007).
Interstadial environments were recognised in sub-units III/5
and III/4 (Hengelo), and in sub-unit III/1 (Denekamp), while
Unit IV, sub-units III/3 and III/2 accumulated under stadial
conditions (Fig. 2). During the interstadials the steppe and
meadow steppe landscapes were added by some forested
areas. While during the stadials the steppe landscapes
prevail. The cold adapted species of small mammals for
both stadial and interstadial conditions were not identified
(Markova 2007).
The large mammal assemblages show (Fig. 3) the
presence of cold adapted species (Mammuthus primigemius,
Coelodonta antiquitatis, Rangifer tarandus) during the
formation of upper sub-units III/1, III/2, III/3, III/4, as well
as their absence in lowermost occupations of sub-units
III/5, III/6, III/7 and Unit IV (Patou-Mathis 2007). Such
distributions of the cold adapted large mammals are well
corresponding with the subdivision of OIS 3 on “warm”
and “cold” events (Van Andel, Davis, eds. 2003). Meso-
scale simulations of temperatures conducted for a “warm
event” of OIS 3 in Crimean Mountains produced +20-25°
C for the mean summer temperature, and -4-0°C for the
winter (Barron et al. 2003). Simulations for a “cold event”
of oiS 3 produced the same mean summer temperatures,
Figure 2: Kabazi V, ecological groups of small mammals from
different levels and sub-units (after Markova 2007).
Table 2. Kabazi V: chronology & bio-stratigraphy*
Units / Sub-
Units / levels
levels "high chronology" "Low chronology"
Bio-srtatigraphy
oSl U-series tl eSr, eU,
mean
eSr, lU,
mean eSr age amS
levels II/4A; II/7
60
,0
-1
00
,0
interstadial
(Denekamp)Sub-unit III/1
iii/1 73,3±6,0 (4) 24±2 (3) 31±1 26 – 30
iii/1a 81,0 ± 9,0 41±2 (1) 55±4 <41 OxA-X-2134-45,
30,98±0,22
Sub-unit III/2
Stadial
Sub-unit III/3
Sub-unit III/4
interstadial
(Hengelo)Sub-unit III/5 III/5-3B2 OxA-14726,
38,78±0,36
Sub-unit III/6
StadialSub-unit III/7
Unit iv about 200,0
*bio-stratigraphical definitions after A. Markova (1999, 2007), the radiometric dates after J. Rink et al. (1998), and Housley et al. (2007)
Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation 63
with snow cover: while “warm events” where thought
to have 10-30 days of winter snow cover, “warm events”
had 30-60 days, correspondingly (Barron et al. 2003). The
present day July mean temperature composes +20-19;
January mean temperature composes 0-1; and 15-20 days
of the ice-covered ground (Bagrov, Rudenko, eds. 2004).
Thus, the OIS 3 climate in Crimean mountainous region was
relatively mild being, at the same time, more continental
than the present day environment.
RAW MATERIAL EXPLOITATION
Kabazi V is situated in the vicinity of flint outcrops. Thus,
both Micoquian inhabitants and Levallois-Mousterians
would have had access to the same sources of raw material,
and the structures of artefact assemblages clearly demonstrate
the workshop model of raw material exploitation: the
presence of raw material pieces – chunks; the relatively high
percentages of cores and preforms; the high percentages of
debitage (flakes and blades); the medium, as for the Crimean
Middle Palaeolithic, percentages of tools (Table 3; Fig. 4).
This to say, that both Micoquians and Levallois-Mousterians
brought to Kabazi V flint plaquettes and nodules for further
flaking. However, the technological approaches to the raw
material employed in Micoquian and Levallois-Mousterian
occupations are quite different. Whereas the former
preferred the elaboration of bifacial preforms and bifacial
tool production, the latter concentrated on core reduction
with modification of debitage into unifacial tools.
Such a dichotomy is clearly seen in numerous attributes.
For example, the insignificant role of cores in Micoquian
primary flaking is reflected in a both a high unifacial tool to
core ratio (an average of 26 : 1) and blank to core ratio (an
average of 85,6 : 1). For Levallois-Mousterian occupations
these ratios are characterised by quite different values: no
more than 38 flakes and blades were struck from one core
and 7 of them were modified into tools (Table 3). In the case
of Micoquian occupations, the majority of flakes and blades
stemmed from bifacial tool production. The refitted “cover”
of a bifacial tool shows that 44 flakes and 7 blades were
struck during the production of this particular tool (Veselsky
2008b). For Micoquian occupations the ratios of bifacial
tools to blanks (flakes and blades) vary from 1 : 33,3 (sub-
unit III/2) and up to 1 : 49,8 (sub-unit III/5).
the different origin of debitage in micoquian and
Levallois-Mousterian occupations resulted in blank
assemblages with quite different characters. On the whole,
blanks from Levallois-Mousterian occupations are longer,
wider and thicker (Chabai 2008c). The application of a
Table 3. Kabazi V: the model of raw material exploitation on the Micoquian and Levallois-Mousterian camps, type A*
levels Tools, % Blanks** : Cores Unifacial tools : Cores density of artefacts per m3
m
ic
oq
ui
an
iii/1b 19,6 1:87,5 1:15,5 2069,7
iii/1 26,1 1:246,6 1:10,6 2022,6
iii/1c 18,0 no cores no cores 266,6
iii/1a 30,3 1:98,0 1:26,8 2810,1
iii/2 19,1 1:340,5 1:54,0 782,6
iii/2a 19,7 no cores no cores 666,6
Le
va
llo
is
-M
ou
st
er
ia
n III/3-1 21,2 1:20,0 1:4,5 1439,1
III/3-1A 12,0 1:16,4 1:2,1 1243,5
III/3-2 16,1 1:37,3 1:6,3 926,1
III/3-2A 21,2 1:39,0 1:8,5 1583,0
III/3-3 17,5 1:67,8 1:12,0 1452,2
III/3-3A 24,2 1:37,8 1:9,4 2230,4
m
ic
oq
ui
an
III/5-1A 32,3 1:63,5 1:20,0 369,4
III/5-1 29,7 1:67,0 1:18,7 815,4
III/5-1B 22,2 1:80,0 1:18,0 450,0
III/5-2 26,8 1:90,8 1:22,6 925,0
III/5-3 34,3 1:32,4 1:10,7 907,4
III/5-3B 34,8 1:61,0 1:20,3 1172,7
III/5-3B2 25,4 1:52,2 1:12,8 1133,3
Le
va
llo
is
-
m
ou
st
er
ia
n iv/1 8,8 1:43,0 1:3,6 1397,5
iv/2 13,0 1:48,8 1:6,3 870,8
iv/3 26,1 1:33,5 1:9,0 427,8
*the data used for calculations are after Veselsky 2008a, Chabai 2007, 2008a, 2008c, Demidenko 2008a, Yevtushenko 2008
**including tools on flakes and blades
кабази V: эксплуатация сырьевых и фаунистических ресурсов в финале среднего палеолита64
specific core reduction strategy, which is similar to the
Biache method (Demidenko 2008a, Chabai 2008c), resulted
in regularly shaped debitage and high blade indexes (Ilam =
23-24). On the other hand, Micoquian debitage is represented
by short, often transversal, flakes with incurvate profiles,
low blade indexes (Ilam = 7-14), and irregularly shaped
blades (Veselsky 2008a, Chabai 2008a, Yevtushenko 2008).
The bifacial thinning /shaping flakes and blades constitute
a minimum of 20 % of the total sum of flakes and blades.
Bifacial thinning /shaping chips are about twice as frequent.
the different technological approaches affect the
morphology of tool-kits. In a whole, the Micoquian
assemblages characterized by the bifacial crescent and leaf
shaped points and scrapers, unifacial simple, crescent and
trapezoidal scrapers (Fig. 5). The Levallois-Mousterian
assemblages characterized by the simple scrapers and distal
points; both are often made on blades (Fig. 6).
FAUNA EXPLOITATION
Taphonomy
The bone surfaces are relatively well preserved. In
exceptions are the levels of Unit IV. The climato-edaphic
agents do not have really altered the bone remains, showing
that sediments covered bones enough quickly. Root prints
of plants are also rare, that is the temperature or humidity
variations were tiny. All the levels present few bones per
skeleton and a high degree of fragmentation. First, due to the
human activity and, secondly, due to the post-depositional
agents (sediment pressure and trampling), indicating that the
rock-shelter was intensively used. The carnivores are few
or absent. The rock-shelter was never used as a carnivore
den, but in some levels like III/3-3A, hyenas or wolves have
chewed or regurgitated some bones. The carnivores were
not the main agent of bone assemblages’ accumulation;
they just discreetly participate in this process. In these same
layers, butchering marks (i.e. cut marks and bone breakage)
were observed on bones.
The zooarchaeological analyses of the whole Kabazi
V sequence was already published (Burke 1999, Chabai,
Patou-Mathis 2006, Patou-Mathis 2007). This paper is
analysing the most characteristic assemblages from levels
III/1, III/1A, III/2, III/3-3A and III/5-3B.
level iii/1
This assemblage presents two main species: the saiga
antelope, with 40 % of the estimated individuals, and equus
hydruntinus, with 29 % (Fig. 7).
Saiga is identified by 359 bone remains, corresponding
to at least 11 individuals. The mortality profile shows that
prime age adults are well represented, corresponding to a
human predation (Fig. 8). They correspond to a small herd
composed of young (of which 1 male) and females. For most
of them, complete carcasses were carried on site area (Fig.
9). Dismembering, filleting and breakage of long bones for
marrow extraction were done on the site.
equus hydruntinus is identified by 309 bone remains,
corresponding to at least 8 individuals, of which are 1 male
and 2 gravid females. The mortality profile shows that prime
age adults are well represented, corresponding to a human
predation (Fig. 10). All the skeletal units are represented but
with fewer values of the axial skeleton (Fig. 11). They were
probably killed in spring and dismembered on the killing-
butchering station. The meat removal and some breakage
of long bones were done in the rock shelter. It is to be noted
that 13 Equus bones are burned.
The other species were hunted or scavenged by
Neanderthals or carnivores (as Hyena).
Two butchery areas in squares 7а, 8а and 7в, 7г, 7д
were pointed out (Fig. 12).
level iii/1A
Saiga antelope is the main species, with 30 % of
estimated individuals (Fig. 13). Also, equus hydruntinus
and horses are good represented.
Saiga is identified by 221 bone remains, corresponding
to at least 6 individuals (Fig. 14). They were hunted, and for
most of them, complete carcasses were brought on site area
(Fig. 15). Dismembering, filleting, breakage of long bones
for marrow extracting were done on the site.
equus hydruntinus is identified by 46 bone remains,
associated with at least 3 individuals, of which 1 young
(1-2 year old) and 2 gravid females (aged of 7-8 and 9-10
years old). Probably, these gravid females have been killed
in spring. All the skeletal units are represented, but with
fewer values of the axial skeleton. The exploitation of
equus carcasses is complete. They were probably hunted in
spring, dismembered on the killing-butchering station and
Figure 4: Kabazi V, artefact structures, by level.
Figure 5: Kabazi V, Micoquian artefacts from levels III/1 (2, 3), III/5-2 (5), III/5-3 (1), III/5-3B2 (4), after Veselsky 2008a and
Yevtushenko 2008. Scrapers: 1 – semi-crescent; 2, 3 – semi-trapezoidal. Bifacial scrapers: 4 – semi-crescent, backed; 5 – semi-leaf.
Figure 6: Kabazi V, Levallois-Mousterian artefacts from levels III/3-1A (1, 7), III/3-3A (4, 6), IV/1 (2, 3, 5), after Demidenko 2008a
and Chabai 2008c. Scrapers: 1, 4, 6 – convex; 5 – straight. Points: 2, 3 – distal. Core: 7 – radial. Tools: 1, 5 – made on Levallois flakes;
2, 4, 6 – made on blades.
Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation 67
consumed in the Kabazi V rock-shelter.
The other species were hunted or scavenged by
Neanderthals.
Two butchery areas (in 8а, 7а, 7б, 7в – near pits, and
8е, 8Ж, 8з – around hearth) were identified, one around the
hearth (Fig. 16).
level iii/2
This assemblage presents two main species: the saiga
antelope, with 30 % of the estimated individuals, and Equus
hydruntinus, with 22 % (Fig. 17).
Neanderthals killed at least 4 saigas: 1 young, 3 adults
(1 prime adult and 2 old female). They probably correspond
to a small herd composed by young and females. The young
saiga (aged of about 4 months) was killed at the end of
summer, before the fall migration. All the skeletal units are
represented. Complete carcasses were carried on site, but
dismembering was done outside rock-shelter or excavated
area. The lack of complete long bones attests the intensive
exploitation of carcasses, for meat, skin, marrow and
grease.
they used up at least 3 equus hydruntinus: 1 young
Figure 8: Kabazi V, level III/1, mortality profile of Saiga tatarica.
Figure 9: Kabazi V, level III/1, preservation of major skeletal units of
Saiga tatarica, in minimum animal units (MAU).
Figure 10: Kabazi V, level III/1, mortality profile of Equus hydruntinus.
Figure 11: Kabazi V, level III/1, preservation of major skeletal units of
Equus hydruntinus, in minimum animal units (MAU).
Figure 7: Kabazi V, level III/1, variation of large mammals (% MNIc).
Figure 12: Kabazi V, level III/1, the map.
Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation 69
and 2 prime adult female (one was gravid). Probably, the
24 weeks aged foetus died in spring. Taking into account
the percentage of survivorship, the gravid female and the
young were hunted. They were dismembered on the killing-
butchering station, and transported in quarter in the rock-
shelter. The carcass exploitation was very intensive: there
are no complete bones. Probably, the adult equid was
scavenged, with a second access to the carcass.
according to the taphonomical analysis and the nature of
burned bones, this level corresponds to at least two human
occupations. At the end of summer time, Neanderthals
occupied the rock-shelter. Minimum 4 saiga were killed.
After their left, Hyenas came for gnawing human garbage’s.
another time, probably in spring, Neanderthals came to
the rock-shelter. They killed at least 1 gravid female and
1 young equus hydruntinus and maybe 1 hare. They also
gathered pieces of carcasses of at least 1 equus hydruntinus,
1 mammoth and 1 woolly rhinoceros and used their bones
as fuel. Butchering activities on equids and saiga happened
mainly in two squares (8Ж and 8з) and cooking near hearth
– squares 7в, 7г, 8в, 8г (Fig. 18).
level iii/3-3A
equus hydruntinus is the main species, with 37 % of
estimated individuals (Fig. 19).
equus hydruntinus is represented by 44 remains,
corresponding to at least 5 individuals: 1 new-born foal, 1
young of 2-3 year old, 1 sub-adult of 3-4 year old and 2 adults
of 7-8 year old. Carcass exploitation is intensive; it has no
complete long bone. Probably, these equids were hunted at
the beginning of summer, they were dismembered on the
killing-butchering site, and fragments of carcasses were
prepared and transported in Kabazi V rock-shelter, where
they were disarticulated. It seems that cooking activity was
done either outside the rock-shelter, or on unexcavated area
of the same level. Hyenas may have accumulated at least
one part of the bone remains, especially the youngest.
The 39 saiga bones correspond to at least 1 old adult.
Saiga was hunted and the complete carcass brought in the
rock-shelter. The carcass exploitation is intensive; it has no
complete long bones.
The other species were hunted or scavenged by
Neanderthals or carnivores.
The squares 7в – 7г – 8г – 7д corresponds to a
butchering area (Fig. 20).
level iii/5-3B
The level is poor in species and in number of individuals.
equus hydruntinus (Fig. 21) is the main species in fauna
assemblage. Also, the Bison is well represented (29 %).
The 63 bone remains of equus hydruntinus correspond
to at least 3 individuals, 1 young of 1 or 2 year old, 2
adults of about 4-5 year old and 7-8 year old. The later are
represented by 1 male and 1 female. Equids were hunted
and consumed by Neanderthals. All the main skeletal units
are represented, but the few number of anatomical elements
preserved. It seems that dismemberment was done on the
killing-butchering station and butchering was produced
outside of the rock-shelter or excavated area. The marrow
from long bones was systematically taken off.
The other species were hunted or scavenged by
Neanderthals.
Three butchery areas (each around the hearth) were
Figure 14: Kabazi V, level III/1A, mortality profile of Saiga tatarica.
Figure 15: Kabazi V, level III/1A, preservation of major skeletal units of
Saiga tatarica, in minimum animal units (MAU).
Figure 13: Kabazi V, level III/1A, variation of large mammals (% MNIc).
pointed out: square 8г; squares 7б, 8б; squares 7в, 7г, 8в,
8г (Fig. 22).
fauna: Discussion
all along the stratigraphical sequence, the faunal spectra
are not very diversified and poor in number of individuals.
Neanderthals of kabazi v mainly hunted and consumed
equus hydruntinus and saiga antelope. Sometimes they
killed gravid females of equus hydruntinus. When it was
possible to identify the season of kill, only summer time (i.e.
from spring to the beginning of autumn) was recognized.
Sometimes Neanderthals scavenged some animals, mainly
the very large species like woolly rhinoceros and mammoth.
most of the time, they transported the complete carcasses of
saiga and parts of equids carcasses on site. Dismembering
was mainly done in front of the rock-shelter. In all levels the
bones were used as fuel. The butchery areas were found;
some of them in sooty/ashy areas or close to the hearths.
Kabazi V was repeatedly used as a temporary camp.
Human occupations were short and multiple. The material
density, duration of occupation and subsistence behaviours
appears to be independent from climatic variations. Artefact
assemblages are attributed to Micoquian and Levallois-
Mousterian (depending on the occupations), but subsistence
behaviours appear also independent of these cultural
distinctions.
DISCUSSION: KABAZI V IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CRIMEAN
MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC VARIABILITY
in sum, the functional variability of the crimean
Middle Palaeolithic is represented by the 4 types of camps
and 3 types of butchering stations. Four types (A, B, C, D)
of camps and two types (B and C) of butchering stations
have been associated with Micoquian occupations.
Also, two types of butchering stations (A, B) and two
types of camps (A, B) were identified for occupations
with Levallois-Mousterian artefacts (чабай, 2004а;
Chabai, Uthmeier 2006). The main difference between
camps and butchering stations consist in the models of
fauna exploitation: butchering was the only activity on Figure 16: Kabazi V, level III/1A, the map. For conventional
signs see fig. 12.
Figure 17: Kabazi V, level III/2, variation of large mammals (% MNIc).
the stations; consumption and sometimes butchering
characterized the fauna exploitation of camps. In theory,
camps and stations belong to the same settlement system.
The connections between camps and stations consist in
the fauna and artefacts transportations. Both Micoquian
and Levallois-Mousterian occupations from Kabazi V
belong to the camps, type A.
The Micoquian camps of type A were found at
Zaskalnaya V (six layers), Zaskalnaya VI (four layers)
and Kabazi V (13 levels). Micoquian camps of type A
are known from the time of the Pryluki, pl1b1 (Brörup
Interstadial) until the time of Vytachiv, vt3b (Denekamp
Interstadial), e.g. from MIS 5c to the end of MIS 3 (Table
4). Within this large chronological frame, occupations of
this settlement type do not compile a continuous temporal
sequence, but are interrupted by times without evidence.
Zaskalnaya v, layer v and, probably, layer vi belong to
MIS 5c. During MIS 5b, 5a and 4, Micoquian camps of
type A are unknown. All other occupations date to MIS 3,
or cannot be dated securely, like Zaskalnaya VI, layer V.
the pollen spectra of the time periods mentioned above
fluctuated from south-boreal to boreal forest-steppe (гу-
бонина, 1985; Gerasimenko 1999, 2005). The exceptions
are Zaskalnaya v, layer ii, kabazi v, levels iii/2, iii/2a
and probably Zaskalnaya VI, layer II, which were formed
under boreal xeric grassland conditions of vytachiv, vt2
(Huneborg Stadial).
The Levallois-Mousterian camps, type A are not so
numerous as Micoquian one: Shaitan Koba, upper level
and nine occupations from Kabazi V, sub-unit III/3 and
Unit IV. The chronological position of Shaitan Koba
is unknown. Kabazi V, sub-unit III/3 and Unit IV were
accumulated under the climatic conditions of vytachiv, vt2
(Huneborg Stadial) and Vytachiv, vt1b2-b1 (Hosselo Stadial),
correspondingly. Chronologically and environmentally
the camps of type A at Kabazi V, sub-unit III/3 and Unit
IV have been associated with butchering stations, type
A at Kabazi II, levels II/1, II/2, II/3, II/4, II/5 and IIA/2
(Table 4).
All sites classified as camps of type A were
found in buried (collapsed) rock-shelters. The only
Figure 18: Kabazi V, level III/2, the map. For conventional signs
see fig. 12.
Figure 19: Kabazi V, level III/3-3A, variation of large mammals (%
MNIc).
Figure 22: Kabazi V, level III/5-3B,
the map. For conventional signs see fig. 12.
Figure 20:
Kabazi V, level III/3-3A,
the map. For conventional signs see fig. 12.
Figure 21: Kabazi V, level III/5-3B, variation of large mammals
(% MNIc).
Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation 73
Table 4. AMS and ESR chronology, environment and site functions of the Crimean Middle Palaeolithic*
miS geochronology landscapes Sites,
layers / levels
radiometric dates Site function
types
technocomplexes,
facieamS eSr
miS 3
vytachiv, vt3b
(Denekamp Int.)
South-boreal to
boreal forest-
steppe
buran kaya iii, b OxA-6674, 28,52±0,46 camps, type d micoquian, kiik
koba facieOxA-6673, 28,84±0,46
Prolom II, II Ki-10617, 28,10±0,35 camps, type c
micoquian, Starosele
facie
Zaskalnaya v, i Ki-10891, 28,85±0,40
camps, type aKi-10744, 30,08±0,35
kabazi v, iii/1 30,0-26,0
kabazi v, iii/1A OxA-X-2134-45, 30,98±0,22 <41,0
Kabazi ІІ, а3а – а4 Stations,
type a
Levallois-Mousteri-
an, WcmKabazi ІІ, ІІ/1а 30,0±2,0
vytachiv, vt2
(Huneborg
Stadial)
boreal xeric
grassland
Zaskalnaya vi, ii
OxA-4131, 30,11±0,63
camps, type a micoquian, ak kaya
facie
Ki-10893, 30,70±0,45
Ki-10607, 30,22±0,40
Zaskalnaya v, ii Ki-10743, 31,60±0,35
kabazi v, iii/2, iii/2A
Prolom I, upper layer
Ki-10896, 29,60±0,55
camps, type d micoquian, kiik
koba facie
Ki-10614, 30,22±0,45
GrA-13917, 30,51±0,58/0,53
GrA-13919, 31,30±0,63/0,58
kabazi v, iii/3-1 – iii/3-3A
Stations,
type a
Levallois-Mousteri-
an, Wcm
kabazi ii, ii/1 OxA-4770, 31,55±0,60
kabazi ii, ii/2 OxA-4771, 35,10±0,85
kabazi ii, ii/3
Kabazi II, II/4 OxA-4858, 32,20±0,90
Kabazi II, II/5 OxA-4859, 33,40±1,00
kiik koba, upper level Ki-8163, 32,30±0,30
camps, type d micoquian, kiik
koba facie
vytachiv, vt1c
(Huneborg Int.)
Boreal to south-
boreal forest-
steppe
Prolom I, lower layer Ki-10615, 33,50±0,40
Ki-10616, 35,20±0,45
Zaskalnaya vi, iii
OxA-4772, 35,25±0,90
camps, type a micoquian, ak kaya
facieKi-10609, 38,20±0,40
Ki-10894, 36,40±0,45
Kabazi II, II/6 Stations,
type a
Levallois-Mousteri-
an, Wcmkabazi ii, ii/7
Zaskalnaya vi, iiia
OxA-4132, 30,76±0,69
camps, type a
micoquian, ak kaya
facieOxA-4773, 39,10±1,50
Ki-10610, 39,40±0,48
vytachiv, vt1b2
(Hengelo Int.)
South-boreal
forest-steppe
kabazi v, iii/5-3B2 OxA-14726, 38,78±0,36
micoquian, Starosele
facieStarosele, 1 OxA-4775, 41,20±1,80 41,2±3,6 camps, type dOxA-4887, 42,50±3,60
Starosele, 2 38,0±5,0
kabazi ii, ii/7ab 36,0±3,0
Stations,
type a Levallois-Mousteri-
an, Wcm
kabazi ii, ii/7c – ii/7e
kabazi ii, ii/8 44,0±5,0
Kabazi II, II/8с, IIA/1
vytachiv, vt1b2-b1
(Hosselo Stadial)
Boreal to south-
boreal forest-
steppe with
xerophytes
kabazi ii, iia/2
kabazi v, iv/1 – iv/3 camps, type a
Chokurcha I, IV-B – IV-I
camps, type b
micoquian, ak kaya
facieChokurcha I, IV-L – IV-M
Chokurcha I, IV-O OxA-10877, >45,40 micoquian, Starosele
facieZaskalnaya v, iv GrA-13916, >46,0 camps, type aZaskalnaya vi, iv Ki-10611, >47,0
vytachiv, vt1b1
(Moershoofd Int.)
South-boreal
forest-steppe
Kabazi II, IIA/4
Stations,
type b
micoquian, ak kaya
facie
Kabazi II, IIA/4B
MIS 4
Uday,ud;
Pryluki, pl3,
(Ognon St.& Int.)
Boreal forest-
steppe
kabazi ii, iii/1a
kabazi ii, iii/1
MIS 5a Pryluki, pl1b2,
(Odderade Int.)
South-boreal
forest-steppe kabazi ii, iii/2 74,0-85,0
miS
5b
Pryluki, pl1b2-b1,
(Rederstall St.)
Boreal, s.-boreal
forest-steppe
kabazi ii, iii/2a
kabazi ii, iii/3 82,0±10,0
MIS 5c Pryluki, pl1b1,
(Brörup Int.)
South-boreal
forest-steppe
Zaskalnaya v, v camps, type aZaskalnaya v, vi
miS
5d
tyasmin, ts,
(Herning St.) ???
kaydaky, kd3b2+c,
(Eemian Intergl.)
South-boreal
forest, forest-st.
kabazi ii, v Stations,
type ckabazi ii, vi
* data after губонина, 1985; Hedges et al., 1996; Rink et al., 1998, in press; Pettitt 1998; чабай и др., 1998; Gerasimenko 1999,
2004, 2005, 2007; Markova 1999, 2004a, 2004b, 2005, 2007; Mikhailesku 1999, 2004, 2005; степанчук та ін., 2004; Housley et al.,
2007; Chabai, Uthmeier 2006.
кабази V: эксплуатация сырьевых и фаунистических ресурсов в финале среднего палеолита74
exception is Shaitan Koba, which is still existing rock-
shelter. For Crimean standards, the sedimentation
rates were medium to low. For example, the longest
stratigraphical sequence at Zaskalnaya V is 4 metres
deep and contains sediments from MIS 5c until the
end of MIS 3. The frequency of visits as well as the
intensity of occupations at kabazi v, Shaitan koba,
Zaskalnaya V and Zaskalnaya VI was one of the
most prominent in Crimean Middle Palaeolithic. All
occupations consist of heavily packed by bones, burnt
bones and artefacts (колосов, 1983, 1986; Chabai
2007). As a consequence, it has to be admitted that the
most peculiar feature of the site formation processes at
kabazi v, Shaitan koba, Zaskalnaya v and Zaskalnaya
vi is the fact that the frequency and intensity of visits
was much higher than the rates of sedimentation.
all occupations belonging to this type of camps
show clear evidence for the use of fire: solid lenses of
charcoal, burned bones and artefacts, as well as strictly
limited hearths have been documented. Some Micoquian
occupations contain small pits (колосов, 1983, 1986;
Chabai, Veselsky 2007). Finally, a “burial complex”
containing the remains of three juvenile Neanderthals was
found at Zaskalnaya VI, layer IIIa (колосов, 1986, с. 40;
смирнов, 1991, с. 148).
the main characteristic feature of the faunal
assemblages of type a camps is the high diversity of
species (Fig. 7; 13; 17; 19; 21). The most abundant
species (in NR and MNIc), such as saiga, horse,
mammoth and red deer, are represented by 20-50
bones per individual. Other, less frequent species are
usually represented by 1-3 bones per individual. The
detailed archaeozoological studies at Kabazi V show
how complex the accumulation of fauna in Micoquian
and Levallois-Mousterian camps of type A was (Patou-
Mathis 2007). First of all, it becomes clear that there
was no continuous stay of humans, not during a season
nor for some months or even weeks. Instead, the camps
were visited regularly, but for relatively short period
of time. Second, the accumulation and modification
of fauna was caused by humans and carnivores, and
the visits of these agents altered. Third, although it is
difficult to prove scavenging strategies in prehistoric
human hunter gatherers, it still cannot be excluded that
humans brought with them parts of animals which died
naturally or had been killed by carnivores. Perhaps, the
procurement of scavenged animal parts happened on
an encounter basis, embedded in the activity of active
hunting. And, finally, in a case with equus hydruntinus
the only activity was traced: the consumption of some
parts of animals, which were brought on site area from
killing-butchering stations. While saiga complete
carcases were brought to the camps, where they were
dismembered and consumed. Also, Neanderthals often
collected dry bones (mainly Mammoth) which served as
the fuel for hearths.
the camps, type a model of flint exploitation is
characterised by on-site core reduction and tool production
typical for the “site-workshop” model (Table 3). Flint
was abundant in outcrops situated in 1 km distance to
the camps. The “site-workshop model” is indicated by
unmodified nodules and plaquettes, numerous preforms
or cores, primary debitage. The Micoquian assemblages
like Kabazi V, sub-unit III/2, Zaskalnaya II, layers II,
III, V and VI and Zaskalnaya VI, layers II and III show
little to no evidence of tool reshaping. Conversely,
some tool reshaping was documented at Kabazi V, sub-
units III/1 and II/5, Zaskalnaya V, layers I and IV, and
Zaskalnaya VI, layers IV and V. However, this is not the
only difference. In addition, the percentages of unifacial
convergent tools (both scrapers and points) are higher
in latter assemblages, while the percentages of bifacial
tools are bigger in the former. These differences were
the basis for a subdivision all of assemblages mentioned
into an Ak-Kaya (former) and a Starosele (latter) facies
of the Crimean Micoquian. At the same time, there are no
such obvious differences in tool typology in Levallois-
mousterian assemblages studied in Shaitan koba upper
level, Kabazi V, sub-unit III/3, Unit IV and Kabazi II,
Unit II.
In sum, both Micoquian and Levallois-Mousterian
camps, type A in Kabazi V rock-shelter demonstrate
relatively wide range of on-site activities:
Construction of fire-places;1.
Supply of fire-places by previously collected dry 2.
bones and wood;
construction of pits, some of them used as cashes for 3.
future visits (Micoquian occupations);
The whole range of flint knapping including tool 4.
production and rejuvenation, based on raw material
from nearby outcrops;
finally, the consumption of parts of hunted equids, 5.
which were previously dismembered on the killing-
butchering stations; or both on-site dismembering
and consumption of saiga antelopes.
it is the most intensive and time consuming
program in Crimean Middle Palaeolithic. On the
other hand, as it was demonstrated with the example
from kabazi v, that diversity of activities might have
resulted from several visits. If single continuous
occupation correlate to the consumption of 3-4 equus
hydruntinus or saiga, than these occupations do not
fulfil the definition for long-term continuous stays.
Taking into account the low sedimentation rate and the
on-site consumption of at least two different species,
it seems more probable to assume that these economic
episodes correlate with several different visits on the
same living surface.
The Micoquian and Levallois-Mousterian camps of
type A receive meat resources procured at other places.
Th. Uthmeier, S. Ickler and M. Kurbjuhn (2008) using
the giS based approach for calculation of foraging radius
suggest the obtaining of food resources in a walking dis-
tance up to 2-3 hours from the site; that is, 3-4 km from
Kabazi V. It is obvious that an economic connection ex-
isted between the spatially distinct primary butchering
Kabazi V, Late Middle Palaeolithic camps: raw material and fauna exploitation 75
at the kill and butchering stations and meat consumption
at camps on the level of the overall settlement pattern.
the micoquian butchering stations contemporaneous to
Kabazi V, sub-units III/1, III/2 and III/5 are unknown.
In theory, Kabazi V Levallois-Mousterian camps were
contemporaneous to some of the killing-butchering sta-
tions of Kabazi II, Unit II. The later known as the killing
butchering stations specialized on equus hydruntinus
(Patou-Mathis 1999, 2006). Therefore the some camps
from Kabazi V, sub-unit III/3, Unit IV and some butch-
ering stations from kabazi ii, Unit ii and level iia/2
might be the elements of one settlement system.
резюме
чабай в.п., пату-матис м.
кАбАзи v: эксплуАтАЦия сырьевых
и ФАунистических ресурсов в ФинАле среднего пАлеолитА
в полутораметровой пачке инситных рыхлых
литологических отложений погребенного грота ка-
бази V обнаружено 56 археологических горизонтов
(levels), которые составили 7 пачек горизонтов (sub-
units) и один культурный слой (Unit). практически
все горизонты представлены палимпсестами, ко-
торые образовались в результате комбинации ряда
антропогенных и геологических факторов: доста-
точно частых визитов гоминид, сопровождавшихся
интенсивной эксплуатацией жилых поверхностей,
и умеренной / низкой скорости аккумуляции рых-
лых отложений. археологические горизонты под-
разделяются на две основные группы: первую со-
ставляют пачки горизонтов III/1, III/2, III/3, III/5 и
культурный слой IV, которые были обнаружены в
первичном залегании; вторую – частично переотло-
женные эрозионными процессами пачки горизонтов
III/4, III/6, III/7. На раскопанной площади большей
части археологических горизонтов исследованы
многочисленные очаги и ямы. все ямы ассоцииру-
ются только с микокскими горизонтами.
На основании радиометрических исследований об-
разцов кабази V были предложены две версии хроно-
логии стоянки: «короткая» и «длинная». «короткая»
версия хронологии базируется на радиоуглеродных и
ESR датах, «длинная» – на TL и OSL определениях.
исходя из «короткой» хронологии, вся пачка культур-
ных отложений кабази V образовалась во время MIS
3. «длинная» хронология предполагает, что культур-
ные отложения кабази V аккумулировались во время
MIS 4, MIS 5 и даже более ранних стадий. палеокли-
матические реконструкции, основанные на изучении
пыльцы и фауны мелких млекопитающих, поддержи-
вают «короткую» версию хронологии. интерстади-
альные климатические условия были установлены
для отложений содержащих пачки горизонтов III/5,
III/4 (хенгело) и III/1 (денекамп), тогда как культур-
ный слой IV и пачки горизонтов III/3 и III/2 аккумули-
ровались во время стадиальных условий.
микокские коллекции обнаружены в пачках го-
ризонтов III/1, III/2 и III/5. леваллуа-мустьерские
комплексы происходят из пачки горизонтов III/3
и культурного слоя IV. технологически микокские
комплексы основаны на производстве плоско-
выпуклых двусторонних орудий. Нуклеусное рас-
щепление занимает явно подчиненную роль. дву-
сторонние орудия составляют 10-25 % изделий в
орудийных наборах и, в основном, представлены
листовидными и сегментовидными формами, часто
с естественными обушками. среди односторон-
них орудий преобладают простые и конвергентные
скребла, которые часто оснащены разнообразны-
ми вентральными утончениями. технологически
леваллуа-мустьерские комплексы основаны на ле-
валлуазском черепаховидном и параллельном ну-
клеусном первичном расщеплении. главную роль в
леваллуа-мустьерских орудийных наборах играют
простые скребла и специфические типы остроко-
нечников: дистальные и латеральные. значитель-
ная часть орудий изготовлена на пластинах. в то
же время, на микокских и леваллуа-мустьерских
поселениях кабази V использовалась одна модель
эксплуатации кремневого сырья – изготовление
орудийных наборов из принесенных на стоян-
ку желваков и плиток кремня – «модель стоянка-
мастерская».
состав охотничьей добычи, в основном, пред-
ставлен двумя видами: Saiga tatarica и Equus
hydruntinus. На территории всех горизонтов про-
исходило потребление частей гидрунтинусов, кото-
рые были разделаны за пределами стоянки, пред-
положительно, на специализированных стоянках по
первичной разделке животных. первичная разделка
и потребление сайги происходило на территории
кабази V. в некоторых горизонтах кости мамонта
и носорога использовались как топливо для очагов.
вклад хищников в аккумуляцию костных остатков
незначителен.
кабази V: эксплуатация сырьевых и фаунистических ресурсов в финале среднего палеолита76
в соответствии с принятой функциональной клас-
сификацией среднепалеолитических поселений крыма,
полный цикл кремнеобработки и потребление охот-
ничьей добычи составляют основные виды жизнедея-
тельности на территории лагерей типа а. микокские и
леваллуа-мустьерские комплексы кабази V, сосущество-
вали в сходных климатических и сырьевых условиях, ис-
пользовали одинаковые модели эксплуатации сырьевых
и фаунистических ресурсов, но производили технологи-
чески и типологически различные наборы артефактов.
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