Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice
The aim of this paper is to study preventive effect of cytotoxic lectin from Bacillus subtilis B-7025 on the tumor growth and nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice.
Збережено в:
| Дата: | 2010 |
|---|---|
| Автори: | , , , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | English |
| Опубліковано: |
Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України
2010
|
| Назва видання: | Experimental Oncology |
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/32305 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice / O.A. Tanasienko, M.P. Rudyk, V.V. Pozur, G.P. Potebnya // Experimental Oncology. — 2010. — Т. 32, № 4. — С. 254–257. — Біліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
irk-123456789-32305 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
irk-123456789-323052013-02-13T03:31:15Z Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice Tanasienko, O.A. Rudyk, M.P. Pozur, V.V. Potebnya, G.P. Original contributions The aim of this paper is to study preventive effect of cytotoxic lectin from Bacillus subtilis B-7025 on the tumor growth and nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice. 2010 Article Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice / O.A. Tanasienko, M.P. Rudyk, V.V. Pozur, G.P. Potebnya // Experimental Oncology. — 2010. — Т. 32, № 4. — С. 254–257. — Біліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. 1812-9269 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/32305 en Experimental Oncology Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Original contributions Original contributions |
| spellingShingle |
Original contributions Original contributions Tanasienko, O.A. Rudyk, M.P. Pozur, V.V. Potebnya, G.P. Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice Experimental Oncology |
| description |
The aim of this paper is to study preventive effect of cytotoxic lectin from Bacillus subtilis B-7025 on the tumor growth and nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Tanasienko, O.A. Rudyk, M.P. Pozur, V.V. Potebnya, G.P. |
| author_facet |
Tanasienko, O.A. Rudyk, M.P. Pozur, V.V. Potebnya, G.P. |
| author_sort |
Tanasienko, O.A. |
| title |
Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice |
| title_short |
Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice |
| title_full |
Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice |
| title_fullStr |
Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice |
| title_sort |
influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice |
| publisher |
Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України |
| publishDate |
2010 |
| topic_facet |
Original contributions |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/32305 |
| citation_txt |
Influence of bacterial lectins on some reactions of nonspecific immunity in sarcoma 37 transplanted mice / O.A. Tanasienko, M.P. Rudyk, V.V. Pozur, G.P. Potebnya // Experimental Oncology. — 2010. — Т. 32, № 4. — С. 254–257. — Біліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Experimental Oncology |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT tanasienkooa influenceofbacteriallectinsonsomereactionsofnonspecificimmunityinsarcoma37transplantedmice AT rudykmp influenceofbacteriallectinsonsomereactionsofnonspecificimmunityinsarcoma37transplantedmice AT pozurvv influenceofbacteriallectinsonsomereactionsofnonspecificimmunityinsarcoma37transplantedmice AT potebnyagp influenceofbacteriallectinsonsomereactionsofnonspecificimmunityinsarcoma37transplantedmice |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-03T12:49:13Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-03T12:49:13Z |
| _version_ |
1836630099045122048 |
| fulltext |
254 Experimental Oncology 32, 254–257, 2010 (December)
Lectins are the proteins widely distributed in nature
and isolated from animal and human tissues as well as
from plants, viruses and bacteria. The characteristic
feature of these biopolymers consists in their ability to
recognize specifically and bind reversibly to glycoside
structures in the complexes that contain carbohydrates.
Lectins are highly stable and multifunctional molecules
and may be isolated from various sources as well as
produced by recombinant technology. It is important
also that their reactions with soluble compounds and
cells may be reversible in the presence of simple sugars.
The majority of lectins studied up to date possesses
hemagglutinating activity, and some of them cause
agglutination of malignant, embryonic cells, yeast
and bacteria [1], and demonstrate antitumor activity
and immunomodulating effects [2–4]. For example,
the mitogenic effect of lectins toward T-lymphocytes,
their ability to stimulate the production of various cy-
tokines, in particular TNF-α, IFN-γ, IFN-α, proinflam-
matory interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12), have
been revealed. There are some reports on stimulating
effects of lectins on macrophages and granulocytes [5,
6]. Such biologic properties of lectins are considered
as potentially important ones for the therapy of various
pathologies related to immune system disorders and
cancer.
Immunomodulating effects of lectins [7, 8] may be
promising in cancer treatment, in particular for the pre-
vention of metastasizing after the surgical removal of
tumor. Therefore, the cytotoxic lectins as unique im-
munomodulators with targeted action [9–11] are ad-
vantageous for the development of novel preparations
for vector therapy of malignant tumors. The complex of
means for elevation of immunoreactivity in combina-
tion with immunotherapy may significantly elevate an
efficacy of treatment and improve the quality of life of
cancer patients.
It is known that anticancer action of many lectins
of plant and fungal origin is realized via their immuno-
modulating properties. Recently, the study of the lec-
tins of bacterial origin has been initiated. In this regard,
of special interest is the group of extracellular lectins
of saprophytic bacteria from genus Bacillus with a rare
specificity toward acidic carbohydrates, in particular
glucuronic, N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acids,
fructose-1,6-diphosphate [12], which is unusual for
lectins of plant and animal origin.
We have earlier shown that the binding of cytotoxic
lectins (CL) from B.subtilis B-7025 to cell surface recep-
tors modifies tumor-associated antigens elevating their
immunogenicity, which may be advantageous for the de-
velopment and generation of anticancer vaccines [13, 14].
However, antitumor and immunomodulating properties CL
from B.subtilis B-7025 in itself, have not been yet studied.
An established preventive anticancer effect of CL
from B.subtilis B-7025 in experimental tumors of different
genesis [15] has forced us to study immunomodulating
properties of the preparation using experimental tumor
models. The present work was aimed at studying pre-
ventive antitumor affect of CL from B.subtilis B-7025 on
the tumor growth and nonspecific immunity in sarco-
ma-37 transplanted mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The cytotoxic lectins were isolated from cultural
fluid of B. subtilis strain B-7025 registered in the col-
lection of Institute of Microbiology and Virology NAS
of Ukraine [16] by the method developed by us ear-
INFLUENCE OF BACTERIAL LECTINS ON SOME REACTIONS
OF NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY IN SARCOMA 37 TRANSPLANTED MICE
O.A. Tanasienko1*, M.P. Rudyk2, V.V. Pozur2, G.P. Potebnya1
1R.E.Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine,
Vasylkivska 45, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
2T.G. Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Volodymirska 64, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
Aim: To study preventive effect of cytotoxic lectin from Bacillus subtilis B-7025 on the tumor growth and nonspecific immunity in
sarcoma 37 transplanted mice. Methods: Sarcoma 37 cells were transplanted in Balb/c mice. Cytotoxic lectin (CL) was isolated
from cultural fluid of B.subtilis strain B-7025 and inoculated at a dose of 0.2 mg per animal in prophylactic or combined sched-
ule. Functional activity of macrophages was evaluated by NBT-test and the level of cytotoxicity, cytotoxic activity of splenocytes
was assayed against K562 cells. Results: CL administration in prophylactic or combined schedule results in inhibition of sarcoma
37 growth in mice. Stimulating effect of CL on peritoneal macrophages of sarcoma 37-bearing mice, especially at early stages of
tumor growth, has been observed. At the late stage of tumor growth, the effect of lectin on cytotoxic activity of spleen mononuclear
cells has been registered. Conclusion: Upon the use of lectin from B. subtilis B-7025, positive shifts of antitumor immunity reactions
leading to tumor growth inhibition and elevation of average life span of tumor-bearing mice, have been detected.
Key Words: cytotoxic lectin, sarcoma 37, peritoneal macrophages, splenocytes, cytotoxic activity.
Received: April 25, 2010.
*Correspondence: E-mail: iris@onconet.kiev.ua,
rosiente@gmail.com;
Fax: +380442581656
Abbreviations used : ALS — average life span; CL — cytotoxic
lectin; IFN — interferon; IL — interleukin; MI — modulation index;
NBT — nitroblue tetrazolium; PMp — peritoneal macrophage; PS —
physiologic saline; TCT — tumor cell transplantation; TGI — tumor
growth inhibition; TNF — tumor necrosis factor.
Exp Oncol 2010
32, 4, 254–257
Experimental Oncology 32, 254–257, 2010 (December) 255
lier [12]. Isolated and purified cytotoxic lectins are
thermostable glycoproteins with isoelectric points of
3.6 and 4.4 units possessing molecular mass poly-
morphism caused by formation of multiple forms of
the biopolymer [17].
2-2.5-months old female Balb/c mice were used in
the study. The animals were injected subcutaneously
with CL (0.2 mg per animal) 4 times with 1–2 days in-
tervals. The next day after the last CL administration,
0.5 x 106 sarcoma 37 cells were grafted in the thigh
muscle of both experimental and control animals. For
prophylactic schedule of treatment with CL, animals
were housed in 2 groups: mice from 1st group were
further treated with CL (0.05 mg per animal) twice
a week for 3 weeks (combined scheme), while mice
from 2nd experimental group (prophylactic scheme)
and control animals received physiologic solution.
Using a caliper, the tumor diameters were measured
daily, and tumor volumes were calculated using the
following formula: V = D × d2 × 0.52 (V, tumor volume;
D, the largest dimension; d, the smallest dimension).
All experiments were approved by Ethical Committee
of the institute.
The functional activity of the effectors of immuno-
logic response was studied in experimental animals
one day prior to tumor transplantation and on days
6 and 34 after tumor cell transplantation (TCT) (as well
as in control animals).
The functional activity of peritoneal macrophages
(PMp) was evaluated by the level of oxygen-dependent
metabolism and cytotoxicity. Oxygen-dependent
metabolism was determined by reduction of tet-
razolium nitroblue (NBT) [18]. Optical density of
reduced NBT was analyzed using microplate photom-
eter “Reader”(Labotech, Latvia) at the wavelength of
630 nm.
The cytotoxic activity of PMp was evaluated by MTT
colorimetric test [19, 20]. The cells of allogenic tumor
served as target cells. Optical density was measured
using microplate photometer “Reader” (Labotech,
Latvia) at the wavelength of 545 nm. Specific killing
of target cells was calculated by formula:
CA = (1 – (Em – Ee)/(Et – Ec)) × 100%, where E is
mean absorbance of the wells: Em — the wells with
mixture of the target and effector cells; Ee — the wells
with the effector cells; Et — the wells with the target
cells; Ec — control of medium [20].
The cytotoxic activity of spleen mononuclear cells
was evaluated by MTT colorimetric test [20, 21]. Mono-
nuclear cells were isolated by standard method from
spleen by centrifugation of cell suspension (obtained
after homogenisation of spleen tissue in Potter’s ho-
mogenizer) in the Ficoll-verografin density gradient
(ρ = 1.077). Cell suspensions with viability higher then
80% were used [22]. K562 cells were used as target
cells, sensitive to natural killer cells (NK). The ratio be-
tween effector cells and target cells was 1/50; duration
of co-incubation was 18 h. Then, 20 μl of MTT solution
(5 mg/ml MTT in PBS) were added to each well and the
plates were incubated for 4 h at 37 ˚C. In order to stop
the reaction, 100 μl DMSO were then added with vig-
orous mixing. Optical density of incubation mixture in
the wells was measured using microplate photometer
“Reader” (Labotech, Latvia) at the wavelength of
545 nm. Cytotoxic activity of spleen mononuclear cells
was calculated by the foresaid formula.
Anticancer efficacy of lectin was evaluated by ana-
lysis of tumor growth dynamics and average life span
(ALS) of experimental animals using tumor growth in-
hibition index (TGI) and ALS modulation index (MI) [23,
24]. The indices were calculated using the formulas:
TGI = ((V – Vk)/Vk) × 100%, where V is mean tumor
volume calculated for experimental groups treated by
CL; Vk is mean tumor volume in the control group [23].
MI = ((E – K)/K) × 100%, where E is mean ALS
of groups treated by CL; K is mean ALS in control
group [24].
Statistical analysis of the data was performed by
standard methods using Student’s t-test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The inhibition of sarcoma 37 growth was assessed
in the animals treated with CL isolated from meta-
bolic products of В. subtilis В-7025 in prophylactic or
combined schedule. As seen in Fig. 1, such treatment
resulted in tumor growth inhibition. On day 28 after
tumor cell transplantation (TCT), TGI in mice from
experimental group I was 66%, while in mice preven-
tively treated with lectin (experimental group II) TGI
amounted to 50.5%. The average life span (ALS) of
experimental animals relative to untreated controls
increased (Table).
3
2
1
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
7 14 25 28 32
Days
Tu
m
or
vo
lu
m
e,
c
m
3
Fig. 1. Effect of prophylactic and combined use of lectin on the
growth of sarcoma 37 in tumor bearing mice. 1 — administration
of CL before and after tumor cell transplantation, 2 — administra-
tion of CL before tumor cell transplantation, 3 — control
Table. Average life span of mice with transplanted sarcoma 37 upon pro-
phylactic and combined treatment with bacterial lectin
Group Number
of mice
Dosage and method
of administration of lectin,
mg/animal
ALS, M ± m t MI,%
CL→TCT→CL 8 0.2 before and 0.05 after
TCT, s/c
85.1 ± 9.3* 3.6 69.5
CL→TCT→PS 7 0.2, s/c 71.1 ± 4.5* 4.1 41.6
Control 8 - 50.2 ± 2.3 - -
Notes: *— p < 0.05 compared to control group.
The effects of CL on tumor growth in mice may be
caused by two reasons: activation of antitumor defense
and direct cytotoxic action of lectin on tumor cells. We
have attempted to analyze CL effects on the activity of
256 Experimental Oncology 32, 254–257, 2010 (December)
PMp in tumor-bearing animals. Macrophages repre-
sent an important component of antitumor resistance.
According to the literature data [25, 26], the lectins of
different origin activate both peripheral blood mono-
cytes and resident macrophages. In our experiment
four injections of bacterial lectins to intact animals at a
dose of 0.2 mg have led to activation of these effector
cells. Sarcoma 37 transplantation additionally stimu-
lated their activity registered on day 6 after TCT. This
trend persists even on day 34 after TCT in the case of
the combined schedule of the treatment, although the
differences were not significant (data are not shown).
On day 6 after tumor transplantation, in both ex-
perimental groups the index of cytotoxic activity of
PMp increased more than twice compared to that in
tumor-bearing control (Fig. 2). On day 34, cytotoxicity
of macrophages was similar to control values. These
results allow us to suppose that at the late stages of
tumor growth macrophages-suppressors that inhibit
macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity and promote tu-
mor growth, began to be involved in the process.
-40
0
40
80
120
160
6 34
Day after TCT
Cy
to
to
xic
ity
, %
Fig. 2. Effect of prophylactic and combined use of lectin on
cytotoxic activity of peritoneal macrophages from mice bear-
ing sarcoma 37. І — administration of CL before and after TCT,
ІІ — administration of CL before TCT, ІІІ — tumor-bearing control
It is known that the development of tumor growth
suppresses the functional activity of splenocytes, includ-
ing natural killer cells. As one may see in Fig. 3, in tumor-
bearing mice an immunosuppressive effect of tumor
toward these effector cells of natural immunity could be
observed manifesting by the decreased ability of spleen
mononuclear cells from control animals to cause lysis of
target cells.
*
**
I
**
II III IIIIV IV
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
6 34
Day
Cy
to
to
xic
ity
,%
Fig. 3. Effect of prophylactic and combined use of lectin on
cytotoxic activity of mononuclear splenocytes from mice bear-
ing sarcoma 37. І — administration of CL before and after TCT,
ІІ — administration of CL before TCT, ІІІ — tumor bearing control,
IV — intact control
In prophylactic use of lectin, on day 6 after TCT
elevated cytotoxicity of splenocytes against sensitive
К562 cells was evident. However, the most potent stimu-
lating effect of prophylactic and combined use of lectin
on cytotoxic activity of spleen cells was revealed on day
34 after TCT: the cytotoxicity of macrophages of experi-
mental animals was more than twice higher than those
of control tumor-bearing animals. Since NK-sensitive
K562 cells were used as target cells, we suppose that NK
cells were predominantly responsible for the observed
cytotoxic effect of spleen mononuclear cells. Neverthe-
less, other subpopulations of spleen lymphoid cells can
also be responsible for negligible part of cytotoxic effect
of spleen cells against target cells used in the study.
Therefore, antitumor effect of lectin administration is
accompanied by activation of immunologic reactivity of
mice. Stimulating influence of lectins on tumor-bearing
animals at the early stage of tumor growth has been reg-
istered for functional activity of peritoneal macrophages,
and at the late stage — for spleen mononuclear cells.
In oncological practice bacterial lectins are used as
the components of antitumor vaccines and as adjuvants
but not as an individual anticancer or immunomodulating
preparations. Nevertheless, high cytotoxicity against ma-
lignant cells has been already shown for several lectins
of plant and fungal origin [3–5, 27, 28]. Antiproliferative
activity of lectins is often combined with their ability to
stimulate distinct reactions of immune system [2, 3,
6–8, 26]. It has been previously shown that В. subtilis
B-7025 lectins are highly cytotoxic in vitro against tumor
cells of different genesis [17]. We also have described
[15] significant inhibitory preventive influence of lectins
from В. subtilis B-7025 in vivo on tumor growth and
metastasizing in mice. This antitumor effect of bacterial
lectin is very similar to that revealed for Aloe vera lectin
[29] and mistletoe lectins [5].
In present work immunomodulating properties of
cytotoxic lectin in sarcoma 37 bearing mice in dynamics
were displayed. This allows us to assume that antitumor
effect of CLs like some other lectins is realized via not
only its cytotoxic action against tumor cells but also via
enhancing impact on innate immunity. According to our
data, the combined schedule of В. subtilis lectins admin-
istration seems to be more effective than prophylactic one
to provide complete realization of all beneficial potentials
of lectins.
REFERENCES
1. Rudiger H, Siebert HC, Solis D, et. al. Medici-
nal chemistry based on the sugar code: Fundamentals of
lectinology and experimental strategies with lectins as targets.
Curr Med Chem 2000; 7: 389–416.
2. Gabius HJ. Probing the cons and pros of lectin-induced
immunomodulation: Case studies for the mistletoe lectin and
galectin-1. Biochimie 2001; 83: 659–66.
3. Boneberg EM, Hartung T. Mistletoe lectin-1 increases
tumor necrosis factor-α release in lipopolysaccharide-stimu-
lated whole blood via inhibition of interleukin-10 production.
J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 2001; 3: 996–1000.
4. Braun JM, Ko HL, Schierholz JM, et. al. Application
of standardized mistletoe extracts augment immune response
Experimental Oncology 32, 254–257, 2010 (December) 257
and down regulates metastatic organ colonization in murine
models. Cancer Lett 2001; 170: 25–31.
5. Hajtó T, Hostanska K, Berki T, et. al. Oncopharmaco-
logical Perspectives of a Plant Lectin (Viscum album Aggluti-
nin-I): Overview of Recent Results from In vitro Experiments
and In vivo Animal Models, and Their Possible Relevance for
Clinical Applications. Alternat Med 2005; 1: 59–67.
6. Braun JM, Gemmell CG, Beuth J, et. al. Respiratory
burst of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in response to
the galactoside-specific mistletoe lectin. Zentralbl Bakteriol
1995; 283: 90–4.
7. Lyu SY, Park WB. Mistletoe lectin modulates intestinal
epithelial cell-derived cytokines and B cell IgA secretion. Arch
Pharm Res 2009; 3: 443–51.
8. Bhutia SK, Mallick SK, Maiti TK. In vitro immunos-
timulatory properties of Abrus lectins derived peptides in tumor
bearing mice. Phytomedicine 2009; 8: 776–82.
9. Taise K, Shigeaki H, Hiroshi S, et al. Tumor vaccine
containing lectin-tumor cell complex. Patent 53044613 JP,
MPK A61K 35/78, 1998.
10. Sugahara T, Ohama Y, Fukuda A, et. al. The cytotoxic
effect of Eucheuma serra agglutinin (ESA) on cancer cells and
its application to molecular probe for drug delivery system
using lipid vesicles. Cytotechnology 2001; 1–3: 93–9.
11. Sakuma S, Yano T, Masaoka Y, et. al. In vitro/in vivo
biorecognition of lectin-immobilized fluorescent nanospheres
for human colorectal cancer cells. J Control Release 2009; 1:
2–10.
12. Potebnya GP, Tanasienko OA, Titiva GP, et al. Specific-
ity and biological activity of cytotoxic lectins synthesized by
Bacillus subtilis B-7025. Exp Oncol 2002; 2: 250–2.
13. Potebnya GP, Tanasienko OA, Lisovenko GP, et al. Ef-
ficacy of anticancer vaccines on the base of cytotoxic lectins
of bacterial origin. Ukr Chemother Zh 2002; 4: 29–32 (in
Russian).
14. Potebnya GP, Tanasienko OA, Shlyakhovenko VO.
Influence of anticancer vaccine on metastasis of Lewis lung
carcinoma at different schemes of introduction. Dop NAS Ukr
1999; 9: 76–80 (in Ukrainian).
15. Tanasienko OA, Titova GP, Rudyk MP, et al. Induc-
tion of antitumor resistance in mice using cytotoxic lectins
of bacterial origin. Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 2: 59–66 (in
Ukrainian).
16. Potebnya GP, Tanasiyenko OA, Cheremshenko NL, et
al. Regularities of cytotoxic lectines biosynthesis by Bacillus
subtilis B-7025 culture, growing on different media. Ukr Che-
mother Zh 2002; 13: 54–7 (in Russian).
17. Potebnya GP, Tanasienko OA, Lisovenko GP, et al. The
use of cytotoxic lectins of bacterial origin for immunotherapy
of experimental tumors. In: Pozur V.K., ed. Structure and
biologic activity of bacterial biopolymers. Kyiv: VPC Kiev
University 2003; 235–304 pp (in Ukrainian).
18. Perederiy VG, Zemskov AM, Bychkova NG, et al. Im-
mune status, principles of its evaluation and correction of im-
mune mailfunction. Kyiv: Zdorovya, 1995. 211 pp (in Russian).
19. Fedosova NI, Usach ОМ, Yudina OYu, et al. Influence
of antitumor vaccines on the activity of macrophages. Naukovi
Zapiski Kyiv-Mohyla Acad 2002; 20: 441–4 (in Ukrainian).
20. Niks M, Otto M. Towards an optimized MTT assay. J
Immunol Meth 1990; 1: 149–51.
21. Shpakova AP, Pavlova KS, Bulycheva TI. MTT-colori-
maetric method for measuring the cytotoxic activity of natural
killer cells. Clin Labor Diagnost 2000; 2: 20–3 (in Russian).
22. G Frimel’, ed. Immunological methods. Moskow:
Meditsina 1987; 472 p (in Russian).
23. Dasyukevich OI, Solyanik GI. Comparative study of
anticancer efficacy of aсonitine-containing agent BC1 against
ascite and solid forms of Ehrlich’s carcinoma. Exp Oncol
2007; 4: 317–9.
24. Pozur VV, Skivka LM, Potebnya GP. Influence of
autovaccine supplemented with peptidoglycan Staphylococ-
cus aureus Wood 46 on the growth dynamic of experimental
tumors in mice. The Reports of NAS of Ukraine 2008; 12:
145–9 (in Ukrainian).
25. Kishko IaH, Vasylenko MI, Kovalenko EO, et al.
Influence of Bacillus subtilis sp. lectin on functional activity of
phagocytes. Mikrobiol Z 1998; 1: 36–42 (in Russian).
26. Yoon TJ, Yoo YC, Kang TB, et al. Antitumor activity
of the Korean mistletoe lectin is attributed to activation of
macrophages and NK cells. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 10: 861–7.
27. Damian L, Fournier D, Winterhalter M, et al. De-
termination of thermodynamic parameters of Xerocomus
chrysenteron lectin interactions with N-acetylgalactosamine
and Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen by isothermal titration
calorimetry. BMC Biochem 2005; 6:11.
28. Ng TB, Ngai PHK, Xia L. An agglutinin with mitogenic
and antiproliferative activities from the mushroom Flammulina
velutipes. Mycologia 2006; 2: 167–71.
29. Akev N, Turkay G, Can A, et al. Tumour preventive ef-
fect of Aloe vera leaf pulp lectin (Aloctin I) on Ehrlich ascites
tumours in mice. Phytother Res 2007; 11: 1070–5.
Copyright © Experimental Oncology, 2010
|