Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach
The current study is centered on elastic-plastic solid interaction with hydrogen. Here, the environment isfree hydrogen, from either external or internal origins providing as such aggressive effects. In this context, near surface displacement occurred, beside microcracking onset or growth, significa...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
2008
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| Назва видання: | Проблемы прочности |
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| Цитувати: | Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach / Y. Katz, N. Tymiak, W.W. Gerberich // Проблемы прочности. — 2008. — № 1. — С. 93-96. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-484512013-08-19T19:53:09Z Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach Katz, Y. Tymiak, N. Gerberich, W.W. Научно-технический раздел The current study is centered on elastic-plastic solid interaction with hydrogen. Here, the environment isfree hydrogen, from either external or internal origins providing as such aggressive effects. In this context, near surface displacement occurred, beside microcracking onset or growth, significant interfacial weakening, as critical forms of mechanical degradation. Metastable austenitic stainless 316L steel was selected, in order to provide a comprehensive study on bulk surfaces. Globalfindings on hydrogen effects were supplemented by nanoscale information. Only for the nanosection, Ti/Cu thinfilms were also included, namely an additional small-volume case. Samples have been charged with hydrogen under lowfugacity conditions and the outcoming effects have been sorted out by mechanical response tracking assisted by contact mechanics methodology. Nanoindentation and continuous scratch tests were utilized supplemented by Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) visualization. Local resolution provided remarkable input to the globalfindings, in terms of dislocation nucleation aspects, near surface modification, plastic localization and microfracture onset. In thin layers, the effective work of the adhesion was reduced indicating significant degradation that could be expressed quantitatively. Global/local benefits of the stainless steel system under study made it possible to apply multiscale models describing complex micromechanical processes. Рассматривается взаимодействие упруго-пластического твердого вещества с водородом. Средой служит свободный водород от внешнего или внутреннего источника, что создает агрессивный эффект. В результате происходило приповерхностное смещение, кроме начала образования микротрещин или их роста и значительного межфазного разупрочнения, что является основными причинами потери механической прочности. Для всестороннего изучения внутренней структуры поверхности была выбрана метастабильная аустенитная нержавеющая сталь 316Л. Общие данные о действии водорода были дополнены информацией на наноуровне. Для получения данных на наноуровне были изучены тонкие пленки Ti/Cu, т.е. проведены испытания на малом объеме материала. Образцы обрабатывали водородом в условиях низкой летучести, а результаты классифицировали по механическому отклику методом контактной механики. Применяли наноиндентирование и непрерывное царапанье с использованием сканирующей микроскопии. Результаты локальных исследований послужили значительным вкладом в общие выводы, включая зарождение дислокаций, приповерхностную модификацию, начало пластической локализации и микроразрушения. Эффективная работа адгезии в тонких слоях уменьшилась, что свидетельствует о существенном снижении механических свойств, выражаемом количественно. Преимущества глобального и локального подходов при изучении нержавеющей стали позволили использовать многоуровневые модели, описывающие комплексные микромеханические процессы. 2008 Article Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach / Y. Katz, N. Tymiak, W.W. Gerberich // Проблемы прочности. — 2008. — № 1. — С. 93-96. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 0556-171X http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/48451 539.4 en Проблемы прочности Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Katz, Y. Tymiak, N. Gerberich, W.W. Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach Проблемы прочности |
| description |
The current study is centered on elastic-plastic solid interaction with hydrogen. Here, the environment isfree hydrogen, from either external or internal origins providing as such aggressive effects. In this context, near surface displacement occurred, beside microcracking onset or growth, significant interfacial weakening, as critical forms of mechanical degradation. Metastable austenitic stainless 316L steel was selected, in order to provide a comprehensive study on bulk surfaces. Globalfindings on hydrogen effects were supplemented by nanoscale information. Only for the nanosection, Ti/Cu thinfilms were also included, namely an additional small-volume case. Samples have been charged with hydrogen under lowfugacity conditions and the outcoming effects have been sorted out by mechanical response tracking assisted by contact mechanics methodology. Nanoindentation and continuous scratch tests were utilized supplemented by Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) visualization. Local resolution provided remarkable input to the globalfindings, in terms of dislocation nucleation aspects, near surface modification, plastic localization and microfracture onset. In thin layers, the effective work of the adhesion was reduced indicating significant degradation that could be expressed quantitatively. Global/local benefits of the stainless steel system under study made it possible to apply multiscale models describing complex micromechanical processes. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Katz, Y. Tymiak, N. Gerberich, W.W. |
| author_facet |
Katz, Y. Tymiak, N. Gerberich, W.W. |
| author_sort |
Katz, Y. |
| title |
Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach |
| title_short |
Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach |
| title_full |
Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach |
| title_fullStr |
Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach |
| title_sort |
near surface modification affected by hydrogen interaction: global supplemented by local approach |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| publishDate |
2008 |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/48451 |
| citation_txt |
Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction: Global Supplemented by Local Approach / Y. Katz, N. Tymiak, W.W. Gerberich // Проблемы прочности. — 2008. — № 1. — С. 93-96. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Проблемы прочности |
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| first_indexed |
2025-07-04T08:57:54Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-04T08:57:54Z |
| _version_ |
1836706142918541312 |
| fulltext |
UDC 539.4
N e a r S u r fa c e M o d if ic a t io n A f f e c t e d b y H y d r o g e n I n t e r a c t io n : G lo b a l
S u p p le m e n te d b y L o c a l A p p r o a c h
Y . K a tz ,1a N . T ym iak ,1 and W . W . G erb er ich 1
1 Department o f Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University o f Minnesota, Minneapolis,
USA
a roy@roykatz.com
The current study is centered on elastic-plastic solid interaction with hydrogen. Here, the
environment is free hydrogen, from either external or internal origins providing as such aggressive
effects. In this context, near surface displacement occurred, beside microcracking onset or growth,
significant interfacial weakening, as critical form s o f mechanical degradation. Metastable
austenitic stainless 316L steel was selected, in order to provide a comprehensive study on bulk
surfaces. Global findings on hydrogen effects were supplemented by nanoscale information. Only
fo r the nanosection, Ti/Cu thin film s were also included, namely an additional small-volume case.
Samples have been charged with hydrogen under low fugacity conditions and the outcoming effects
have been sorted out by mechanical response tracking assisted by contact mechanics methodology.
Nanoindentation and continuous scratch tests were utilized supplemented by Scanning Probe
Microscopy (SPM) visualization. Local resolution provided remarkable input to the global findings,
in terms o f dislocation nucleation aspects, near surface modification, plastic localization and
microfracture onset. In thin layers, the effective work o f the adhesion was reduced indicating
significant degradation that could be expressed quantitatively. Global/local benefits o f the stainless
steel system under study made it possible to apply multiscale models describing complex micro
mechanical processes.
K e y w o rd s : m etastable austenitic steel, hydrogen interaction, nanotests, continuous scratch
tests, crystal plasticity.
In trod u ction . H ydrogen/m etal interactive effects have significant im plications on
surface behavior including structural integrity aspects due to crack stability transition.
Regardless the specific enhancing damage origins, irreversible displacem ent, microcrack
initiation and growth beside delam ination require special concern from nano-, m eso- up to
macrostructural scale. The striking point in the current study is based on sm all-volum e
experim ents and is m ainly focused on how hydrogen affects sm all-volum e m echanical
behavior. A n appropriate factor in analyzing the basic interaction o f hydrogen w as
attributed to variations in the length scale. In elastic-plastic solids w ith no hydrogen,
consistent trends o f the length scale have been already established. On this background,
hydrogen interaction could be screened for length scales regarding toughness or hardness.
The sm all-volum e activity w as m ainly conducted in a metastable stainless steel system
w ith som e findings in hydrogen affecting Ti/Cu thin film . H ow ever, a very extensive
background w as previously established as related to A ISI 316L [1 -3 ] regarding possible
events that are enhanced by hydrogen. Plastic displacem ent m ight have the end result o f
fracture processes, nam ely embrittlement or load-bearing capacity lim itations. M oreover,
surface m odification caused by environm ent introduces issues regarding tribological
contact insights. N anotests also prom ise n ew experim ental options w ith im plications on
quantification o f early wear. These elem ents are h ighly accentuated in a metastable system
in w hich phase stability is dom inated by m echanical or chem ical aspects.
E xp er im en ta l P rocedu res. G loba l A pproach . M acrostudies in austenitic stainless
steel included A ISI 304, 316 and 310 steels. M echanical response w as studied using
fracture m echanics m ethodology [1 -3 ]. In metastable system s w ith no hydrogen, austenite
decom position occurred b elow the M d temperature. H ow ever, presence o f hydrogen
© Y. K A TZ, N. TY M IA K , W . W . G E R B E R IC H , 2008
ISSN 0556-171X. Проблемы прочности, 2008, № 1 93
mailto:roy@roykatz.com
Y. Katz, N. Tymiak, and W. W. Gerberich
enhances martensitic transformation, resulting also in delayed m icrocracking and ductility
reduction [4 -6 ]. A ustenite products w ere identified using X -ray diffraction and the
M ossbauer spectroscopy analysis.
L oca l A pproach. For 316L m etastable stainless steel nanotests w ere conducted on
top o f global tests. Thus, indentation tests to a prescribed load o f 100 ,«N w ere performed
w ith Hysitron nanoindentation instrument using conical indenter w ith 400 nm tip radius
curvature. Tests w ere perform ed prior to hydrogen charging, instantly, post charging and
one day after charging. B eside nanoindentation, lateral continuous scratch tests were
performed. H ydrogen w as also charged by 1M NaOH cathodic charging under current
densities in the range o f 10 to 500 m A /cm . Fine features’ visualization w as carried out by
Scanning Electron M icroscopy (SEM ) and by A tom ic Force M icroscopy (AFM ). In
addition, other experim ents regarding thin film s affected by hydrogen w ere conducted.
Here, thin film s on SiO2 substrate w ith and w ithout hydrogen w ere probed allow ing som e
classification o f Cu and C u/Ti/SiO 2 interfacial bonds to be assessed.
E xp er im en ta l R esu lts. M acrom ethodology. It becam e evident that hydrogen
provided either by electrolytic cathodic charging or by high-temperature pressure gaseous
charging preserves fundamental findings o f transformation and alternative fracture m odes.
The transformation reaction w as identified resulting in hexagonal close-packed and
body-centered-tetragonal martensitic products. M echanical response degradation w ith
hydrogen becam e apparent in all parameters starting w ith significant surface relief.
D elayed m icrocracking, hydrogen affected near surface layer and m odification, as w ell as
enhanced crack growth and degradation o f the fatigue strength, w ere established.
L ocal F indings. Reproducible displacem ent excursions at an average load o f 200 ,«N
w ere observed for the noncharged sam ples. This finding based on nanoindentation
load-displacem ent curves w as attributed to p lasticity initiation since unloading prior to the
excursion load yielded no residual deform ation. In contrast, y ie ld initiation in charged
specim ens occurred at 10 0 -6 5 0 ,«N. One day after charging the y ie ld point ranged
betw een 3 0 0 -3 5 0 ,«N (Fig. 1). W ith regard to the scratch test, hydrogen interaction
increased localized p lasticity along g iven slip bands by as m uch as a factor o f three. These
direct results becom e highly relevant in the near surface m odification evolution in the
dynam ic sense. In principle, quantitative loca l strain arguments could be based on
m easurem ents o f the surface slip height habits (h) and the spacing (s). Surface ultrafine
features along the scratch pile-up as w ell as perpendicular to the scratch pile-up indicated
dramatic effects o f hydrogen on microplasticity. Even under lo w fugacity charging,
significant variations were m easured providing eventually building b locks for m ultiscale
m odeling efforts. The Cu/SiO 2 thin film result is show n in Fig. 2 b y em phasizing the
increase o f delam ination area affected by the hydrogen environment.
Fig. 1. Load at plasticity initiation vs. time after hydrogen charging.
94 ISSN 0556-171X. npo6n.eMH npounocmu, 2008, N 1
Near Surface Modification Affected by Hydrogen Interaction
2 2 ■Æ.
0 0
10 20 30 40 10 20
|im
30 40
a b
Fig. 2. Indentation induced delaminations in 500 nm Ti/Cu film on noncharged (a) and hydrogen
charged (b) samples.
D iscu ssion . Surface m odification due to environm ental infraction in metastable
austenitic stainless steel has at least tw o origins: firstly, displacem ents caused b y phase
stability associated w ith martensitic phases and, secondly, hydrogen-enhanced localized
plasticity that can be measured. T hese results are experim entally substantiated by the
com bined program o f g lobal/local approach. Pseudo-phases were identified during the
transient tim e by consistent X -ray diffraction and the M ossbauer spectroscopy analysis,
and internal friction results were obtained [7]. M oreover, extensive activities by Birnbaum
[8 ] em phasized the local approach by sophisticated in situ Transm ission Electron
M icroscope (T E M ) observations. In this context, the current findings by nanom echanical
m ethodology explore fundamental insights in terms o f localized slip by A FM as enhanced
b y hydrogen uptake. B eside m easured local displacem ents, results like m icrocracking and
other damage factors introduce additional detrimental surface m odification elem ents. The
described investigation w ith local resolution o f d islocation dynam ics bounded to crystal
plasticity reflects on wear or tribological contact. For exam ple, Kubota et al. [9] addressed
the issue o f fretting fatigue in austenitic stainless steel system by concluding the
significant life decrease that w as caused by hydrogen interaction. Such results com bined
w ith basic inherent m echanics becom e more understandable and can shade light on
structural integrity phenomena.
C on clu sions. V iable hydrogen embrittlement m odels [1, 2] can be based on the
microapproach input, particularly in terms o f d islocation shielding m echanism s developed
for the hydrogen-enhanced loca l decohesion m odel. The nanoscale results also em phasize
the inclusion o f m icroplasticity variations that can explain the w ide range data on
deform ation/hydrogen interaction in elastic-plastic crystalline solids. The fo llow ing
conclusions are made:
1. H ydrogen concentration near the surface in 316L m etastable austenitic stainless
steel raised the d islocation nucleation load b y more than a factor o f two.
2. In copper thin film on silica substrate, hydrogen interaction decreases work o f
adhesive.
3. N anom echanical tests com bined with probe m icroscopy provide critical
experiments resolving the scale relationship to be involved in the embrittlement phenomena.
ISSN 0556-171X. npoôëeMbi npounocmu, 2008, N 1 95
Y. Katz, N. Tymiak, and W. W. Gerberich
4. In metastable stainless steel w ith hydrogen, austenite decom position enhances
surface relief, localized plasticity, m icrocracking or delim itation, w hich cause significant
surface m odification w ith im plication to tribological contact effects.
1. M. J. Lii, X. F. Chen, Y. Katz, and W. W. Gerberich, Acta Metal. Mater., 38, 2435 (1990).
2. X. Chen, T. Foecke, M. Lii, Y. et al., Eng. Fract. Mech., 35, 997 (1989).
3. H. Mathias, Y. Katz, and S. Nadiv, in: T. N. Vezirogla (Ed.), Metal-Hydrogen Systems,
Pergamon Press, Oxford (1982), p. 225.
4. H. Houng and W. W. Gerberich, Acta Metal. Mater., 42, 639 (1994).
5. D. G. Ulmer and C. J. Altsetter, Acta Metal. Mater., 39, 1237 (1991).
6 . D. P. Abraham and C. J. Altsetter, Metal. Trans., 26A, 2859 (1995).
7. V. G. Gavrilijuk, H. Hanninen, A. V. Taraschenko, et al., Acta Metal. Mater., 43, 559 (1995).
8 . H. K. Birenbaum, I. M. Robertson, P. Sofronis, and D. Teter, in: CDI 96, Institute of
Materials, UK (1997), p. 172.
9. K. Yanagbihara, S. Oayanagi, M. Kubota, et al., J. Soc. Mat. Sci. Japan, 54, 1237 (2005).
Received 28. 06. 2007
96 ISSN 0556-171X. npoöneMbi npoHuocmu, 2008, № 1
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