Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period
Данная статья посвящена изучению внешнеполитических доктрин Японии после второй мировой войны. В статье уделяется большое внимание содержанию таких доктрин как "Доктрина Есида" и т.д....
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Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України
2012
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| Назва видання: | Культура народов Причерноморья |
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| Цитувати: | Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period / Sadykova R.O. // Культура народов Причерноморья. — 2012. — № 224. — С. 104-106. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-558542014-02-10T03:23:14Z Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period Sadykova, R.O. История, образование и культура тюркских народов Данная статья посвящена изучению внешнеполитических доктрин Японии после второй мировой войны. В статье уделяется большое внимание содержанию таких доктрин как "Доктрина Есида" и т.д. 2012 Article Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period / Sadykova R.O. // Культура народов Причерноморья. — 2012. — № 224. — С. 104-106. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. 1562-0808 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/55854 94+327.5 en Культура народов Причерноморья Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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История, образование и культура тюркских народов История, образование и культура тюркских народов |
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История, образование и культура тюркских народов История, образование и культура тюркских народов Sadykova, R.O. Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period Культура народов Причерноморья |
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Данная статья посвящена изучению внешнеполитических доктрин Японии после второй мировой войны. В статье уделяется большое внимание содержанию таких доктрин как "Доктрина Есида" и т.д. |
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Article |
| author |
Sadykova, R.O. |
| author_facet |
Sadykova, R.O. |
| author_sort |
Sadykova, R.O. |
| title |
Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period |
| title_short |
Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period |
| title_full |
Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period |
| title_fullStr |
Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period |
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japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “cold war” period |
| publisher |
Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| topic_facet |
История, образование и культура тюркских народов |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/55854 |
| citation_txt |
Japan’s foreign policy doctrines from the “Cold war” period / Sadykova R.O. // Культура народов Причерноморья. — 2012. — № 224. — С. 104-106. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. |
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Культура народов Причерноморья |
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2025-07-05T07:04:29Z |
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Кальбиев Хашым
РУДИМЕНТЫ ДРЕВНИХ РЕЛИГИОЗНЫХ ОБРЯДОВ ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОГО РЕГИОНА АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА
104
В последствии эти камни стали носителям веры в камень поколений, что само по себе также является
признаком поклонения камню.
Выводы. Таким образом, в описываемом нами регионе пережитки древних доисламских религиозных
обрядов сохраняются и сейчас. Они играют при этом немаловажную роль в обычаях и традициях населения.
Пережитки древних религиозных ритуалов играют важную роль в ознакомлении молодежи компьютерного
века со своим национальным менталитетом и осознании национальной самобытности.
Источники и литература:
1. Кулиев Г. А. Древние религиозные ритуалы в Азербайджане и их пережитки в быту / Г. А. Кулиев,
А. С. Бахтияров. – Баку, 1968. – на азерб. яз.
2. Нариманов И. Археологические памятники Гянджачайского района / И. Нариманов. – Баку, 1958. – на
азерб. яз.
3. Казиев С. М. Альбом кувшинных погребений / С. М. Казиев. – Баку, 1960. – на азерб. яз.
4. Казиев С. М. Два кувшинных и два котокомбных погребений / С. М. Казиев // Материальная культура
Азербайджана. – 1978. – Т. III. – на азерб. яз.
5. Тахмасиб М. Г. Образ дива в азербайджанской народной литературе / М. Г. Тахмасиб // За Родину :
журнал. – 1946. – № 1. – С. 79-93. – на азерб. яз.
Информаторы:
1. Житель села Холмили Ленкораньского района Хилал Иманов, 1908 г.р.
2. Житель села Сиявар Ленкораньского района Муртуза Сеидага оглы Садыгов, 1923 г.р.
3. Житель села Чайруд Лерикского района Фазиль Азим оглы Рзаев 1923 г.р.
4. Житель села Чайруд Лерикского района Ханахмед Алмасов, 1925 г.р. и др.
Sadykova Raihan Onalbaevna УДК 94+327.5
JAPAN’S FOREIGN POLICY DOCTRINES FROM THE “COLD WAR” PERIOD
ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ДОКТРИНЫ ЯПОНИИ ПОСЛЕ
ВТОРОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ
Данная статья посвящена изучению внешнеполитических доктрин Японии после второй мировой войны. В статье
уделяется большое внимание содержанию таких доктрин как "Доктрина Есида" и т.д.
Formulation of the problem. The period after the Second World War characterized by the changing the world
order. The bipolar system of international relations dictated the new rules of conducting the states foreign policy. In
conditions of the Cold War between the USA and USRR other states had to change the foreign policy doctrines.
Among of them was Japan which began to strengthen the relations with USA.
The essence of the post-war Japanese foreign policy doctrine was reduced to the simple formula - reception the
USA guarantees of security in exchange for granting of the territory by Japan for the American military bases. The
big contribution to the development and realization of this concept was brought by the outstanding Japanese
politician of those years Yoshida Shigeru, known to histories with his «Yoshida Doctrine» [1].
Yoshida Shigeru is a prime-minister of Japan and the Chairman of the Liberal Party of Japan in 1946-1954
years. The doctrine formulated by Yoshida defined the main directions of Japan’s foreign policy after the Second
World War period. A pragmatic policy known as the “Yoshida Doctrine” ultimately prevailed, which called for
Japan to focus on economic development and rely primarily on the cooperation with the United States in military
sphere.
After Japan's defeat in World War II, public opinion turned against its past militarism. As the only country
which suffered from nuclear attacks, Japan developed a strong “nuclear allergy” that impeded open discussions of
security issues in general and nuclear weapons in particular. The post-war Japanese Constitution, drafted under the
American occupation government, placed strict limits on Japanese military capabilities. Article 9 of the constitution
bars Japan from threatening the use of force as a “means of settling international disputes” and from maintaining a
“war potential.” Ironically, shortly after Japan adopted the constitution in 1947, Washington began to pressure
Tokyo to reinterpret Article 9 in ways that would expand Japan's ability to help defend itself against the Soviet
Union and communist expansion in the region.
Prime Minister Yoshida did not accept U.S. demands, arguing that Japan could not afford increased defense
expenditures. Pro-military factions disagreed, viewing U.S. pressure as an opportunity to establish an autonomous
and more independent Japanese defence capability. A pragmatic policy known as the “Yoshida Doctrine”
ultimately prevailed, which called for Japan to focus on economic development and rely primarily on the United
States for defence.
Yoshida doctrine has defined the main direction of a post-war policy of national security of Japan, providing
accelerated economic development, sharp restriction of military charges and the close union with the USA. It was
the doctrine of economic nationalism (practical nationalism) which basic purpose was the development of the
Japanese economics under the American nuclear umbrella. Yoshida doctrine incorporated all components of a
classical variant of the doctrine of security: economic, political and the military. The military component was
ИСТОРИЯ, ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ И КУЛЬТУРА ТЮРКСКИХ НАРОДОВ
105
provided not only by the Security Treaty with the USA, but also by own armed forces of Japan, as called Self-
Defense Forces, besides the presence of the American armed bases in territory of the country [2].
In the beginning of 70th years there were three events which have brought in correctives in foreign policy of
Japan. First of all, the relaxation began in the Soviet-American relations. Yoshida doctrine of security was
transformed to the classical doctrine of national interests usually consisting of three components: internal - social,
military and foreign policy. In the Japanese variant these components consisted suck components as public security,
national security, peace and stability in Asia. The government of Sato (with 1970 on 1972), Tanaka (1972-1974),
(1974-1976) and Fukuda (1976-1978) adhered this doctrine.
In the military-political plan for the first time in 1968 Sato formulated “three non-nuclear principles”: “not to
make, not to keep and not to import the nuclear weapon” which was not registered officially in the normative plan.
Concerning the USSR and China the politics of «diplomacy of equal distances” which during the cabinet of Fukuda
had been replaced with “dynamical balancing”, taking into account intensity in the soviet-Chinese relations, was
carried out. As a result of it, the treaty of friendship and cooperation between Japan and China (1978) was signed.
Besides after the realization of the fourth plan of defense armed forces Japan won first place among the states of
Asia-Pacific region. Japan had also the developed defensive industry. In 1976 plans of defense have been replaced
with the basic program of the national defense designed till 1990. This program preceded from relaxation (detente)
in mutual relations between East - West, improvements of relations with China and preservations of the status quo
on the Korean peninsula. It provided close interaction with the USA on questions of national defense, maintenance
fighting trim forces of self-defense for reflection of the limited aggression and formation of “base forces of self-
defense” as bases of full-scale militarization in extreme conditions.
In conditions of a new aggravation of an antagonisms between the USSR - the West in Japan the doctrine of
“complex maintenance of national security” (CMNS) for the first time has been developed. Development of this
document was carried out by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, department of National defense and by several
scientific research institute and groups ad hoc under orders of cabinet Ohira in 1979 - 1980. The national doctrine
of Japan in frameworks CMNS was based on principles “globosity” and “indivisibility” of the security of “free
world” in the face of Soviet threat. This doctrine sustained in liberal-idealistic spirit and was actual for all period of
80th. CMNS consisted of three components. The component is the political security based on the concept “three-
sidedness" and formation of the big triangle ”USA-Japan-Europe” which for Asia is supplemented with a small
triangle “USA-Japan-China”. In other words, Japan “widened” “a zone of the world and stability”, joining to Asia-
Pacific region the USA and the Western Europe country [3, c.41].
In the economic plan the basic purpose put forward necessity of the decision of contradictions of the West -
East and the North - South. In the practical plan it meant, that Japan will aspire to improvement of the international
economy in a form of external help, redistribution of duties and the contribution to the international institutes, being
guided on assistance of the American policy. In the military plan rigid orientation for the joining with the USA
defense of the Japanese islands was kept, except for that the 1000-mile zone of defense was entered so-called. Since
1980 current plans of defense had been renamed into the intermediate term programs directed on creation of “base
forces of defense”.
The idea of Pacific community was received the further development during the ruling of the government by
Ohira. However it had been underlined, that it more the declaration, rather than the concrete political or economic
program. Prime ministers Suzuki (1980-1982) and Nakasone (1982-1987) despite of their support of the idea about
necessity of community shifted the responsibility for its formation on the states of ASEAN and private enterprise
structures in order not to provoke growth of the anti-Japanese moods in Asia-Pacific region. Suzuki politized this
doctrine, and Nakasone emphasized on military-political aspects and growth of military power of Japan. Doctrine
CMNS exhausted itself to the beginning of 90th and with the collapse of the USSR, the basic threat of Japan.
Doctrine CMNS exhausted itself to the beginning of 90th and with the collapse of the USSR, the basic threat of
Japan. The often changing cabinets of Takeshita (1987-1989), (1989-1991), Мiyadzava (1991-1993), Hosogava
(1993-1994), Murayama (1994-1995), Hashimoto (1995-1998), Obuchi and also crisis of ruling Liberal democratic
party had caused not only absence of the complete concept of national security, but also importance and subjectivity
of definition of a role of Japan in the world. These factors caused actual support of the strategy of the USA of 90s
by the Japanese official institutes of strategy [4]. Аlso crisis of ruling Liberal democratic party had caused not only
absence of the complete concept of national security, but also importance and subjectivity of definition of a role of
Japan in the world. These factors caused actual copying of the strategy of the USA of 90s by the Japanese official
institutes of strategy.
Vivid example of such copying became so-called "Kaifu doctrine”, based on the American doctrine of new
world order .of the senior Bush. In accordance with "Kaifu doctrine” Japan put the following purposes: to guarantee
the peace and security; to respect freedom and democracy; to provide security and prosperity in the world within
the framework of open market economy; to protect an environment and humanitarian standards; to provide stable
international relations on the basis of dialogue and cooperation. . It is less than in half-year a threat to all new world
order which integral part Japan had proclaimed itself, had thrown Iraq. When the United States and the United
Nations had operatively reacted to this event, official Tokyo could not remain in the side.
In addition to the listed purposes Miyadzava added the purposes of the great cooperation with the countries of
ASEAN and more active role of Japan in formation of the world and security in East Asia. Government Murayama
formulated the concept of national security basing on universal values as “democracy, freedom and respect of
human rights” to which three "pillars" of a policy of national security "adjoin": the Japan-USA relations;
strengthening of relations with Asia-Pacific region; participation in the decision of global problems (non-
distribution of the weapon of mass destruction, the humanitarian help, etc.).
Sadykova Raihan Onalbaevna
JAPAN’S FOREIGN POLICY DOCTRINES FROM THE “COLD WAR” PERIOD
106
Relative harmony was got with the concept of national security of Prime Minister R.Hashimoto. The policy of
national security in interpretation of his cabinet bases on “fundamental values and ideals: freedom, democracy and
the market”. Mission of Japan is formulated as “performance of a creative role in creation of the new international
order”, that assumes globalization of a policy of Japan directed on achievement of stability all over the world,
development of less developed countries, well-being of each citizen of a global society. As main principles of
external behavior of Japan act: three non-nuclear principles; refusal of militarization; an openness; globalization
and interdependence.
The geopolitical model of Japan becomes in the pure form "Pan-Japanese" as examples can serve the basic
directions of bilateral priorities which are following: the USA, as the basic partner and the ally of Japan; Аsia-
Pacific region in a whole as growing region of the future; the Korean peninsula and its stability; China, as great
power of the future; Russia as the invader of “northern territories”; Europe, as the global center of world
development.
Destruction of stable bipolar system of the international relations in 90th years of XX century and formation of
the new world order was induced with ruling circles of Japan cardinally to reconsider the concept of national
security and to develop new, adequate to a changed international situation. Now the main vector of the policy of
Japan in this sphere is directed on creation of the modern armed forces possessing high fighting capacity and ready
adequately to react - as is independent, and in interaction with army the USA - on any changes of strategic
conditions in East Asia, and also in adjoining to its areas.
Conclusion and perspectives. For today Japan is the second power in the world on a level of economic power.
In conditions of formation of the new world order many politicians of the country is more active support that in
these new conditions it is necessary for Japan to play such political role which will correspond to its economic
power. Especially the role of foreign policy doctrines is very important on gaining this goal. The main bases of
successful development of Japan were underlined in the period after the Second World War. That’s why the
studying of the foreign policy doctrines of Japan from the Cold War period is very actual.
Источники и литература:
1. Ледовская О. А. Сущность концепции обеспечения национальной безопасности Японии и ее значение :
[Электронный ресурс] / О. А. Ледовская. – Режим доступа : http://vostokoved.ru/books/ ledovskaya.htm
2. Арин О. А. Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион: мифы, иллюзии и реальность : [Электронный ресурс] /
О. А. Арин. – Режим доступа : htpp://olegarin.com/knigi.html
3. Япония и современный мировой порядок. – М., 2002.
4. Концепции национальной безопасности Японии : [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа :
www.specops.ru/0610.htm
http://vostokoved.ru/books/%20ledovskaya.htm
http://www.specops.ru/0610.htm
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