The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics
В статье на основе анализа литературных источников и собственных наблюдений автора сделан вывод об ошибочности существующих представлений о волновых движениях бассейна осадконакопления как первопричине ритмического сложения осадочных толщ. В качестве такой причины рассматривается прерывистый характе...
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Український науково-дослідницький і проектно-конструкторський інститут гірничої геології, геомеханіки і маркшейдерської справи НАН України
2013
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irk-123456789-572132014-03-06T03:01:13Z The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics Troshchenko, V.V. В статье на основе анализа литературных источников и собственных наблюдений автора сделан вывод об ошибочности существующих представлений о волновых движениях бассейна осадконакопления как первопричине ритмического сложения осадочных толщ. В качестве такой причины рассматривается прерывистый характер воздымания областей сноса осадочного материала. Ритмичность сложения осадочных толщ, в частности угленосных, рассматривается как ключ к реконструкции палеотектонических движений в областях сноса. В статті на основі аналізу літературних джерел та власних спостережень автора зроблено висновок про помилковість існуючих уявлень про хвилясті рухи земної кори як причину ритмічного складу осадкових товщ. В якості такої причини розглядається перериваний характер підйому областей зносу террігенного матеріалу. Ритмічне зложення осадкових товщ розглядається як ключ до реконструкції палеотектонічних рухів в областях зносу. 2013 Article The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics / V.V. Troshchenko // Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України. — 2013. — № 13, ч. 1. — С. 166-173. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — рос. 1996-885X http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/57213 552.573 uk Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України Український науково-дослідницький і проектно-конструкторський інститут гірничої геології, геомеханіки і маркшейдерської справи НАН України |
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В статье на основе анализа литературных источников и собственных наблюдений автора сделан вывод об ошибочности существующих представлений о волновых движениях бассейна осадконакопления как первопричине ритмического сложения осадочных толщ. В качестве такой причины рассматривается прерывистый характер воздымания областей сноса осадочного материала. Ритмичность сложения осадочных толщ, в частности угленосных, рассматривается как ключ к реконструкции палеотектонических движений в областях сноса. |
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Troshchenko, V.V. |
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Troshchenko, V.V. The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України |
| author_facet |
Troshchenko, V.V. |
| author_sort |
Troshchenko, V.V. |
| title |
The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics |
| title_short |
The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics |
| title_full |
The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics |
| title_fullStr |
The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics |
| title_sort |
rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics |
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Український науково-дослідницький і проектно-конструкторський інститут гірничої геології, геомеханіки і маркшейдерської справи НАН України |
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2013 |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/57213 |
| citation_txt |
The rhythmic build of sedimentary formations as a mirror of the washout areas paleotectonics / V.V. Troshchenko // Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України. — 2013. — № 13, ч. 1. — С. 166-173. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — рос. |
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Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України |
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Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України, № 13 (частина I), 2013
Transactions of UkrNDMI NAN Ukraine, № 13 (part I), 2013
166
УДК 552.573
THE RHYTHMIC BUILD OF SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS
AS A MIRROR OF THE WASHOUT AREAS
PALEOTECTONICS
Troshchenko V. V.
(SSC RAS, Rostov-on-Don, Russia)
В статье на основе анализа литературных источников и
собственных наблюдений автора сделан вывод об ошибочности
существующих представлений о волновых движениях бассейна
осадконакопления как первопричине ритмического сложения
осадочных толщ. В качестве такой причины рассматривается
прерывистый характер воздымания областей сноса осадочного
материала. Ритмичность сложения осадочных толщ, в частно-
сти угленосных, рассматривается как ключ к реконструкции па-
леотектонических движений в областях сноса.
В статті на основі аналізу літературних джерел та влас-
них спостережень автора зроблено висновок про помилковість
існуючих уявлень про хвилясті рухи земної кори як причину
ритмічного складу осадкових товщ. В якості такої причини
розглядається перериваний характер підйому областей зносу
террігенного матеріалу. Ритмічне зложення осадкових товщ
розглядається як ключ до реконструкції палеотектонічних рухів
в областях зносу.
Many coal-bearing formations have rhythmic stratified structure.
The origin of rhythmic build of granulometric composition of sedi-
mentary sequences, including coal-bearing ones, was a subject of live-
ly discussions in the course of many years. For explanation of this
phenomenon, some researchers (G. A. Ivanov [1] et al.) suggested a
special mechanism of short-periodic oscillatory movements of the sed-
Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України, № 13 (частина I), 2013
Transactions of UkrNDMI NAN Ukraine, № 13 (part I), 2013
167
imentation basin bottom on the background of its total sinking (the
wave theory), which seemed to be especially attractive, considering a
possibility of its mathematical presentation with factorization into
harmonic components, though satisfactory explanation for the nature
of such mechanism was not suggested. It is proper to note that besides
of the mentioned other variants were offered as well, for example a
mechanism of the rhythmic sedimentation suggested by P. Pruvost and
consisting in pulsating, i.e. interrupted character of the basin’s bottom
sinking, but his hypothesis that received name “the hypothesis of Pru-
vost” was not supported by scientific community, while the wave the-
ory acquired for long years status of an irrefutable dogma.
The most widespread error of nearly all researchers in the sphere
of lithology lies in aspiration to reduce all diversity of factors having
influence on the character of a terrigenous sediment to two main
ones – depth of the sedimentation basin and remoteness from shore-
line. This is an extremely simplified scheme based on sufficiently
primitive notions about differentiation of sediments in the aquatic en-
vironment. The accepted by G. A. Ivanov model of distribution of the
zones of sedimentation does really exist, but, as it was shown long ago
by F. P. Shepard [13] and affirmed by recent researches of G. G. Mat-
ishov [14] and others, it can be attributed only to very narrow coastal
stripe along the abrasion shores and can not follow the advancing or
retreating shoreline, as it was shown at the notorious schemes of
Ivanov, without considerable perturbations due to inevitable washout
of previously deposited sediments in course of transgressions and re-
gressions.
In most cases the mistake lies in an aspiration to explain practi-
cally all peculiarities of the sediment by paleogeographical and paleo-
tectonic conditions exclusively of the basin or territory of sedimenta-
tion, while in reality in formation of the lithological profile of sedi-
mentary cross-section, besides of climatic conditions, take part, as a
minimum, three relatively independent paleotectonic factors – tectonic
regime of sedimentation area, tectonic regime of areas of the clastic
(including organic) material washout, and also eustatic oscillations of
sea level, by all evidence, also caused by tectonic movements of the
ocean floor, but in more distant areas (tectonoeustatic). In this connec-
tion, it is necessary to recognize that the lithology of the sediment,
Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України, № 13 (частина I), 2013
Transactions of UkrNDMI NAN Ukraine, № 13 (part I), 2013
168
and, first of all, its granulometric composition, is in the greatest degree
influenced not by depth of the sedimentary basin and remoteness from
the shore, but by processes taking place in areas of washout, caused by
rate of lifting of the continental blocks and energy of water flows, that
are practically ignored by authors of facies theories. Indeed, be it any
depth of the water reservoir, if from the washout area comes only pe-
litic material, the composition of formed sediment by all means can
not be psammitic or psephitic, and opposite. This seemingly obvious
circumstance was noted at different times by such researchers as
L. B. Rukhin and V. S. Popov [3, 4], but their conclusions remained
unnoticed by community of lithologists-facialists.
In shallow water reservoirs, the wave processes, reaching bot-
tom, lead to certain form of areal differentiation of the sediment, and
as a result, on the banks, spits and shallows, the most fine-grained part
is carried out from total mass of sediment, and these areas of bottom
are always characterized by the most coarse-grained sediment. But at
all events, in the composition of the isochronous layer will prevail the
material which is predominant in the hard run-off.
The logical mistake made by G. A. Ivanov and his followers
[5, 6] is that, though a carefully developed by him hypothetic scheme
of rhythmic sedimentation with migration of shoreline was intended
only as a probable explanation for the mechanism of formation of
granulometric rhythms, later on, the very existence of these rhythms
began to be perceived as a proof of the hypothesis itself, in spite of ex-
istence in the proposed scheme of unexplained by any means contro-
versies. In reality, coal and limestone, that according to the hypothesis
of Ivanov are full antagonists, in the granulometric profile of coal-
bearing sequence of Donbas occupy the same position, and not infre-
quently are neighbors in the cross-section, in full accordance with the
law of Golovkinsky-Walter, what proves their close genetic relation-
ship. Though, according the same hypothesis, coals, unlike lime-
stones, must occupy place among the most coarse-grained part of the
sequence. The zigzag occurrence of the rhythmically built sequences
in accordance to the schemes of Ivanov, not only has never been dis-
covered, it is impossible even theoretically, because of inevitable flu-
vial and marine abrasion of already deposited sediments in course of
shoreline migration, and these are only two of many erroneous state-
Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України, № 13 (частина I), 2013
Transactions of UkrNDMI NAN Ukraine, № 13 (part I), 2013
169
ments. It is proved long ago [7, 8], that coal beds, so as other elements
of sedimentary rhythms, are isochronous formations, i.e. are formed
simultaneously throughout whole territory of their spreading.
Nevertheless, during many decades the scheme of Ivanov, ac-
quiring status of a theory, together with inseparable from it theory of
autochtonous peat-coal accumulation, thoroughly occupied minds of
several generations of coal geologists. There exists great number of
known facts testifying that fossil coal represents an usual clastic sedi-
mentary rock of organic composition that is formed in the aquatic sed-
imentary basins on account of the peatbogs subject to denudation and
disintegration in the areas of washout, i.e. coal is an allochtonous for-
mation, so as nearly all other members of coal-bearing sequences
[9, 10, 15].
The inclination of the facies theories into the side of explanation
of the rhythmical character of sedimentation by wavelike movements
of the bottom of sedimentation basin as the main or single factor, is
caused, first of all, by the fact that washout areas of ancient sedimen-
tation basins most often are beyond scope of researchers and in many
cases are at all unknown, while the accumulated sediments, as a rule,
are partly or in full preserved and accessible for study.
The process of accumulation of thick sedimentary sequences of
rhythmic built can be presented as follows [9, 10].
For the formation of thick sedimentary (including coal-bearing)
sequence, the necessary condition is existence of two more or less
close neighbouring areas of the Earth surface, one of which experienc-
ing steady sagging (area of sedimentation) and other, simultaneously,
steady rise relatively to the basis of erosion (area of washout). As it
has been shown by L. B. Rukhin [3], V. S. Popov [4] and others, as-
cending and descending orogenic movements taking part in the sedi-
mentation processes are uniformly directed but not oscillatory as it has
been proclaimed by the wave theory.
The sedimentation at the area of sagging to be rhythmic, the rise
of the washout area must occur in pulsing (interrupted) mode, when
after the phase of relatively quick rise, at which the energy of water
flows is maximal and into the basin of sedimentation comes the most
coarse-grained material, follows the phase of relative rest, duration of
which is enough for leveling of the relief and accumulation in the sed-
Наукові праці УкрНДМІ НАН України, № 13 (частина I), 2013
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170
imentation basin of more or less thick layer of phytomass (by favora-
ble climatic conditions for vegetation and closed character of the sed-
imentation basin) or, by other sedimentation conditions, organo-
genous, and also chemogenic or evaporate mineral deposits, most fre-
quently limestones. Infringements of the basin’s closed character may
be caused by eustatic changes of sea level.
In the washout area, when energy of water flows is low, peat-
bogs of different types – lowland, watershed and intermediate, are
washed off together with the mineral substrate and fresh plants, but
mineral components along with undecomposed large plant fragments
are subject to a short-distance transfer, while the peat mass disinte-
grated by water flow, owing to its low specific weight, reaches the fi-
nal basin of sedimentation and forms a deposit of disintegrated organ-
ics, being an initial material of a coal bed. At the periods of high flow
energy, amount of organic matter in the hard run-off is so small in
comparison with a mass of mineral components, that it can form only
dispersed organic matter in resulting sedimentary rocks.
Resuming of upward movements in the washout area is accom-
panied by drift-over of more and more coarse grained sediments, buri-
al of deposed already organics which consequently form a coal bed,
i.e. the complete rhythm is formed. Local conditions of the sedimenta-
tion basin have minor effect on the composition of the sediment, being
reflected mainly in its supplementary features, such as communities of
fossil fauna, ripple marks etc.
The interrupted character of upward orogenic movements can be
judged about by areas of modern upward movements in regions of
spreading of thick dislocated carbonate sequences prone to the action
of tidal oscillations of the sea level, where every pause in upward
movements is fixed by development of horizontal karst – system of
caves formed in the elevation interval between maximal and minimal
tidal sea level, and also of abrasion niches on the surface of coastal
cliffs.
So, at the sea coast of the Northern Vietnam in the dislocated
carbonate massif of Devonian-Carboniferous-Permian age experienc-
ing present-day uplift, there are noticed several levels of horizontal
caves at the altitudes of 5-6 m above sea level (the youngest), 15-18 m
(second level) and higher, up to marks of several hundred meters. At
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171
first glance it may seem that in other areas experiencing uplift, where
coincidence of soluble rocks and sea tides is absent, such reliable indi-
cators of the interrupted uplift character are not present and single evi-
dence of this phenomenon can be found only in sediments stored in
the accumulation area. Nevertheless, if the question is about areas of
modern uplift, the interrupted character of the process is fixed by the
multistory structure of river terraces, each of them corresponding to
the position of the base level of erosion formed during one of the
pauses in the process of uplift [11, 12].
The cause of interrupted character of the orogenic movements
can be found in the same natural mechanism that controls earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions – steady accumulation of tectonic stresses with
their periodical discharge when they reach critical level. On this back-
ground, the sedimentation process is affected by minor short-term
changes of water level, caused by the eustatic ingressions and emer-
sions that can explain many of peculiarities in structure of sedimentary
cycles.
There is no ground for the opinion that during former geological
epochs the character of ascending movements of the Earth’s crust
blocks was different from the present-day one. Thus we may rightfully
use the rhythmic build of sedimentary formations for deciphering the
paleotectonic history of the washout areas, even if their exact location
is not determined.
All aforesaid is related to the simplest case where in the process
there are involved only one basin of sedimentation and single area of
washout. And if to take into consideration that one basin of sedimenta-
tion may have not one, but two or more washout areas, and the
rhythms themselves may be incomplete, it becomes clear what pro-
spects (but also difficulties) are opened in study of the paleogeography
and paleotectonics of the coal accumulation epochs.
The genetic schemes not based on facts lead to untrue notions
about the paleotectonics of coal basins and their surrounding, incorrect
paleogeographic constructions, and, at the same time, there is missed
the opportunity to make up the notion about paleotectonic regime of
ancient washout areas, i.e. to open unknown pages of geological histo-
ry of the planet.
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Transactions of UkrNDMI NAN Ukraine, № 13 (part I), 2013
172
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geomorphology, sedimentation, pelagic communities. V. X. /
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