Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia?
Anoxia in marine basins is a problem, or is feared to become a problem in several locations. A straightforward remediation would be to blow large volumes of oxygen (or air) into those sub-oxic waters, but that is a tiresome and costly affair. By introducing a solid oxygen donor, it should be possi...
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Інститут геохімії, мінералогії та рудоутворення ім. М.П. Семененка НАН України
2011
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irk-123456789-628342014-05-27T03:01:40Z Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia? Schuiling, R.D. Короткі повідомлення Anoxia in marine basins is a problem, or is feared to become a problem in several locations. A straightforward remediation would be to blow large volumes of oxygen (or air) into those sub-oxic waters, but that is a tiresome and costly affair. By introducing a solid oxygen donor, it should be possible to attack the anoxia problem for a reasonable period of time in a single and simple operation. An obvious and cost-effective choice would be the use of the mineral pyrolusite (MnO₂). This is one of the commonest manganese ore minerals, and hundreds of millions of tons of manganese tailings containing this mineral are stored in tailings near manganese mines all over the world. A well-known example of such tailings can be found in the manganese mining district near Nikopol/Ukraine. Its use has no harmful effect, as the mineral contains no heavy metals, and even its pore waters are of drinking water quality. The major problem is probably that the reaction of MnO₂ is rather sluggish. Аноксія є проблемою морських басейнів деяких регіонів. Найкращим запобіжним заходом могло б бути закачування великих об’ємів кисню (або повітря) у збіднені киснем води, але це надто складна і дорога операція. Найпростіший метод — введення твердого джерела кисню як окремої операції. Очевидним і ефективним може бути використання піролюзиту (MnO₂) — одного з найпоширеніших марганцево-рудних мінералів. Сотні мільйонів тонн марганцевих хвостів, що містять його, зберігаються в околицях марганцевих шахт у всьому світі. Зокрема, у районі видобування марганцю поблизу Нікополя (Україна). Їх використання не матиме шкідливої дії, оскільки мінерал не містить важких металів і навіть якість його порових вод відповідає якості питної води. Основна проблема полягає у тому, що реакція MnO₂ проходить дуже повільно. Аноксия является проблемой морских бассейнов некоторых регионов. Наилучшим средством могло бы быть закачивание больших объемов кислорода (или воздуха) в обедненные кислородом воды, но это довольно хлопотная и дорогостоящая операция. Наиболее простой метод — введение твердого источника кислорода как одиночной операции. Очевидным и эффективным выбором может стать использование пиролюзита (MnO₂) — одного из наиболее распространенных марганцево-рудных минералов. Сотни миллионов тонн содержащих его марганцевых хвостов хранятся в окрестностях марганцевых шахт во всем мире. Хорошо известны примеры таких хвостов в районе добычи марганца под Никополем (Украина). Их использование не оказывает какого-либо вредного воздействия, поскольку минерал не содержит тяжелых металлов и даже его поровые воды соответствуют по качеству питьевой воде. Основная проблема заключается в том, что реакция MnO₂ проходит очень медленно. 2011 Article Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia? / R.D. Schuiling // Мінералогічний журнал. — 2011. — Т. 33, № 1. — С. 88-90. — Бібліогр.: 3 назв. — англ. 0204-3548 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/62834 553.32 (477) en Мінералогічний журнал Інститут геохімії, мінералогії та рудоутворення ім. М.П. Семененка НАН України |
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Короткі повідомлення Короткі повідомлення |
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Короткі повідомлення Короткі повідомлення Schuiling, R.D. Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia? Мінералогічний журнал |
| description |
Anoxia in marine basins is a problem, or is feared to become a problem in several locations. A straightforward remediation
would be to blow large volumes of oxygen (or air) into those sub-oxic waters, but that is a tiresome and costly affair. By
introducing a solid oxygen donor, it should be possible to attack the anoxia problem for a reasonable period of time in a
single and simple operation. An obvious and cost-effective choice would be the use of the mineral pyrolusite (MnO₂).
This is one of the commonest manganese ore minerals, and hundreds of millions of tons of manganese tailings containing
this mineral are stored in tailings near manganese mines all over the world. A well-known example of such tailings can be
found in the manganese mining district near Nikopol/Ukraine. Its use has no harmful effect, as the mineral contains no
heavy metals, and even its pore waters are of drinking water quality. The major problem is probably that the reaction of
MnO₂ is rather sluggish. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Schuiling, R.D. |
| author_facet |
Schuiling, R.D. |
| author_sort |
Schuiling, R.D. |
| title |
Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia? |
| title_short |
Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia? |
| title_full |
Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia? |
| title_fullStr |
Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia? |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia? |
| title_sort |
pyrolusite-rich tailings from nikopol against anoxia? |
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Інститут геохімії, мінералогії та рудоутворення ім. М.П. Семененка НАН України |
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2011 |
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Короткі повідомлення |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/62834 |
| citation_txt |
Pyrolusite-rich tailings from Nikopol against anoxia? / R.D. Schuiling // Мінералогічний журнал. — 2011. — Т. 33, № 1. — С. 88-90. — Бібліогр.: 3 назв. — англ. |
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88 ISSN 0204-3548. Mineral. Journ. (Ukraine). 2011. 33, No 1
© R.D. SCHUILING, 2011
Introduction. Many marine systems, particularly
in semi-enclosed and shallow water bodies suffer
from anoxia. This is often aggravated by the influx
of nutrient-rich waters, leading to phytoplankton
blooms. When the plankton dies and sinks to the
bottom, their decomposition uses up the available
oxygen. Sometimes a remediation is found by
blowing air into these anoxic water bodies, like in
the Salford Docks area near Manchester, where
the waters were heavily polluted by the runoff
from sewers. A compressed air injection raised the
oxygen level by up to 300 %, leading to a spec-
tacular recovery of the fish stock, both in numbers
as in diversity [2]. Although such a remediation is
possible, it is costly and energy-intensive, the
more so as quite a bit of the air will escape as bub-
bles, and not take part in the solution of the prob-
lem. If one could provide oxygen by using a solid
oxygen donor, one can in the course of one simple
and cost-effective operation find a remediation
for the anoxia. The solid donor can be emplaced
at the heart of the problem, and all the released
oxygen can play a part in the process. A problem
that could occur is the fact that the oxygen release
may be sluggish. On the other hand, this makes it
possible to spread the effect over a certain length
of time, even though the operation itself can be
executed rapidly.
Choice of oxygen donor. The material must be
cheap, and available in large quantities. A logical
choice is the mineral pyrolusite, MnO
2
, one of
the most common manganese ore minerals. In the
form of a commercial manganese concentrate,
however, it will not be cheap. All manganese ores
occur together with other minerals, so-called
gangue minerals. In order to obtain a commercial
manganese concentrate, during ore dressing the
gangue minerals are separated as completely as
possible from the ore minerals. The aim is to pro-
duce a commercial concentrate with a minimum
Mn-content of 48 %. The success of this treat-
ment, which is expressed by the term recovery, de-
pends on the grain size and the degree of inter-
locking of the minerals. The gangue minerals are
environmentally innocuous minerals like quartz,
calcite and clay minerals. Together with the unre-
covered manganese minerals these are called tai-
lings which are stored in basins or on tailing
dumps. These tailings still contain several % up to
21 % of MnO
2
. Manganese ores are notably poor
in harmful elements like mercury, arsenic, lead or
cadmium.
Nikopol in the Ukraine is a famous manganese
mining district. The Nikopol district has been the
МІНЕРАЛОГІЧНИЙ ЖУРНАЛ
MINERALOGICAL JOURNAL
(UKRAINE)
UDC 553.32 (477)
R.D. Schuiling
Institute of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
E-mail: schuiling@geo.uu.nl
PYROLUSITE-RICH TAILINGS FROM NIKOPOL AGAINST ANOXIA?
Anoxia in marine basins is a problem, or is feared to become a problem in several locations. A straightforward remediation
would be to blow large volumes of oxygen (or air) into those sub-oxic waters, but that is a tiresome and costly affair. By
introducing a solid oxygen donor, it should be possible to attack the anoxia problem for a reasonable period of time in a
single and simple operation. An obvious and cost-effective choice would be the use of the mineral pyrolusite (MnO
2
).
This is one of the commonest manganese ore minerals, and hundreds of millions of tons of manganese tailings containing
this mineral are stored in tailings near manganese mines all over the world. A well-known example of such tailings can be
found in the manganese mining district near Nikopol/Ukraine. Its use has no harmful effect, as the mineral contains no
heavy metals, and even its pore waters are of drinking water quality. The major problem is probably that the reaction of
MnO
2
is rather sluggish.
КОРОТКІ ПОВІДОМЛЕННЯ
BRIEF INFORMATION
89ISSN 0204-3548. Мінерал. журн. 2011. 33, № 1
PYROLUSITE-RICH TAILINGS FROM NIKOPOL AGAINST ANOXIA?
world’s major manganese producer for a number
of years, and is still in operation. It has the largest
known manganese resources in the world [1]. The
manganese ore is a fine-grained sedimentary ore,
which makes that after ore dressing the remaining
tailings still contain 21 % of pyrolusite. It is likely
that the cost to obtain these tailings will involve
no more than its handling and shipping to the
point of use. An advantage for the mine is that the
area now occupied by the tailings becomes avai-
lable for other uses.
The total amount of tailings stored in large ba-
sins near the Nikopol mines is 170 million tons.
This means that they contain 35.7 million tons of
pyrolusite. When this amount of MnO
2
is reduced
to MnO it releases 6.5 million tons of oxygen.
One mole of oxygen (O
2
) = 32 gram, and one
mole of gas (NTP) takes a volume of 22.7 liter.
The amount of oxygen released by the pyrolusite
equals 4500 billion liters of oxygen. One m3 of a
solid oxygen donor like pyrolusite contains hun-
dreds of times more oxygen than one m3 of air.
Transport of the tailings should be easy. The
city of Nikopol is situated on the banks of the
lower reaches of the river Dniepr, which is navi-
gable for fairly large ships, and reaches the Black
Sea near the city of Cherson.
A cure for local anoxia? It is proposed to use
these or similar Mn-tailings for the mitigation of
anoxia. This is an example of geochemical engi-
neering, which involves the use of geochemical
processes and natural materials to solve environ-
mental problems [3]. The first question to be an-
swered is, will their release in deep anoxic waters
make a serious contribution to suppress the ano-
xia? This will depend on the rate of oxygen release
by fine-grained pyrolusite under anoxic condi-
tions. The best way to find out is probably to se-
lect a test site of a small anoxic polluted lake or a
fjord with anoxic bottom waters and spread a co-
ver of pyrolusite tailings over its bottom. Then the
changes in oxygen saturation must be monitored.
If there is a considerable improvement over a time
span of a few months to a few years, the method
can be applied for the remediation of anoxia in
urgent cases.
Almost certainly marine biologists will raise the
question of the environmental damage to marine
life that such a geochemical engineering solution
might cause. Evidently, potential negative effects
on the environment must be closely followed, but
from the nature of the pyrolusite itself and its ac-
companying minerals it seems improbable that
this solution will have any negative environmental
consequences. Manganese ores are notably poor
in heavy metals, and the other minerals are no
different than what is found in normal bottom
sediments. During an inspection of the mine tai-
lings it was observed that the pore waters inside
the Nikopol tailings were of drinking water quality.
Once the questions as to the rate of reaction,
and the absence of negative environmental conse-
quences are solved to satisfaction, one can turn
the attention to the logistics and the financial
consequences of this approach, as well as the se-
lection of the most urgent but small-scale cases of
anoxia. It is unlikely that the method can ever be
applied to treat large stretches of oceanic anoxic
bottom waters. A point of discussion would be the
choice between the use of a pyrolusite concentrate
(limited volume required, but more expensive)
and pyrolusite containing tailings (larger volume,
but less expensive).
Conclusions. Oxygen is the most direct answer
to anoxia. It is proposed to use a solid oxygen do-
nor in the form of pyrolusite instead of blowing
air into the water.
Large volumes of pyrolusite-rich tailings are
available near many manganese mines in the
world.
No negative environmental consequences are
expected by the use of this method.
Cees van der Weijden is than ked for his comments.
1. Corathers L.A. Mineral Commodities Summaries. —
USGS, 2005. — P. 104—105.
2. Hindie P. Exploring Greater Manchester — a field work
guide. — pdf Manchester Geogr. soc., 1988. — P. 13.
3. Schuiling R.D. Geochemical engineering : taking stock //
J. Geoch. Expl. — 1998. — 62. — P. 1—28.
Received 29.10.2010
Р.Д. Шхаулин
ПИРОЛЮЗИТСОДЕРЖАЩИЕ ХВОСТЫ
ИЗ НИКОПОЛЯ ПРОТИВ АНОКСИИ?
Аноксия является проблемой морских бассейнов не-
которых регионов. Наилучшим средством могло бы
быть закачивание больших объемов кислорода (или
воздуха) в обедненные кислородом воды, но это до-
вольно хлопотная и дорогостоящая операция. Наи бо-
лее простой метод — введение твердого источника
кислорода как одиночной операции. Очевидным и
эф фективным выбором может стать использование
пиролюзита (MnO
2
) — одного из наиболее распростра-
ненных марганцево-рудных минералов. Сотни мил-
лионов тонн содержащих его марганцевых хвостов
хранятся в окрестностях марганцевых шахт во всем
мире. Хорошо известны примеры таких хвостов в
90 ISSN 0204-3548. Mineral. Journ. (Ukraine). 2011. 33, No 1
R.D. SCHUILING
районе добычи марганца под Никополем (Украина).
Их использование не оказывает какого-либо вредно-
го воздействия, поскольку минерал не содержит тя-
желых металлов и даже его поровые воды соответ-
ствуют по качеству питьевой воде. Основная пробле-
ма зак лючается в том, что реакция MnO
2
проходит
очень медленно.
Р.Д. Шхаулін
ПІРОЛЮЗИТВМІСНІ ХВОСТИ
З НІКОПОЛЮ ПРОТИ АНОКСІЇ?
Аноксія є проблемою морських басейнів деяких ре-
гіонів. Найкращим запобіжним заходом могло б бути
закачування великих об’ємів кисню (або повітря) у
збіднені кис нем води, але це надто складна і доро-
га операція. Най простіший метод — введення твер-
дого джерела кис ню як окремої операції. Очевидним і
ефек тивним може бути використання піролюзиту
(MnO
2
) — одного з найпоширеніших марганцево-руд-
них мінералів. Сотні мільйонів тонн марганцевих
хвостів, що містять його, зберігаються в околицях
мар ганцевих шахт у всьому світі. Зокрема, у районі
видобування марганцю поблизу Нікополя (Україна).
Їх використання не матиме шкідливої дії, оскільки
мінерал не міс тить важких металів і навіть якість його
порових вод відповідає якості питної води. Основна
проблема полягає у тому, що реакція MnO
2
проходить
дуже повільно.
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/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|