Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats
Modifications of neurobehavioral activities related to single episodes of consumption of different doses of bee honey were examined in rats under conditions of the hole-board (HB) test (to evaluate the level of anxiety) and open-field (OF) test (where the intensities of locomotion, rearing, and groo...
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Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України
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irk-123456789-684032014-09-23T03:01:48Z Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats Oyekunle, O.A. Ogundeji, T.P. Okojie, A.K. Modifications of neurobehavioral activities related to single episodes of consumption of different doses of bee honey were examined in rats under conditions of the hole-board (HB) test (to evaluate the level of anxiety) and open-field (OF) test (where the intensities of locomotion, rearing, and grooming were measured). Animals of all subgroups had free access to normal saline, while rats of the three experimental subgroups consumed bee honey in the doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g per 1 kg body mass (in the form of 10, 20, and 40% solutions, respectively). Among the doses tested, only higher ones induced considerable c hanges in the behavioral indices. The highest dose (2.0 g/kg) provided a more than twofold increase in the number of examined holes in the HB test; in the OF test, it also increased the numbers of crossed squares, rearings and grooming episodes by 30, 37, and 164%, respectively. Thus, our experiments demonstrated rather significant ability of the natural product tested to relieve anxiety and intensify motor, research/orientational, and grooming aspects of behavior even upon single acts of consumption. Possible neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the behavioral modifications observed are discussed. Модифікації нейроповедінкової активності, пов’язані з поодинокими епізодами споживання бджолиного меду в різних дозах, були вивчені у щурів в умовах норкового тесту (визначення рівня тривожності) і тесту відкритого поля (вимірювання кількості епізодів локомоції, вертикальних стійок і грумінгу). Тварини контрольних підгруп мали вільний доступ до фізіологічного розчину, тоді як щури трьох експериментальних підгруп споживали мед у дозах 0.5, 0.1 та 2.0 г з розрахунку на 1 кг маси тіла (у вигляді 10, 20 й 40 %-вого розчинів відповідно). Значні зміни поведінкових показників виникали тільки при вищих тестованих дозах. Максимальна доза (2.0 г/кг) зумовлювала більше ніж дворазове збільшення кількості досліджених отворів у норковому тесті; в умовах тесту відкритого поля при такій дозі також збільшувалася кількість пересічень щурами квадратів, вертикальних стійок та епізодів грумінгу відповідно на 30, 37 і 164 %. Отже, результати наших експериментів показали, що тестований натуральний продукт (бджолиний мед) виявляє значну здатність знижувати рівень тривожності та посилювати моторні, дослідницькі/орієнтаційні та грумінгові аспекти поведінки навіть у разі поодиноких актів його споживання. Обговорюються можливі нейрофізіологічні механізми, що лежать в основі поведінкових модифікацій, спостережуваних в експерименті. 2011 Article Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats / O.A. Oyekunle, T.P. Ogundeji, A.K. Okojie // Нейрофизиология. — 2011. — Т. 43, № 1. — С. 46-50. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 0028-2561 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/68403 591.512+591.185.1+638.16 en Нейрофизиология Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України |
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Modifications of neurobehavioral activities related to single episodes of consumption of different doses of bee honey were examined in rats under conditions of the hole-board (HB) test (to evaluate the level of anxiety) and open-field (OF) test (where the intensities of locomotion, rearing, and grooming were measured). Animals of all subgroups had free access to normal saline, while rats of the three experimental subgroups consumed bee honey in the doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g per 1 kg body mass (in the form of 10, 20, and 40% solutions, respectively). Among the doses tested, only higher ones induced considerable c hanges in the behavioral indices. The highest dose (2.0 g/kg) provided a more than twofold increase in the number of examined holes in the HB test; in the OF test, it also increased the numbers of crossed squares, rearings and grooming episodes by 30, 37, and 164%, respectively. Thus, our experiments demonstrated rather significant ability of the natural product tested to relieve anxiety and intensify motor, research/orientational, and grooming aspects of behavior even upon single acts of consumption. Possible neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the behavioral modifications observed are discussed. |
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Oyekunle, O.A. Ogundeji, T.P. Okojie, A.K. |
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Oyekunle, O.A. Ogundeji, T.P. Okojie, A.K. Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats Нейрофизиология |
| author_facet |
Oyekunle, O.A. Ogundeji, T.P. Okojie, A.K. |
| author_sort |
Oyekunle, O.A. |
| title |
Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats |
| title_short |
Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats |
| title_full |
Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats |
| title_fullStr |
Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats |
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Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats |
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behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats |
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Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України |
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2011 |
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| citation_txt |
Behavioral modifications related to consumption of a “soft” adaptogen, bee honey, by rats / O.A. Oyekunle, T.P. Ogundeji, A.K. Okojie // Нейрофизиология. — 2011. — Т. 43, № 1. — С. 46-50. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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Нейрофизиология |
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2025-07-05T18:15:55Z |
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НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ / NEUROPHYSIOLOGY.—2011.—T. 43, № 146
UDC 591.512+591.185.1+638.16
O. A. OYEKUNLE, 1 T. P. OGUNDEJI, 1 and A. K. OKOJIE2
BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATIONS RELATED TO CONSUMPTION OF A “SOFT”
ADAPTOGEN, BEE HONEY, BY RATS
Received January 22, 2011.
Modifications of neurobehavioral activities related to single episodes of consumption
of different doses of bee honey were examined in rats under conditions of the hole-board
(HB) test (to evaluate the level of anxiety) and open-field (OF) test (where the intensities of
locomotion, rearing, and grooming were measured). Animals of all subgroups had free access
to normal saline, while rats of the three experimental subgroups consumed bee honey in the
doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g per 1 kg body mass (in the form of 10, 20, and 40% solutions,
respectively). Among the doses tested, only higher ones induced considerable changes in the
behavioral indices. The highest dose (2.0 g/kg) provided a more than twofold increase in the
number of examined holes in the HB test; in the OF test, it also increased the numbers of
crossed squares, rearings and grooming episodes by 30, 37, and 164%, respectively. Thus,
our experiments demonstrated rather significant ability of the natural product tested to relieve
anxiety and intensify motor, research/orientational, and grooming aspects of behavior even
upon single acts of consumption. Possible neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the
behavioral modifications observed are discussed.
Keywords: behavioral activities, hole-board test, open-field test, anxiety, bee honey.
1 Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola
University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
2 Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo State, Benin, Nigeria.
Correspondence should be addressed to O. A. Oyekunle
(e-mail: pintos4live@yahoo.com).
INTRODUCTION
Bee honey is a generally known and extensively used
food product, a sweet syrupy substance produced by
the honey bee (genus Apis) from flower nectars. Honey
gets its sweetness from monosaccharides, fructose and
glucose; the sweetness of honey is approximately the
same as that of granulated sugar [1, 2]. Honey contains
noticeable amounts of vitally necessary microelements,
such as copper, zinc, iron, and manganese; vitamins
B2, B5, B6, B9, and C are also present in honey [3].
During the entire history of the mankind, bee honey
was for thousands and thousands of years and is at
present used as an attractive and valuable food product,
and its energy-restoring and curative capabilities are
known from prehistorical times. Due to its nonspecific
but rather well-expressed positive effects on the state
of the human organism, bee honey can be qualified,
according to the to-day terminology, as a “soft”
adaptogen.
Despite the fact that “everyday” diet-related
and strictly medical uses of honey and its folkloric
applications are rather extensive, the effects of this
agent on various aspects of behavior practically have
not been quantitatively estimated. This question may be
adequately resolved in the corresponding experiments
on animals. This is why we examined the ability of
this natural product to influence the anxiety level in
a novel environment and to modify different types of
activity in the open-field (OF) test.
METHODS
Bee honey was produced by the apiary of the Faculty
of Agricultural Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University
of Technology, Ogbomoso (Nigeria). Honey samples
were dissolved in distilled water to 10, 20, and 40%
concentrations and given to animals in the dose of
0.5 ml/100 g body mass; thus, doses of pure honey in
the three experimental groups (see below) were 0.5,
1.0, and 2.0 g per 1 kg body mass.
Animals. Forty Wistar rats of both sexes (females,
nonpregnant) weighing 100 to 120 g were used. All
animals were kept under standard vivarium conditions
НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ / NEUROPHYSIOLOGY.—2011.—T. 43, № 1 47
BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATIONS RELATED TO CONSUMPTION OF A “SOFT” ADAPTOGEN
(preclinical animal house of Ladoke Akintola
University of Technology) at 23 ± 2°C and 12 h light/
dark cycle. The animals were fed with standard rat
pellet food, and normal saline for drinking was provided
ad libitum. They were acclimatized in the laboratory
for at least 1 week before the experimental session.
All experimental procedures were done following the
experimental guidelines of the Institutional Animal
Ethics Committee (IAEC).
Twenty rats were examined under conditions of
the hole-board (HB) test, while other 20 rats were
subjected to the OF test. Each of the above groups
was subdivided into four subgroups, five rats in each.
Subgroup 1 served as the control, while experimental
animal subgroups 2-4 consumed the above-mentioned
doses of honey.
HB Test. In this procedure [4], 1 h after
administration of bee honey in different doses, the
animals were placed for 6 min on a 40 × 40 cm board
with 16 holes symmetrically distributed in 4 rows.
The numbers of times the animal dipped its head into
the hole within a 6-min-long observation period in
the novel environment were measured, and the mean
numbers of head dips were calculated.
OF Test. For each test session, rats were allowed
to explore the testing environment in a quiet well-
ventilated room for at least 30 min. Spontaneous
behavioral activity was monitored for a 30-min-long
observation period under modified OF conditions,
as was described by Eckeli et al. [5]. Briefly, the OF
structure consisted of a 60 × 60 cm rectangular arena
composed of a hard board floor with surrounding walls
made of white painted wood. The floor was divided by
a permanent red marker into squares of 4.2 × 4.2 cm.
Each rat was introduced into the arena 1 h after oral
administration of bee honey. The locomotor activity
was evaluated by counting the number of floor square
units crossed with all paws. The grooming activity was
characterized by the number of episodes of licking the
body and pubis with mouth and face washing actions.
Research/orientational behavior was evaluated by
counting the number of stands of the animal on its
hindlimbs against the wall of the observation cage or
in the air.
Before introducing each animal into the arena,
the latter (similarly to the HB plate) was thoroughly
cleaned with methylated spirit to eliminate possible
bias due the odour that could be left by previous
individuals.
Statistical Analysis of Numerical Data. Results
of observations were expressed as means ± s.e.m.
The significance of differences between subgroups
was estimated using one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Dunnett test. In all
observations, the cases of statistical significance were
considered at P < 0.05.
RESULTS
Observation of the HB test showed that consumption
of the two higher doses of honey used resulted in
significant increments in the mean number of head
dips performed by the animals put in an unknown
environment under conditions of this test. In group 3
(experimental; 1.0 g of honey per 1 kg body mass), this
increase was 47% (P < 0.05), as compared with the
respective index in the control group 1, while 2.0 g/kg
(group 4) increased the frequency of manifestations
of research behavior more than two times (by 130%,
P < 0.01). The smallest dose of honey used (0.5 g/kg)
induced no changes in the above type of behavior, as
compared with the control (Fig. 1).
Under conditions of the OF test, honey doses of
1.0 and 2.0 g/kg induced nearly similar modifications
of locomotor activity increasing the intensity of the
latter by 25 and 35%, respectively (P < 0.05 in both
cases). The mean intensity of locomotion in group 2
(honey dose 0.5 g/kg) appeared to be even somewhat
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
*
**16
18
1 2 3 4
Fig. 1. Effects of consumption of bee honey on exploratory behavior
of rats under conditions of the hole-board test. Diagram of means ±
± s.e.m. of the numbers of head dips during a 6-min-long observation
period 1 h after oral administrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg body
mass of honey (groups 2-4, respectively; 1 is the control group).
One and two asterisks show cases of significant differences from the
control with P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.
Р и с. 1. Вплив споживання бджолиного меду на дослідницьку
поведінку щурів в умовах норкового тесту.
НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ / NEUROPHYSIOLOGY.—2011.—T. 43, № 148
O. A. OYEKUNLE, T. P. OGUNDEJI, and A. K. OKOJIE
lower (insignificantly) than this type of activity in the
control group 1 (Fig. 2A).
Manifestations of the exploratory activity in the OF
(rearings, stands) underwent practically no changes
after administrations of honey in the two smaller doses
(0.5 and 1.0 g/kg); only the highest dose (2.0 g/kg)
produced a significant (37%, P < 0.05) increment
when compared with the control (Fig. 2B).
The most intense modifications after consumption
of bee honey were found in grooming behavior. Small
doses (0.5 g/kg) were ineffective, while 1.0 g/kg
provided a nearly twofold (by 90%) increase in the
intensity of grooming activities. The highest dose
(2.0 g/kg) intensified this type of behavior more than
two and half times (by 164%; P < 0.01), as compared
with the respective index in the control (group 1)
(Fig. 2C).
DISCUSSION
The main finding made in our study can be summarized
as follows: Even single episodes of consumption of
bee honey by experimental animals (rats) lead to
readily observable modifications of their behavior
under conditions of the HB and OF tests. These effects
are clearly dose-dependent; they are manifested only
at sufficient doses of honey. Naturally, we discuss
in our communication neither such effects of bee
honey and accompanying products (e.g., pollen) as
their antibacterial, antioxidant, etc. activities well-
known from reports on “official” medicine usage
and folkloric applications [6, 7] nor effects of long-
lasting systematic consumption of honey, where its
adaptogenic properties can be most clearly expressed.
Undoubtedly, rapid supply of the organism with
significant amounts of easily accessible substrates for
energetic metabolism (glucose and fructose) seems
to be a first-order factor underlying the effects on
various behavioral manifestations (general increase
in the intensity of the latter). At the same time, it is
likely that a rapid rise in the glucose level in the blood
cannot per se be exclusively responsible for such deep
changes in the indices characterizing anxiety in the
HB test and a number of behavioral indices in the OF
test. An assumption that the above rise is accompanied
by significant shifts in the state of a few cerebral
neuromodulatory systems significantly influencing the
behavioral characteristics seems to be rather logical.
A quite obvious anxiolytic effect of bee honey
allows us to suppose that it is related to a rapid increase
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 * *
*
**
**
90
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4
Fig. 2. Effects of consumption of bee honey on behavioral indices in
rats under conditions of the open-field test. A-C) Diagrams of means ±
± s.e.m. of the numbers of crossed squares (locomotor activity, A),
rearings (research activity, B), and episodes of grooming (C) during
a 30-min-long observation period 1 h after oral administration
of different doses of honey. Other designations are the same as
in Fig. 1.
Р и с. 2. Вплив споживання бджолиного меду на показники
поведінки щурів в умовах відкритого поля.
А
Б
В
НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ / NEUROPHYSIOLOGY.—2011.—T. 43, № 1 49
BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATIONS RELATED TO CONSUMPTION OF A “SOFT” ADAPTOGEN
in the level of serotonin (5-HT) in various cerebral
structures. The state of the cerebral serotonergic system
was convincingly shown to closely correlate with the
level of anxiety in humans and different animals [8,
9]. Despite a great diversity of the types and subtypes
of 5-HT receptors in the CNS [10] and information
that selective modulation of different groups of these
receptors specifically influences anxiety disorders
[11], a global effect of increases in the 5-HT level in
the CNS leads to a decrease in the level of anxiety.
In contrast, exhaustion of the amount of 5-HT, which
can be induced by different pharmacological and non-
pharmacological influences, results in a rise in the
anxiety level. If this state is prolonged, such a situation
can evoke the development of anxious depression
[5, 12].
In our experiments, rats, after consumption of
honey in a sufficient dose, significantly increased
their research activity in the HB test much more
frequently dipping their heads in unexplored holes in
the behaviorally novel environment. This anxiolytic
effects is quite comparable with a change in the
research rearing activity under conditions of the OF
test.
It also seems probable that some other cerebral
modulatory systems are involved in modifications
of rat behavior related to consumption of honey. In
particular, this is the mesolimbic dopaminergic system.
As was mentioned, grooming activity underwent the
most intense modulation after honey administration, as
compared with other types of behavior in the OF test. As
was shown, selective agonists of dopamine D1 and D5
receptors elicit intensification of grooming behavior,
while D2 receptor agonists somewhat reduce this type
of behavioral activity [13, 14]. Thus, a selective, to a
certain extent, action of a rapid rise in the glucose level
(related to consumption of honey) on certain types of
dopamine receptors should be supposed. Naturally,
an attempt to answer the respective question needs
special investigation. The same can be noted with
respect to the question whether certain specificity of
the composition of bee honey (as compared, e.g., with
“pure” sugar) plays a role in the action of this product
on functioning of the cerebral modulatory systems.
Therefore, our observations demonstrated that
bee honey in sufficiently high amounts possesses a
significant modulatory behavioral potential manifested
in the case of single consumption. Bee honey
ameliorates anxious behavior (acting as an anxiolytic)
and provides a noticeable general stimulating effect on
the CNS (an antidepressant action). These behavioral
shifts probably determine, to a considerable extent,
the extensively known action of bee honey as a
“soft” adaptogen under conditions of its systematic
consumption. Our observations confirm well-known
ideas on the expedience of the use of honey as a
supplement in special diets for subjects suffering from
mood disorders. At the same time, the mechanisms
underlying the action of this product on cerebral
modulatory systems (such an action, according to our
data, seems to be rather probable) may need special
thorough investigation.
Acknowledgment. The authors are sincerely grateful to
Mr. E. O. Akinbolusere, chief technologist, the Department of
Physiology, for his technical assistance.
О. А. Ойекунле1, Т. П. Огундеджи1,
А. К. Окойє2
МОДИФІКАЦІЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ, ПОВ’ЯЗАНІ ЗІ СПОЖИ-
ВАННЯМ ЩУРАМИ “М’ЯКОГО” АДАПТОГЕНУ –
БДЖОЛИНОГО МЕДУ
1 Коледж медичних наук, Технологічний університет
Ладоке Акінтола, Огбомозо (Нігерія).
2 Університет Беніна, Бенін (Нігерія).
Р е з ю м е
Модифікації нейроповедінкової активності, пов’язані з по-
одинокими епізодами споживання бджолиного меду в різ-
них дозах, були вивчені у щурів в умовах норкового тесту
(визначення рівня тривожності) і тесту відкритого поля (ви-
мірювання кількості епізодів локомоції, вертикальних сті-
йок і грумінгу). Тварини контрольних підгруп мали віль-
ний доступ до фізіологічного розчину, тоді як щури трьох
експериментальних підгруп споживали мед у дозах 0.5, 0.1
та 2.0 г з розрахунку на 1 кг маси тіла (у вигляді 10, 20 й
40 %-вого розчинів відповідно). Значні зміни поведінкових
показників виникали тільки при вищих тестованих дозах.
Максимальна доза (2.0 г/кг) зумовлювала більше ніж двора-
зове збільшення кількості досліджених отворів у норковому
тесті; в умовах тесту відкритого поля при такій дозі також
збільшувалася кількість пересічень щурами квадратів, вер-
тикальних стійок та епізодів грумінгу відповідно на 30, 37
і 164 %. Отже, результати наших експериментів показали,
що тестований натуральний продукт (бджолиний мед) вияв-
ляє значну здатність знижувати рівень тривожності та по-
силювати моторні, дослідницькі/орієнтаційні та грумінгові
аспекти поведінки навіть у разі поодиноких актів його спо-
живання. Обговорюються можливі нейрофізіологічні меха-
нізми, що лежать в основі поведінкових модифікацій, спо-
стережуваних в експерименті.
НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ / NEUROPHYSIOLOGY.—2011.—T. 43, № 150
O. A. OYEKUNLE, T. P. OGUNDEJI, and A. K. OKOJIE
REFERENCES
1. National Honey Board, Carbohydrate and the Sweetness of
Honey (last accessed May 5, 2008 at http//www.honey.com).
2. Oregon State University Sugar Sweetness (last accessed May
5, 2008 at http//www.food.oregonstate.edu/sugar).
3. USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory Honey (last accessed August
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