Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC
The addition of molybdenum into the titanium material Ti—Cr—TiC significantly changes the composition and properties of nanostructured film, which is fabricated due to the friction on air and under high temperatures. Predominant contents of brittle oxide TiO2 (rutile) within the films in the proc...
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
2012
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| Цитувати: | Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC / A.M. Petrova, M.B. Shtern // Наносистеми, наноматеріали, нанотехнології: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: РВВ ІМФ, 2012. — Т. 10, № 4. — С. 813-818 . — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — анг. |
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irk-123456789-758852018-07-12T17:20:02Z Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC Petrova, A.M. Shtern, M.B. The addition of molybdenum into the titanium material Ti—Cr—TiC significantly changes the composition and properties of nanostructured film, which is fabricated due to the friction on air and under high temperatures. Predominant contents of brittle oxide TiO2 (rutile) within the films in the process of friction determines the high wear of materials. There is no titanium oxide TiO2 within the newly fabricated film of titanium material containing molybdenum, whereas hydroxides and molybdenum oxides prevail in terms of quantity, and ensure high protective and lubricate properties of film. Добавление молибдена в титановый материал Ti—Cr—TiC значительно изменяет состав и свойства наноструктурной плёнки, которая образуется в результате трения на воздухе при высоких температурах. Высокое содержание хрупкого оксида TiO2 (рутила) в плёнках в процессе трения определяет высокий износ материалов. Оксида TiO2 нет в свежеприготовленных плёнках титанового материала, содержащего молибден, в то время как гидроксиды и оксиды молибдена преобладают в количественном выражении и обеспечивают высокие защитные и смазочные свойства плёнки. Додавання молібдену у титановий матеріял Ti—Cr—TiC значно змінює склад і властивості наноструктурної плівки, яка утворюється внаслідок тертя на повітрі за високих температур. Високий вміст крихкого оксиду TiO2 (рутилу) в плівках у процесі тертя визначає високий знос матеріялів. Оксиду TiO2 немає у щойноприготованих плівках титанового матеріялу, що містить молібден, у той час як гідроксиди й оксиди молібдену переважають у кількісній мірі і забезпечують високі захисні та змащувальні властивості плівки. 2012 Article Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC / A.M. Petrova, M.B. Shtern // Наносистеми, наноматеріали, нанотехнології: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: РВВ ІМФ, 2012. — Т. 10, № 4. — С. 813-818 . — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — анг. 1816-5230 PACSnumbers:06.60.Vz,62.20.Qp,62.23.St,68.60.Bs,81.07.Bc,81.40.Pq,81.65.-b http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/75885 en Наносистеми, наноматеріали, нанотехнології Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| description |
The addition of molybdenum into the titanium material Ti—Cr—TiC significantly
changes the composition and properties of nanostructured film, which
is fabricated due to the friction on air and under high temperatures. Predominant
contents of brittle oxide TiO2 (rutile) within the films in the process of
friction determines the high wear of materials. There is no titanium oxide
TiO2 within the newly fabricated film of titanium material containing molybdenum,
whereas hydroxides and molybdenum oxides prevail in terms of
quantity, and ensure high protective and lubricate properties of film. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Petrova, A.M. Shtern, M.B. |
| spellingShingle |
Petrova, A.M. Shtern, M.B. Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC Наносистеми, наноматеріали, нанотехнології |
| author_facet |
Petrova, A.M. Shtern, M.B. |
| author_sort |
Petrova, A.M. |
| title |
Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC |
| title_short |
Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC |
| title_full |
Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC |
| title_fullStr |
Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC |
| title_sort |
effect of molybdenum on formation of nanostructured film at friction of titanium material ti—cr—mo—tic |
| publisher |
Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/75885 |
| citation_txt |
Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film
at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC / A.M. Petrova, M.B. Shtern // Наносистеми, наноматеріали, нанотехнології: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: РВВ ІМФ, 2012. — Т. 10, № 4. — С. 813-818 . — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — анг. |
| series |
Наносистеми, наноматеріали, нанотехнології |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT petrovaam effectofmolybdenumonformationofnanostructuredfilmatfrictionoftitaniummaterialticrmotic AT shternmb effectofmolybdenumonformationofnanostructuredfilmatfrictionoftitaniummaterialticrmotic |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-06T00:05:09Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-06T00:05:09Z |
| _version_ |
1836853819199193088 |
| fulltext |
813
PACS numbers: 06.60.Vz, 62.20.Qp,62.23.St,68.60.Bs,81.07.Bc,81.40.Pq, 81.65.-b
Effect of Molybdenum on Formation of Nanostructured Film
at Friction of Titanium Material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC
A. M. Petrova and M. B. Shtern
I. M. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Material Science of N.A.S.U.,
3 Krzhyzhanovsky Str.,
03680 Kyyiv-142, Ukraine
The addition of molybdenum into the titanium material Ti—Cr—TiC signifi-
cantly changes the composition and properties of nanostructured film, which
is fabricated due to the friction on air and under high temperatures. Predom-
inant contents of brittle oxide TiO2 (rutile) within the films in the process of
friction determines the high wear of materials. There is no titanium oxide
TiO2 within the newly fabricated film of titanium material containing molyb-
denum, whereas hydroxides and molybdenum oxides prevail in terms of
quantity, and ensure high protective and lubricate properties of film.
Добавление молибдена в титановый материал Ti—Cr—TiC значительно из-
меняет состав и свойства наноструктурной плёнки, которая образуется в
результате трения на воздухе при высоких температурах. Высокое содер-
жание хрупкого оксида TiO2 (рутила) в плёнках в процессе трения опреде-
ляет высокий износ материалов. Оксида TiO2 нет в свежеприготовленных
плёнках титанового материала, содержащего молибден, в то время как
гидроксиды и оксиды молибдена преобладают в количественном выраже-
нии и обеспечивают высокие защитные и смазочные свойства плёнки.
Додавання молібдену у титановий матеріял Ti—Cr—TiC значно змінює
склад і властивості наноструктурної плівки, яка утворюється внаслідок
тертя на повітрі за високих температур. Високий вміст крихкого оксиду
TiO2 (рутилу) в плівках у процесі тертя визначає високий знос матеріялів.
Оксиду TiO2 немає у щойноприготованих плівках титанового матеріялу,
що містить молібден, у той час як гідроксиди й оксиди молібдену перева-
жають у кількісній мірі і забезпечують високі захисні та змащувальні
властивості плівки.
Key words: titanium material, molybdenum, high-temperature friction,
nanostructured film.
(Received 17 January, 2012)
Наносистеми, наноматеріали, нанотехнології
Nanosystems, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies
2012, т. 10, № 4, сс. 813—818
© 2012 ІМФ (Інститут металофізики
ім. Г. В. Курдюмова НАН України)
Надруковано в Україні.
Фотокопіювання дозволено
тільки відповідно до ліцензії
814 A. M. PETROVA and M. B. SHTERN
1. INTRODUCTION
The mechanism of wear of titanium material Ti—Cr—TiC was already
studied before [1, 2]. The influence of chromium as an alloying element
on the mechanism of wear of titanium material Ti—Cr—TiC was previ-
ously examined. It is shown that nanostructured films are being gen-
erated in the process of wear of the material on air and under the room
temperature, and act as the solid-film lubricants. These films consist
of chromium and titanium oxides, hydroxides, nitrides, and hydrides.
The additional alloying of titanium material allowed a significant raise
of its strength and wear resistance within the temperature range of
250—750°С [3].
This paper is aimed at the examination of influence of molybdenum
on nanostructured film formation at the high-temperature friction of
titanium material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC on air.
The investigation was carried out on such compositions as Ti, Ti—
Cr—TiC, Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC, which were obtained by the pressing and the
subsequent sintering in vacuum of 0.13 Pa from powder mixture of
electrolytic titanium of the fraction 180 + 40 μm, Cr3C2 and Mo of the
fraction 10 μm.. The porosity of sintered materials was 10—12%. It was
sought to obtain a partial dissolution of molybdenum in titanium base
within the Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC material. The presence of free molybdenum
was supposed to ensure its full participation in oxide films formation
process. The molybdenum trioxide formation is known to occur at the
temperature of 250°С and to intensify at 500°С [4].
The wear-resistance of sintered materials Ti, Ti—Cr—TiC, Ti—Cr—
Mo—TiC is studied. The friction test is carried out according to the
scheme of 3 specimens: disc on air under the temperature of 550°С,
loading of 3.0 МPа, test time of 1 h and slip velocity of 1.0 m/sec. Disc
was produced from nitrated titanium alloy VT-14. The area of samples
section is 0.35 cm
2. The wear-resistance of friction pair is estimated
according to intensity of samples and disc wear, which is measured ac-
curately to 25.
The structure of friction surface was studied by section perpendicu-
larly to the surface of titanium material friction as well as to the sur-
face of samples oxidized on air under the temperature of 550°С during
1.0 h. The studying process is carried out on X-ray unit URS-50I under
the iron radiation.
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The structure of Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC material is a titanium base, alloyed
with chromium and molybdenum, which contains uniformly distribut-
ed inclusions of titanium carbide and not fully dissolved inclusions of
EFFECT OF Mo ON FORMATION OF FILM AT FRICTION OF Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC 815
molybdenum (Fig. 1).
The wear testing (see Table) shows high wear intensity of the fric-
tion pair titanium—nitrated titanium, which amounts to 1360 μm/km.
However, there is no pair adhesion as at the friction under the room
temperature. The wear of Ti—Cr—TiC material is twice as lower as of
titanium, but still high enough and amounts to 700 μm/km. The addi-
tion of molybdenum reduced the wear of the pair to 20 μm/km. The
friction coefficient remains irrespective of the composition of titani-
um material and equals to 0.23—0.26. Visual inspection of friction sur-
faces has showed that there are tears along the friction direction in
samples from Ti and Ti—Cr—TiC. That is an evidence of significant
plastic flow of surface layer of materials within the friction area. No
tears were seen on the samples of materials, which contain molyb-
denum, due to the influence of this plastic flow on formation of Ti—Cr—
Mo solid solution. It was already mentioned in [2] that molybdenum
essentially increases the strength of titanium base of material at the
specified temperature of 550°С. As a result, the plastic strain of fric-
tion surface layer also decreases.
Fig. 1. Structure of Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC material (×500).
TABLE. Wear and friction coefficient of titanium materials under the tem-
perature of 550°С and sliding rate of 1.0 m/sec.
Material composition Wear intensity, μm/km Friction coefficient
Ti 1360 0.23
Ti—Cr—TiC 700 0.25
Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC 20 0.26
816 A. M. PETROVA and M. B. SHTERN
The metallographic study (Fig. 2) reveals the formation of white
a
b
c
Fig. 2. Surface of material friction: Ti (а), Ti—Cr—TiC (b), Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC (c)
(×63).
EFFECT OF Mo ON FORMATION OF FILM AT FRICTION OF Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC 817
films on the surface of friction. The softening of surface layer reflects
the character of its destruction. The destruction of the film by tracks
(Fig. 2, a, b) is seen at significant plastic strain (Ti, Ti—Cr—TiC). If no
plastic flow is evident, the film is destructed as a spot (Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC)
and probability of its damage is significantly reduced (Fig. 2, c).
Phase composition of the film on the surface of friction differs from
that on oxidized surface of material. Simple oxides such as titanium,
chromium and molybdenum nitrides are generated on the surface of
specimens oxidized on air, while mostly oxides of complex composition
(hydroxides) are being formed on the surface of friction. The film on
the friction surface of titanium consisted of oxides TiO2 (rutile), Ti3O5,
Ti9O17, and nitrides TiN that ensured the sliding of friction pair with-
out adhesion but with the disastrous wear. As opposed to friction un-
der the room temperature, the high-temperature friction of titanium
ensured more intensive oxidation and subsequent recovery of de-
structed oxide films. The main constituent of film of Ti—Cr—TiC mate-
rial is oxide TiO2 (rutile) as in case of pure titanium. This material has
a little bit lower but still high wear. Chromium oxides Cr5O12, CrO2 and
compounds like spinel Cr3Ti3O were also constituents of film. In com-
parison with titanium, these constituents contributed to reduction of
wear of the Ti—Cr—TiC material. There is no TiO2 oxide on the friction
surface of Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC specimen, and newly generated film con-
tains the following compounds (in order of intensity reduction of the
lines on X-ray pattern): Mo5O8(OH)8, Mo5O7(OH)8, Mo9O26, Cr3O4, and
Mo2N, Cr3Ti3O.
Hydroxides and molybdenum oxides prevailed in terms of quantity.
Titanium is to some extent engaged in formation of wear-resistant
film, which contains mainly oxidation products of such alloying ele-
ments as molybdenum and chromium. It also acts as the constituent of
complex compound like spinel Cr3Ti3O. Brittle oxide was the main con-
stituent of the film on the surface of Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC sample oxidized
on air, but no evidence of it was found within the film generated at
friction of this material.
The reduction of level of titanium part and increase of activity of
alloying elements in the process of films formation at friction is ac-
companied by the reduction of wear intensity of titanium material and
subsequent improvement of lubricate and protective properties of new-
ly generated films.
3. CONCLUSIONS
The presence of molybdenum in the titanium material Ti—Cr—Mo—TiC
contributes to the formation of solid films with high lubricate and pro-
tective properties under the conditions of high temperatures. These
films contain mainly hydroxides and molybdenum oxides.
818 A. M. PETROVA and M. B. SHTERN
REFERENCES
1. A. M. Petrova and V. V. Polotai, Powder Metallurgy, No. 5: 51 (1987).
2. A. M. Petrova and M. B. Shtern, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research
Workshop on Using Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems
(2008), p. 851.
3. A. M. Petrova and M. B. Shtern, Proc. International Conf. ‘Materials and Coat-
ings under Extreme Conditions. Investigations, Applications, Environmentally
Safe Techniques of Production and Utilization of Items’ (Kiev: 2008), p. 245.
4. J. Benar, Oxidation of Metals (Moscow: Chimayo: 1969).
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