Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power
Review of the current situation in the development of powerful linear proton accelerators carried out in many countries is given. The purpose of their creation is solving problems of safe and efficient nuclear energetics on a basis of the accelerator-reactor complex. In this case a proton beam with...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2001
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irk-123456789-783692015-03-16T03:01:47Z Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power Bomko, V.A. Zajtzev, B.V. Egorov, A.M. Review of the current situation in the development of powerful linear proton accelerators carried out in many countries is given. The purpose of their creation is solving problems of safe and efficient nuclear energetics on a basis of the accelerator-reactor complex. In this case a proton beam with the energy up to 1 GeV, the average current of 30 mA is required. At the same time there is a needed in more powerful beams, for example, for production of tritium and transmutation of nuclear waste products. The creation of accelerators of such a power will be followed by the construction of linear accelerators of 1 GeV but with a more moderate beam current. They are intended for investigation of many aspects of neutron physics and neutron engineering. Problems in the creation of efficient constructions for the basic and auxiliary equipment, the reliability of the systems, and minimization of the beam losses in the process of acceleration will be solved. 2001 Article Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power / V.A. Bomko, B.V. Zajtzev, A.M. Egorov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 5. — С. 6-8. — Бібліогр.: 17 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 29.17.+w http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/78369 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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Review of the current situation in the development of powerful linear proton accelerators carried out in many countries is given. The purpose of their creation is solving problems of safe and efficient nuclear energetics on a basis of the accelerator-reactor complex. In this case a proton beam with the energy up to 1 GeV, the average current of 30 mA is required. At the same time there is a needed in more powerful beams, for example, for production of tritium and transmutation of nuclear waste products. The creation of accelerators of such a power will be followed by the construction of linear accelerators of 1 GeV but with a more moderate beam current. They are intended for investigation of many aspects of neutron physics and neutron engineering. Problems in the creation of efficient constructions for the basic and auxiliary equipment, the reliability of the systems, and minimization of the beam losses in the process of acceleration will be solved. |
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Article |
| author |
Bomko, V.A. Zajtzev, B.V. Egorov, A.M. |
| spellingShingle |
Bomko, V.A. Zajtzev, B.V. Egorov, A.M. Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| author_facet |
Bomko, V.A. Zajtzev, B.V. Egorov, A.M. |
| author_sort |
Bomko, V.A. |
| title |
Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power |
| title_short |
Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power |
| title_full |
Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power |
| title_fullStr |
Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power |
| title_sort |
development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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2001 |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/78369 |
| citation_txt |
Development of linear proton accelerators with the high average beam power / V.A. Bomko, B.V. Zajtzev, A.M. Egorov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 5. — С. 6-8. — Бібліогр.: 17 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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AT bomkova developmentoflinearprotonacceleratorswiththehighaveragebeampower AT zajtzevbv developmentoflinearprotonacceleratorswiththehighaveragebeampower AT egorovam developmentoflinearprotonacceleratorswiththehighaveragebeampower |
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2025-07-06T02:29:25Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-06T02:29:25Z |
| _version_ |
1836862894891859968 |
| fulltext |
DEVELOPMENT OF LINEAR PROTON ACCELERATORS
WITH THE HIGH AVERAGE BEAM POWER
V.A. Bomko, B.V. Zajtzev, A.M. Egorov
NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine, bomko@kipt.kharkov.ua
Review of the current situation in the development of powerful linear proton accelerators carried out in many coun-
tries is given. The purpose of their creation is solving problems of safe and efficient nuclear energetics on a basis of
the accelerator-reactor complex. In this case a proton beam with the energy up to 1 GeV, the average current of
30 mA is required. At the same time there is a needed in more powerful beams, for example, for production of tri-
tium and transmutation of nuclear waste products. The creation of accelerators of such a power will be followed by
the construction of linear accelerators of 1 GeV but with a more moderate beam current. They are intended for in-
vestigation of many aspects of neutron physics and neutron engineering. Problems in the creation of efficient con-
structions for the basic and auxiliary equipment, the reliability of the systems, and minimization of the beam losses
in the process of acceleration will be solved.
PACS number: 29.17.+w
Design and construction of super-power proton lin-
ear accelerators is currently the topical line of develop-
ment in the accelerator industry. Over the latest decade
scientific teams in which the specialists of different
branches of science and technology take part has been
working successively on this problem in many coun-
tries. Here physicist, engineers and technologists, radio-
engineers, specialists in the field of vacuum and cryo-
genics has been working. Here the achievements in the
designing of the means for automatization and control,
novel computational systems are focused. Specialists in
economics, funds, and marketing are recruited for solv-
ing the problems on optimization of costs for the accel-
erating complex development and construction.
There is a number of reasons for such an interest in
development of high- power linear accelerators. The
chief reason lies in application of proton beams for gen-
eration of intense neutron fluxes. Presently the intense
neutron generators described in [1, 2] such as IRNS (Ar-
gon, USA), MLNSCE (Los Alamos, USA), KENS
(Japan), ISIS (Great Britain) are driven with proton lin-
ear accelerators. In a short time it is supposed to in-
crease considerably the neutron generation at the meson
factory in Los Alamos, on the linear proton accelerator,
with the beam current of 1.2 mA and energy of
800 MeV using the entire accelerated beam for the neu-
tron production. However, to solve the urgent scientific
and practical problems, the neutron fluxes several orders
higher than already obtained are required.
The most important goal of the creation of high-
power linear proton accelerators is their application in
the safe and efficient electronuclear energetics. The ac-
celerator-reactor complex enables work in the sub-criti-
cal mode, and therefore, makes safe nuclear energetics
possible. The reactor in the fast neutron mode enables
the complete incineration of the most harmful radiotoxic
long-lived products of nuclear reactions in nuclear fuel
wastes such as plutonium and other transuranic ele-
ments generating with that a great amount of the addi-
tional energy.
Recently a need arises in the high-power proton
beams for electronuclear energetic facility (ENEF) of
different types.
1. ENEF in which the additional elucidation of the fuel
arranges in neutron driven reactors is carried out with
the proton beam [2, 3]. Such experimental complexes
where a proton linear accelerator will be used as a driver
are being created in Russia [5, 6]. In the frame of the re-
actor a targeting blanket system will be assembled. To
create a full-scale ENEF of this type the proton beams
with estimated power of 100 MW are required.
2. As an electronuclear energy installation the energy
amplifier EA is used, an accelerator-reactor complex in
which the reactor of a new type operates in the sub-criti-
cal mode on fast neutrons. This electronuclear system is
suggested by CERN specialists and is described in the
papers [7-9]. The additional elucidation is carried out
with hard neutrons (to 10 MeV) generated in the spalla-
tion-reaction at the lead target irradiated with a proton
beam with the energy of 1 GeV and current of 30 mA.
Fuel elements are submerged into melted lead which is,
at the same time, the medium for the fuel elements, a
heat carrier, a neutron moderator, and a radioactive radi-
ation absorber. A mixture of the thorium with any fis-
sion materials: transuranic elements ("dirty" plutonium),
weapon plutonium, 235U serves as the fuel. In the course
of EA reactor operation, generation of fissile 233U from
thorium takes place that may be used for LWR fuel en-
richment or for "seeds " of the next EA loading cycles.
The EA reactor has an advantage that lies in the fact that
besides the safe nuclear energy production it removes
the most harmful TRU radioactive waste producing an
additional energy in amount of 36% from the energy al-
ready generated at the LWR. Moreover, with the nuclear
waste incineration the EA enables the transmutation on
the leakage from the core neutrons of the harmful long-
lived radionuclides 99Tc and 129I separated from the nu-
clear fuel. The conceptual principles of the EA have
been subjected to theoretical and experimental tests.
By the time, i.e., by the middle of the second decade,
proton linear accelerators meeting the demands.
The power of the proton beam necessary for the EA
complex should be about 30 MW. The optimal proton
beam should be accelerated to 1 GeV and have the aver-
age current of 30 mA. The project of the accelerator is
submitted at the CERN [10]. Its actuality is based on the
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №5.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (39), с. 6-8.
6
large experience that the team from the department of
accelerators possesses in development and construction
of the superconducting accelerating modules and RF
power supply systems in the LEP structure. Currently
several European institutions joint their efforts in the
frames of the CONCERT program (Combined Neutron
Center for European Research and Tecnology) [11] for
the creation of the intense proton linear accelerator - a
generator of intense neutron fluxes.
3. The more intense proton beams are necessary for the
transmutation of the long-lived radionuclides from the
nuclear waste for the ecologically pure tritium produc-
tion. Here the proton beams are necessary with a power
considerably higher than 100 MW. Such projects are
elaborated and discussed in different countries. The
most advanced project is the APT project (Los Alamos,
USA) [12] where it is supposed to create a proton linear
accelerator with the energy of 1.7 GeV and average
beam current of 100 mA. The main goal is tritium pro-
duction. Funds for the construction is not transferred yet
but all the scientific and technology designs are secured
the financial backing. By the present time the most im-
portant initial part of the LEDA accelerator - an injector
and proton accelerator for the energy of 6 MeV and su-
perconducting cavities for the main high-energy section
of the accelerator are constructed and tested. In the
meantime in the USA the financing of another large
multipurpose proton accelerator for the energy of
1250 MeV (the SNS project) is confirmed [13]. It will
be constructed by a joint team from Los Alamos, Oak-
Ridge, Berkley, Brookhaven. It is supposed to put this
accelerator into operation in 2005.
In the Table the list of linear accelerator projects un-
der development is given [2].
Fig. 1 presents the conceptual scheme of the APT
proton linear accelerator [14] being developed in Los
Alamos The proton energy at the output of the every
section of the accelerator, the operating frequency, the
acceleration rate are shown. Its full length is 1220 m.
Fig. 1. The conceptual scheme of the APT proton linear accelerator.
As one can see from the Table the accelerators differ
significantly in final parameters of the accelerated pro-
ton beams and in modes of operation. Nevertheless,
their functions are the same - generation of the intense
neutron beams in various energy ranges. In most of the
projects it is assumed to use neutron beams in various
investigations, but the CERN project and the joint
project proposed by ITEP, MRTI, IPHE, and INR [15]
are intended for operation in the ENEF complex.
At the same time, on the way to energetics of future
it is necessary to solve problems both in accelerating
technology and in power proton beam conversion in in-
tense neutron fluxes, and in their application as addi-
tional elucidation in the sub-critical reactor. For these
purposes less ambitious and more real accelerators at
the present stage are developed. The more typical are
the KURRI projects in the Kioto university (Japan) [16]
and ITEP (Russia) [2, 5, 6,]. Both installations are mul-
tipurpose and are at the high level of readiness.
Table. The projects of the power proton beam accelera-
tors.
Project W, MeV I,mA P,MW
APT, USA 1700 100 100
SNS, USA 1250 2 (4.4) 2.65 (4.4)
JAERRY, Japan 400-600 0.33 (5) 1 (5)
TRISPAL,
France
600 400 24
TRASCO, Italy 1000 10-100 35
KOMAC Korea 1000 20 20
ESS Europe 1330 3.7 5
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №5.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (39), с. 7-8.
7
EA, CERN 1000 25-30 25-30
CNGS, CERN 2200 2 4
ITEP, INR
MRTI,IPHE,
1000 30 30
A scheme of the KURRI complex is shown in Fig. 2.
At the initial section D- and H2+ will be accelerated with
a pulsed beam current of 100mA. It is supposed to focus
the deuteron beam on the tritium target with the energy
of 400 keV to obtain neutrons with the energy of
14 MeV. In future it is supposed to produce beams of
different energy: 2 MeV, 20 MeV, 100 MeV, and
300 MeV. Thus the neutron fluxes of different intensity
will be generated in the wide energy range. Eventually,
the proton beam accelerated to the energy of 300 MeV
will be produced on the sub-critical reactor assembly.
Fig. 2. A scheme of the KURRI complex.
In the context of the foregoing I would like to turn
back to the events which occurred twenty years ago.
Then at the KIPT the works on development of the pow-
erful proton accelerator of the 100 MeV and average
beam current of 0.5 mA were carried out. These works
were completed in 1975, and a technical project [17]
was developed. As it follows from the technological
documents on the project, at the present time its parame-
ters are at the modern level. That enabled a high stabili-
ty of the accelerator operation with passive resonance
systems, and what is especially important, one used a
method of the smooth energy adjustment of the acceler-
ated protons in the wide energy range. At the same time,
there were provided as in KURRI and ITEF projects ad-
ditional outputs on the target for the proton beams of the
intermediate energy. Thus, this accelerator offered sig-
nificant advantages for multipurpose researches in the
neutron physics, reactor material technology, nuclear
physics, and in a large number of applied, technological,
medical and biological applications.
The average beam intensity of 50 kW and final ener-
gy of 100 MeV give a possibility to create intense ep-
ithermal and fast neutrons on the lead and beryllium tar-
gets. The total yield of neutrons from the lead target ir-
radiated with the proton beam of 100 MeV and average
current of 0.5 mA is 1.25.1015 neutrons/s.
Due to the presence of an additional energy output
on the target and the method of the smooth adjustment
of the accelerated particle energy, a possibility of inter-
mediate beam energies develops favorable conditions
for neutron production in the wide energy range. In the
project the margin of the accelerating field strength was
supposed that enabled to accelerate the particles with a
mass-to-charge ratio of А/q=2 at the initial section (to
10 MeV). Thus, the accelerated deuteron beam in the
deuterium-tritium reaction would give a possibility to
produce neutrons with energies of 14 MeV.
For Ukraine the LUP-100 project may be the starting
point for creation of future safe and efficient energetics
based on electronuclear installations. The guarantee is,
from one hand, highly developed nuclear- power engi-
neering, and from other hand, the high level of nuclear
physics and accelerating technology at the NSC KIPT.
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ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №5.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (39), с. 9-8.
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