Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics
The investigations in the field of a plasma gas dynamics performed by MRTI RAS and other organizations during last 20 years are considered. The following experimental schemes were used: probing of discharge plasma by a sound, weak shock wave and strong shock wave, including experiments on shock tube...
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irk-123456789-785552015-03-19T03:02:21Z Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics Esakov, I.I. Grachev, L.P. Khodataev, K.V. Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies The investigations in the field of a plasma gas dynamics performed by MRTI RAS and other organizations during last 20 years are considered. The following experimental schemes were used: probing of discharge plasma by a sound, weak shock wave and strong shock wave, including experiments on shock tubes, body flight through plasma region in ballistic stand, a flow around a body in the wind tunnels provided by section with plasma discharge, etc. The direct current sources, the high-frequency and microwave generators were used for creation of plasma. The results of the experiments are considered and the positive conclusions about prospect of use of the plasma technology in aerodynamics are done. 2000 Article Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics / I.I. Esakov, L.P. Grachev, K.V. Khodataev // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2000. — № 6. — С. 141-145. — Бібліогр.: 43 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/78555 533.9 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies |
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Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies Esakov, I.I. Grachev, L.P. Khodataev, K.V. Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The investigations in the field of a plasma gas dynamics performed by MRTI RAS and other organizations during last 20 years are considered. The following experimental schemes were used: probing of discharge plasma by a sound, weak shock wave and strong shock wave, including experiments on shock tubes, body flight through plasma region in ballistic stand, a flow around a body in the wind tunnels provided by section with plasma discharge, etc. The direct current sources, the high-frequency and microwave generators were used for creation of plasma. The results of the experiments are considered and the positive conclusions about prospect of use of the plasma technology in aerodynamics are done. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Esakov, I.I. Grachev, L.P. Khodataev, K.V. |
| author_facet |
Esakov, I.I. Grachev, L.P. Khodataev, K.V. |
| author_sort |
Esakov, I.I. |
| title |
Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics |
| title_short |
Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics |
| title_full |
Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics |
| title_fullStr |
Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics |
| title_sort |
plasmagasdynamic experiments in russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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2000 |
| topic_facet |
Low temperature plasma and plasma technologies |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/78555 |
| citation_txt |
Plasmagasdynamic experiments in Russia and prospects of plasma technology applications in aerodynamics / I.I. Esakov, L.P. Grachev, K.V. Khodataev // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2000. — № 6. — С. 141-145. — Бібліогр.: 43 назв. — англ. |
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Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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UDC 533.9
Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2000. № 3. Series: Plasma Physics (6). p. 141-145 141
PLASMAGASDYNAMIC EXPERIMENTS IN RUSSIA AND
PROSPECTS OF PLASMA TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN
AERODYNAMICS
Igor I. Esakov, Lev P. Grachev and Kirill V. Khodataev
Moscow Radiotechnical Institute RAS, Russia,khodata@online.ru Fax: (095) 314-1053
The investigations in the field of a plasma gas dynamics performed by MRTI RAS and other organizations
during last 20 years are considered. The following experimental schemes were used: probing of discharge plasma by
a sound, weak shock wave and strong shock wave, including experiments on shock tubes, body flight through
plasma region in ballistic stand, a flow around a body in the wind tunnels provided by section with plasma
discharge, etc. The direct current sources, the high-frequency and microwave generators were used for creation of
plasma. The results of the experiments are considered and the positive conclusions about prospect of use of the
plasma technology in aerodynamics are done.
Introduction
The problem of the discharge influence on the
conditions of flight of supersonic apparatus develops in
Russia for a comparatively long time. From the very
beginning it was supposed that influence on a flow must
be remote. One could see that a quite effective influence
on a flow can be created if energy is included into flow
at the optimal region near the flying body. The remote
energy addition into a flow can be easy transported by
means of some kind of directed beam of radiation (in
particular electromagnetic). The main difficulty
represents the question how transported radiation beam
will find the needed place where we want to include the
additional energy. It is clear that medium of propagation
(in our case it is an air) must be transparent for radiation
and only the nonlinear processes are able to create the
needed adsorbing. The electric discharge can perform
this role if the radiation is focused in the pointed place
and specific power at focus is quite enough for the air
breakdown. One could elect between microwaves and
laser sources. These sources satisfy the formulated
demands. The preference was given up to microwave
(MW) radiation. The initial estimations had shown that
significant influence could be reached if a specific
energy addition is comparable with air enthalpy. For
study of the nonlinear phenomenon at the radiation
focus the raw of installations with MW sources was
constructed in Moscow Radiotechnical Institute
(MRTI). The first experiments shown that microwave
discharge is very complicated phenomenon with strong
dependence on a set of circumstances. It needed the
special studies separately from aerodynamics problem.
The electrodeness discharges - direct current (DC) and
high frequency (HF), continuous and pulse - were used
for preliminary study of a discharge influence on the
gasdynamic flows. Step by step it was standing clear
that electrodeness discharges from one side do not able
to model the microwave discharges but from other side
can play independent role in a plasma aerodynamics.
Both this directions are developed to this day. The
significant experience is saved in this area to the present
time [1]
Microwave installations
All constructed MW installations have the same
principal scheme. The usual MW installation consists
from MW generator, wave guide and focusing antenna
system, displaced into a vacuum tank, that is fulfilled by
a gas with needed pressure. A supersonic jet, injected
from Lavale nozzle, can flow through focus region or a
shock wave, sound et cetera can propagate through one.
The biggest MW installation “TOR”, is located in
MRTI. The generator power is 20 MW in continuous
regime and can work with any kind of modulation. The
wave length of radiation is near to 4 cm. The electronic
controlled phase grid allows to create any field
distribution in the radiation beam focus. The minimum
focus radius was defined by diffraction limit. The detail
description of the installation “TOR” one can find in the
paper [2]. The major part of preliminary knowledge
about the powerful MW discharge plasma (especially
with high average power) was got on the installation
and its smaller prototype. But detail information about
physics of a pulse MW discharge in a wide diapason of
parameters was got on the smallest installation “E-1”,
displaced in MRTI too [3].
The principal scheme of E-1 is the following. The
magnetron generator is fed by pulse modulator. It
generates microwave radiation with wave length 8.9 cm.
The MW energy goes through wave guide with
circulator and attenuator to the antenna system and
farther into vacuumed tank. The output power of
generator is 10 MW with pulse duration 40 µs.
Repetition frequency is less than 1 Hz. The parabolic
metal mirror focuses the radiation. The discharge erects
in the field maximum. The tank has the couple windows
for diagnostics and the gas flow equipment. The gas
pressure in the vacuum volume can be varied from
small value up to atmosphere. The most part of
experiment was performed in air, nitrogen and
hydrogen. Usually the diagnostics consists from MW
field measurements, photo camera, microwave and
optical interferometer, spectrometer, various probes et
cetera.*
* The similar installations worked in Institute of Applied
Physics (Nizniy Novgorod), General Physics Institute RAS
and MSU (Moscow), Ioffe Institute (St.-Petersburg).
mailto:khodata@online.ru
142
One can understand that displacement in the frame
of one experimental installation a power MW source
and full scale shock wave tube or a wind tunnel is a very
difficult task not expedient at recent time period.
Therefore some MW installations was equipped by the
little scale supersonic nozzles, which did create the
supersonic jets across the focused beam, or sound and
shock wave sources, which generated the gas wave
perturbations across the focus region for study of MW
discharge influence on a gas dynamics.
Gasdynamic installations with the
electrodeness discharges
The electrodeness discharges are studied significant
better than MW one. The sources of such discharges are
not expensive and simpler than MW one. These aids can
be easy located in the wind tube or shock tube or
displaced on aerodynamic models and apparatus. It is
the main reason why the electrodeness discharge is
widely used in the plasma aerodynamic investigations
although this kind of discharges can create the energy
addition zone only near the body surface between the
electrodes.
The wide program of experiments with
electrodeness discharges was performed on the shock
tubes, wind tunnels and ballistic tubes in the row of
Russian Institutes. The following formulations of
experiments were used:
Shock tubes [4,5,6,7]
sonic, weak and strong shock waves
propagation through the longitudinal or
transversal electrodeness discharge region.
Ballistic tubes [8]
blunt, spherical or conical body flight through
the plasma region of transversal electrodeness
discharge.
Wind tunnels [9]
supersonic and undersonic flows around blunt
or streamlined body with the electrodes of
discharge source location on the body or ahead
one.
Many interesting results were got on the shock tube
of MRTI (stand “E-3)
The main result of experiments with the
electrodeness discharges
The generalization of plenty of work devoted to
experimental study of the electrodeness discharge
influence on a supersonic flow (both free and bow
shock waves) guides to following conclusions.
In the overwhelming majority of the works the
shock wave increasing in the plasma region can be
explained successfully by usual heating and detonating
relaxation of excited molecules and atoms [10]. Data
extracted from averaged results of row of installations
definitely shows us that this side of phenomena is
defined basically by thermal effect and in some cases by
the detonation. (The special measurements of translation
and excitation temperatures was performed in the
discharges with the same parameters [11]; this
measurements confirmed that at the low pressure the gas
and vibration temperature of the glow discharge are
equal 500K and 5000K accordingly.) Recently this point
of view is accepted by many authors [12,13,14].
The same result was got on the wind tunnel. The one
of key experiments was performed on the wind tube
equipped by the longitudinal DC discharge. The
discharge was created between external electrodes
located ahead the body. The longitudinal discharge was
elected because a transversal discharge in supersonic
flow is very unstable [15]. The product of discharge
forms the plasma channel that overflows the body. The
goal of the experiment was simulation of energy
including outside the body by means of some kind of
radiation for study of its influence on the drag force,
[16]. The important conclusion follows from the
measured dependence: the efficiency coefficient for
blunt and streamlined body equals ~0.35 and ~0.15
accordingly almost independently on the discharge
power. The detail measurements of spatial-temporal
distribution of the perturbed flow parameters
(temperature and density) and temperature of the blunt
body shown that approximately only half of energy
addition goes on the gas heating. According to usual
estimations other part goes on vibration exciting of
molecules [17]. The computer simulations confirmed
this conclusion [18].
The similar experiment in the wind tunnel was
performed for the case when electrodes were located on
the body surface [19]. Anode was located on the top of
the needle, partitioned cathode – on the blunt body
periphery. Comparison of experimental and numerical
simulation data shows that the drag force decreasing can
be explained in frame of thermal model. The main
difficulty at simulation is the absence of the trusty
theory model of a discharge in supersonic flow.
But at the same time the experiments demonstrate
some not clear details that have not the reliable
explanation now. It means peculiarities of shock front
(precursor and double shock) and unusual bow shock
stand off in a glow plasma flow (at pressure below 30
Torr).
Insufficiency of data about experimental details
(spatial-temporal measurements of many parameters of
the discharge plasma) opens the ways for many different
explanations of these phenomena. Now it is not clear the
role of these peculiarities of phenomenon in the
aerodynamic applications but of course from the physics
point of view it needed the farther investigations.
The experiment MRTI-TsAGI also shows that hot
plasma tail is very inhomogeneous. The flow density in
the tail varies strongly. It causes the strong instability of
the bow shock and the drag force pulsation with
frequency near 1kHz. The photo by exposed lens
averaging the shadow picture does not record any shock
in plasma tail. Only time resolved diagnostics can show
the jumping shock. This example means that every
experiment demands a deep attention and the very
careful interpretation.
143
The main result of experiments with
electrodeless MW discharges
A lot of works is devoted to study MW discharges in
the various gases at the wide diapason of pressure (0.1-
760 Torr) and the wave length (0.2-30 cm). The lower
part of the pressure diapason is interest for the industrial
technology. For the aerodynamic applications the high
pressure discharges in a high intensity MW radiation are
actual [2021,2223,24]. The main goal of those works is
the definition of conditions of the discharge creation,
the absorbing and reflecting properties, its behavior in a
supersonic flow, the gas dynamics initiated by the MW
discharge, influence of the perturbations on waves in a
gas and the flow around body, et cetera.
It is important to note that at the pressure more than
30-50 Torr it is very difficult (almost impossible) to
sustain the spatial homogeneous discharge during time
duration near 1 ms. The strong heat instability
transforms the discharge. In elecrodeness discharges the
unit filament arise and forms the usual electric arc or
spark. This kind of discharge is unsuitable for
aerodynamic applications at pressure above 30 Torr But
high pressure MW discharge represents a net of
filaments [25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. The filament net is a
good absorber of MW radiation. Almost all radiation
beam energy is absorbed by the discharge. It is
explained by resonant character of process. The net
consists from electrodynamic resonant elements with
length near half of radiation wave length. The elements
appear one after another at front of discharge [32]. The
gas temperature and ionization degree are very high in
the filaments. The thin filaments after heating explode
and form a net of hot thin channels that live in the flow
a long time (above 0.1 s). The filament discharge can
propagate with velocity above several km/s [33,3435]. It
means that this kind of discharge is able to exist in
supersonic flow. The direct experiment confirmed it.
The important property of a filament MW discharge is
its possibility to propagate in a region where the field
amplitude is much less than breakdown value. It means
that one can include power into a gas at a small level of
MW radiation in focus. It is consequence of the
streamer effect. The field at the ends of filaments is
much more than unperturbed one.
A discharge arising near an edge of metal needle
propagates far away from needle at the MW field with
the under-breakdown level [36]. This kind of MW
discharge was named “initiated (or “undercritical”) MW
discharge”. The undercritical discharge has the tendency
to self organization. The filament net forms the
complicated resonant "antenna system” of spiral type
[37,38]. The filament net sustains the point with high
field amplitude on the rising ends of such plasma
“antenna system” constantly. It allows to plasma
filaments to rise continuously.
This circumstance strongly expands the area of MW
discharge applications in aerodynamics and aircraft
technology (for example, for fuel ignition in a jet engine
[39]). The high temperature filaments sparkling in the
combustion camera are able to ignite a fuel mix and to
control the detonation front or combustion front. By the
way the “initiated” MW discharge is can be used for
solving of important global problem such as
preservation of the ozone layer [40.,41]
As it was marked the consequence of MW discharge
in flow represents a complicated net of hot filaments in
a cold air. This medium is very unusual for the sound
and shock wave propagation. The experiments show the
strong suppression of a shock wave by the filament MW
discharge [42,43]. The effect is explained by the strong
vortexes exciting when shock wave crosses the region
with the net of the hot filaments. Each filament is
converted to toroidal vortex. The energy of directed
movement of gas in shock wave absorbed by the
vortexes. The effect of a shock wave reduction was
demonstrated by measurements of temporal profiles of
explosion type wave performed on “E-1”. This effect
can be useful for the design of the board aids for
reduction of the bow shock of a civil aircraft.
Summary
Of many years experience of study of various kinds
of the gas discharges at intermediate and high pressure
for definition of theirs application ability in
aerodynamics allows us to have formulated several
theses.
The electric discharge can strongly influence on the
characteristics of a supersonic flow and stream around
body.
The MW discharge gives us the greatest possibilities
for different applications in aerodynamics because it
allows to insert the additional energy into the flow not
only near the body surface but at any region around
body without contact with it: ahead, aside, under and
above body at any distance and at intermediate and high
pressure. It is important that it need not the electrodes
for discharge creation. The gasdynamic simulations
show that addition of energy into flow is able to
increase the efficiency of a aircraft supersonic flight
The MW discharge creates the sparks (filaments)
with very high gas temperature at the intermediate and
high gas pressure. The temperature is quite enough for
ignition of fuel combustion and can be used for a
control of a combustion (detonation) front in a jet
engine.
The complicated net of the hot filaments appears in
the MW discharge. The propagation of shock wave
through the net is accompanied by the strong its
reduction. It is possible that effect can be used for bow
shock reduction or strong its attenuation on entrance of
a jet engine.
The electrodeness kinds of discharges are able to
create discharges only between electrodes. So far as
electrodes are located on the aircraft the discharge can
be excited only near surface of aircraft. The
electrodeness discharges can be used at low pressure of
gas only. The direct current source does not able to feed
electrodeness discharge because it must have a large
inner active resistance and its efficiency is bad. The
incomprehensible peculiarities of the shock front in the
low-pressure electrodeness discharges need additional
investigations. That experiment must be repeated at
other experimental situation with more detail
diagnostics and the conditions control.
144
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Introduction
Microwave installations
Gasdynamic installations with the electrodeness discharges
The main result of experiments with the electrodeness discharges
The main result of experiments with electrodeless MW discharges
Summary
References
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