Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus”
In the paper presented, the new technical development of the high-current electron accelerator “Tonus-NT” (Tomsk nanosecond accelerator – new technologies) is described. It has been developed taking into account the experience of 30-years exploitation of the previous analogue – the accelerator “Tonu...
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| Zitieren: | Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” / A.I. Ryabchikov, A.V. Petrov, V.B. Karpov, N.M. Polkovnikova, V.G. Tolmacheva, Yu.P. Usov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 3. — С. 35-37. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-792272015-03-31T03:02:07Z Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” Ryabchikov, A.I. Petrov, A.V. Karpov, V.B. Polkovnikova, N.M. Tolmacheva, V.G. Usov, Yu.P. In the paper presented, the new technical development of the high-current electron accelerator “Tonus-NT” (Tomsk nanosecond accelerator – new technologies) is described. It has been developed taking into account the experience of 30-years exploitation of the previous analogue – the accelerator “Tonus”. The scheme of the accelerator includes the high-voltage transformer with resonant contours (Tesla transformer) charging the double forming line filled with the transformer oil and the high-voltage diode. The gas-filled trigatron spark gap with up to 10 atm operating pressure is used for the double forming line switching. The main accelerator parameters are as follows: accelerating voltage range 0.4-1.7 MeV, line impedance 36.6 Ω, pulse duration 60 ns, pulse repetition rate up to 10 pps. 2001 Article Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” / A.I. Ryabchikov, A.V. Petrov, V.B. Karpov, N.M. Polkovnikova, V.G. Tolmacheva, Yu.P. Usov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 3. — С. 35-37. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS numbers: 29.17.+w http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/79227 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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In the paper presented, the new technical development of the high-current electron accelerator “Tonus-NT” (Tomsk nanosecond accelerator – new technologies) is described. It has been developed taking into account the experience of 30-years exploitation of the previous analogue – the accelerator “Tonus”. The scheme of the accelerator includes the high-voltage transformer with resonant contours (Tesla transformer) charging the double forming line filled with the transformer oil and the high-voltage diode. The gas-filled trigatron spark gap with up to 10 atm operating pressure is used for the double forming line switching. The main accelerator parameters are as follows: accelerating voltage range 0.4-1.7 MeV, line impedance 36.6 Ω, pulse duration 60 ns, pulse repetition rate up to 10 pps. |
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Article |
| author |
Ryabchikov, A.I. Petrov, A.V. Karpov, V.B. Polkovnikova, N.M. Tolmacheva, V.G. Usov, Yu.P. |
| spellingShingle |
Ryabchikov, A.I. Petrov, A.V. Karpov, V.B. Polkovnikova, N.M. Tolmacheva, V.G. Usov, Yu.P. Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| author_facet |
Ryabchikov, A.I. Petrov, A.V. Karpov, V.B. Polkovnikova, N.M. Tolmacheva, V.G. Usov, Yu.P. |
| author_sort |
Ryabchikov, A.I. |
| title |
Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” |
| title_short |
Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” |
| title_full |
Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” |
| title_fullStr |
Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” |
| title_sort |
upgrading of the high-current accelerator “tonus” |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2001 |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/79227 |
| citation_txt |
Upgrading of the high-current accelerator “Tonus” / A.I. Ryabchikov, A.V. Petrov, V.B. Karpov, N.M. Polkovnikova, V.G. Tolmacheva, Yu.P. Usov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 3. — С. 35-37. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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2025-07-06T03:16:43Z |
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2025-07-06T03:16:43Z |
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1836865871393325056 |
| fulltext |
UPGRADING OF THE HIGH-CURRENT ACCELERATOR “TONUS”
A.I. Ryabchikov, A.V. Petrov, V.B. Karpov, N.M. Polkovnikova,
V.G. Tolmacheva, and Yu.P. Usov
Nuclear Physics Institute at Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Str. 2а,
Tomsk, 634050, Russia,
Phone: 7-3822-417962, Fax: 7-3822-423934,E-mail: usov@npi.tpu.ru
In the paper presented, the new technical development of the high-current electron accelerator “Tonus-NT” (Tomsk
nanosecond accelerator – new technologies) is described. It has been developed taking into account the experience
of 30-years exploitation of the previous analogue – the accelerator “Tonus”.
The scheme of the accelerator includes the high-voltage transformer with resonant contours (Tesla transformer)
charging the double forming line filled with the transformer oil and the high-voltage diode. The gas-filled trigatron
spark gap with up to 10 atm operating pressure is used for the double forming line switching. The main accelerator
parameters are as follows: accelerating voltage range 0.4-1.7 MeV, line impedance 36.6 Ω, pulse duration 60 ns,
pulse repetition rate up to 10 pps.
PACS numbers: 29.17.+w
1 INTRODUCTION
Extension of the area of physical investigations us-
ing relativistic electron beams and their applications to
high-power microwave and X-ray generation, plasma
chemistry, etc. make more and more strict requirements
to parameters of high-current accelerators. For practical
applications, it becomes important to provide a repeti-
tive mode of operation of high peak power accelerators
with significant energy consumption that requires high
reliability of their main units. An adequate solution to
this problem is the accelerator scheme based on forming
lines with distributed parameters where Tesla trans-
former is employed as a high-voltage generator [1-3].
With a Tesla transformer, charging units are highly effi-
cient, simple, handy for exploitation, and rather reliable.
Comparing to Marx generators [4, 5], pulsed transform-
ers allow avoidance of a large number of spark gaps
(which repetition rate and life-time are limited) and us-
ing commercially available switching elements in the
primary circuit. These advantages of Tesla transformers
were duly recognized in the development of repetitive-
ly-pulsed high-current electron accelerators [3].
Using this scheme, we have designed and construct-
ed the accelerator with the coaxial double forming line
(DFL) on the basis of the installation "Tonus" [6]. Tak-
ing into account a multipurpose function of the accelera-
tor, we have provided the wide range of operating volt-
ages (0.4-1.7 MV) and increasing the forming line
impedance from that of the analogue up to the values
corresponding or close to maximum power at ∼60 ns
output pulse duration and 10 Hz pulse repetition fre-
quency.
Increasing the forming line impedance has allowed,
on the one hand, easier operation mode of the main
switch, and on the other hand, significant increasing the
electric strength of the forming lines at the given dimen-
sions of the accelerator body. The latter circumstance
has also allowed us to provide a possibility of increasing
the charging voltage up to 1.5-1.7 MV for operation in
the single-shot mode or at low (up to 0.3 Hz) rep-rate
frequency. Because of the same reasons, the transformer
with ∼0.6 interwinding coupling coefficient was chosen,
so that the spark gap actuated at the second half-wave of
charging voltage corresponding to the most efficient en-
ergy transfer.
The accelerator was manufactured and launched into
operation in the end of 2000 with the following parame-
ters: up to 1 MV accelerating voltage, up to 25 kA beam
current, ∼60 ns pulse width (FWHM), and 0.1 Hz rep-
rate frequency for up to 10 shots in a bunch. It is sup-
posed that the designed parameters (or close) will be
achieved by the end of 2001 following the schedule of
stage-by-stage launching.
2 ACCELERATOR ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
The electrical schematic diagram of the accelerator
is shown in Fig. 1.
MC1
L1 L2
L3 D
Л1 Л2
Р
Fig. 1. Accelerator electrical schematic.
Charging of the DFL, consisting of two lines L1 and
L2, is effected from the Tesla transformer through the
charging inductance L3 ≈ 21 µH. Three capacitors
IK-3-50 connected in parallel serve as a primary energy
storage C1 ≈ 8.14 µF. The capacitance of the secondary
contour C2 ≈ 2.4 nF is the sum of the DFL capacitance
and own capacitance of the transformer. The interwind-
ing coupling coefficient is k ≈ 0.66. The primary con-
tour own frequency is f1 ≈ 22 kHz. The contours mis-
match coefficient α = L1C1/L2C2 ≈ 1.34. The DFL
charging time is of ∼25 µs, the coefficient of voltage
transformation is of ∼52. As the primary contour switch,
the IRT-6 mercury spark gap is employed at charging
voltages of up to 20 kV. For operation at a higher charg-
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №3.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (38), с. 35-37.
35
mailto:usov@npi.tpu.ru
ing voltage, installing the IRT-4 ignitron is provided.
The DFL commutation is effected by the trigatron gas
spark gap triggered at the maximum of charging voltage
from the auxiliary unit of 100 kV. The loading of the
DFL is the electron diode D.
3 ACCELERATOR DESIGN
The schematic of the accelerator is presented in
Fig. 2. The coaxial DFL, spark gap, high voltage insula-
tor, and diagnostics are placed within the pipe of
1200 mm diameter filled with the transformer oil. The
middle (high-voltage at charging) and inner DFL elec-
trodes are made of stainless steel and have tubular rings
at their edges and places of suspension on insulators.
The rings increase the rigidity and reduce the voltage
gradient in the oil. The middle electrode is hanged, at
one end, on the high-voltage input of the polyethylene
lead-in base insulator and at the other end, on the capro-
lon insulator fixed to the accelerator body in the special
shell. The inner electrode is hanged at these places on
two caprolon insulators. The suspension on insulators is
made in such a way that the electric field is "forced out"
by the screening rings from places of electrode-insulator
contact in order to minimize the probability of the
breakdown along the solid dielectric surface. The inner
electrode is connected to the accelerator body through
the charging inductance L3 from the side of the electron
gun high-voltage insulator. The wave impedances of the
outer and inner lines are 17.2 and 19.4 Ω, respectively.
The pulsed transformer, along with the base insula-
tor, is placed within the separate tank of 1200 mm diam-
eter filled with the transformer oil as well. The primary
winding of the transformer has 4 turns made of the cop-
per ribbon of 0.2 mm thickness, which are placed on the
inner surface of the conical shell. The high-voltage
winding contains 263 turns winded as a single layer on
the cylindrical shell of 480 mm diameter with the step
of 2 mm. The full length of winding is 650 mm; it is
made of MGTFwire of 0.35 mm2 cross-section area.
The secondary winding has the protective capacitive
screen transparent for ac magnetic flux, which reduces
the level of overvoltage between turns. The transformer
high-voltage output has longitudinal slits for elimination
of the short-circuited turn effect. The primary and sec-
ondary windings are fixed at the insulating base. The
storing capacitors are located outside the tank and pri-
mary winding by the low-inductance strip line.
The controllable high-voltage spark gap comprises
two plexiglass cylinders separated by the gradient ring
providing uniform voltage distribution. The operating
voltage is controlled by variation of the gap between the
electrodes (up to 50 mm), filling gas pressure (up to
10 atm), and kind of filling gas (N2 or SF6 and N2 mix-
ture). Instability of the spark gap breakdown voltage
does not exceed 5%.
Fig. 2. The schematic of the accelerator: 1 – body, 2 – middle electrode, 3 – inner electrode, 4, 16 - capac-
itive voltage dividers (VDs), 5 – body of Tesla transformer (TT), 6 – output of TT primary winding, 7 – TT
primary winding, 8 – TT secondary winding, 9 – insulating shells, 10 – high-voltage input, 11 – base insu-
lator, 12 – suspension insulators, 13 – active VD, 14 – charging inductance, 15 – electron gun high-volt-
age insulator, 17 - Rogovsky coil, 18 – electron diode, 19 – controllable high-voltage spark gap.
36
The accelerator has the sectioned high-voltage insu-
lator separating the vacuum volume of the electron gun
from the volume filled with the transformer oil. The in-
sulator consists of 11 plexiglass rings, between which
the duralumin gradient rings are installed. The outer di-
ameter of rings is 540 mm, the height is ∼50 mm. The
inner surface of rings makes the angle of 45° with the
gun axis. The sectioned insulator is placed between the
metal flanged tightened by 12 plexiglass rods. At the
high-voltage flange of the insulator, the cathode holder
made as a cylindrical tube is fixed. At its end, the ar-
rangement for fixing cathodes of different diameters and
smooth variation of the anode-cathode gap is located.
The anode of the electron diode is Ti foil of ∼50 µm
thickness leaning on the plain grid for electron beam ex-
traction from the vacuum volume. To obtain
bremsstrahlung X-ray radiation, the target of a material
with a large atomic number is installed replacing that re-
lease window.
Fig. 3. Typical oscilloscope traces of: a) DFL volt-
age at spark gap switched off; b) DFL voltage at
spark gap breakdown; c) diode accelerating volt-
age; d) diode current.
In Fig. 3, the typical oscilloscope traces are present-
ed for charging voltage, accelerating voltage, and diode
current. The capacitive divider located in the line region
registered the waveform of charging voltage. For mea-
surements of the accelerating voltage, the two-stage liq-
uid (KCl water solution) active divider and placed with-
in the vacuum volume capacitive divider were used.
Their indications were corrected taking into account in-
ductive voltage drop at the cathode holder. The ampli-
tude of the diode current was measured by the Rogov-
sky coil.
The efficiency of Tesla transformer determined from
measurements of DFL charging voltage amplitude is of
∼83%.
The authors are grateful to the Institute colleagues
I.F.Isakov, A.I.Pushkaryov, and V.V.Pryakhin for their
help in accelerator manufacturing.
REFERENCES
1. S.B.Vasserman, Preprint 77-110, Institute of Nucle-
ar Physics of Siberian Branch of USSR Academy
of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 1977, 43 p.
2. V.M.Lagunov, A.G.Ponomarenko, and L.P.Fomin-
sky // ZhTF. 1972, v. 42, # 9, p. 1947.
3. S.P.Bugayev, A.S.El'chaninov, F.Ya.Zagulov,
B.M.Koval'chuk, G.A.Mesyats, and Yu.F.Potali-
tsyn. In High-power nanosecond pulsed sources of
accelerated electrons. Novosibirsk, 1974, p. 113.
4. G.A.Mesyats. Generation of high power nanosec-
ond pulses. Moscow: Sovetskoye radio, 1974.
5. A.N.Didenko, V.P.Grigoryev, and Yu.P.Usov.
High power electron beams and their application.
Moscow: Atomizdat, 1977.
6. I.Z.Gleizer, A.N.Didenko, Yu.P.Usov et al. //
Atomnaya energiya, 1974, v. 34, # 5, p. 378.
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №3.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (38), с. 37-37.
37
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