Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂
Results are presented on parameters of light output and uniformity of scintillation properties of 1D and 2D-matrices for different conditions of their preparation. It has been shown that with grinded scintillators based on ZnSe(Te) and CdWO₄ light output is higher as compared with the polished one...
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| Дата: | 2004 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2004
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| Цитувати: | Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ / V.D.Ryzhikov, S.N. Galkin, E.F. Voronkin, O.V. Zelenskaya, V.V. Chernikov, E.N. Pirogov, A.D. Opolonin, D.N. Kozin, E.K. Lisetskaya // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2004. — № 2. — С. 165-166. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
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irk-123456789-793792015-04-01T03:02:21Z Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ Ryzhikov, V.D. Galkin, S.N. Voronkin, E.F. Zelenskaya, O.V. Chernikov, V.V. Pirogov, E.N. Opolonin, A.D. Kozin, D.N. Lisetskaya, E.K. Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений Results are presented on parameters of light output and uniformity of scintillation properties of 1D and 2D-matrices for different conditions of their preparation. It has been shown that with grinded scintillators based on ZnSe(Te) and CdWO₄ light output is higher as compared with the polished ones. Energy resolution and light output have been measured for 2D-scintillators on the basis of CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), ZnSe(Te) for γ-radiation and α-particles from ²³⁵Pu. Advantages of 2D-scintillators over monolithic scintillators are shown. Представлено результати досліджень параметрів світлового виходу й однорідності сцинтиляційних властивостей 1D- і 2D-матриць у залежності від умов їх виготовлення. Показано збільшення світлового виходу шліфованих сцинтиляторів на основі ZnSe(Te) і CdWO₄ щодо полірованих елементів. Досліджено енергетичне розділення та світловий вихід 2D-сцинтиляторів на основі ZnSe(Te) для α--часток ²³⁵Pu. Показано перевагу 2D-сцинтиляторів у порівнянні з монолітними сцинтиляторами. Представлены результаты исследований параметров светового выхода и однородности сцинтилляционных свойств 1D- и 2D-матриц в зависимости от условий их изготовления. Показано увеличение световыхода шлифованных сцинтилляторов на основе ZnSe(Te) и CdWO₄ относительно полированных элементов. Исследовано энергетическое разрешение и световыход 2D-сцинтилляторов на основе ZnSe(Te) для α-частиц ²³⁵Pu. Показано преимущество 2D-сцинтилляторов по сравнению с монолитными сцинтилляторами. 2004 Article Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ / V.D.Ryzhikov, S.N. Galkin, E.F. Voronkin, O.V. Zelenskaya, V.V. Chernikov, E.N. Pirogov, A.D. Opolonin, D.N. Kozin, E.K. Lisetskaya // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2004. — № 2. — С. 165-166. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 29.40.Mc http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/79379 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
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English |
| topic |
Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений |
| spellingShingle |
Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений Ryzhikov, V.D. Galkin, S.N. Voronkin, E.F. Zelenskaya, O.V. Chernikov, V.V. Pirogov, E.N. Opolonin, A.D. Kozin, D.N. Lisetskaya, E.K. Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
Results are presented on parameters of light output and uniformity of scintillation properties of 1D and 2D-matrices for different conditions of their preparation. It has been shown that with grinded scintillators based on
ZnSe(Te) and CdWO₄ light output is higher as compared with the polished ones. Energy resolution and light output
have been measured for 2D-scintillators on the basis of CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), ZnSe(Te) for γ-radiation and α-particles
from ²³⁵Pu. Advantages of 2D-scintillators over monolithic scintillators are shown. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Ryzhikov, V.D. Galkin, S.N. Voronkin, E.F. Zelenskaya, O.V. Chernikov, V.V. Pirogov, E.N. Opolonin, A.D. Kozin, D.N. Lisetskaya, E.K. |
| author_facet |
Ryzhikov, V.D. Galkin, S.N. Voronkin, E.F. Zelenskaya, O.V. Chernikov, V.V. Pirogov, E.N. Opolonin, A.D. Kozin, D.N. Lisetskaya, E.K. |
| author_sort |
Ryzhikov, V.D. |
| title |
Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ |
| title_short |
Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ |
| title_full |
Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ |
| title_fullStr |
Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ |
| title_sort |
properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1d- and 2d-matrices on the basis of crystals znse(te), cdwo₄, csi(tl), bi₃ge₄o₁₂ |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2004 |
| topic_facet |
Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/79379 |
| citation_txt |
Properties uniformity studies for scintillation elements of 1D- and 2D-matrices on the basis of crystals ZnSe(Te), CdWO₄, CsI(Tl), Bi₃Ge₄O₁₂ / V.D.Ryzhikov, S.N. Galkin, E.F. Voronkin, O.V. Zelenskaya, V.V. Chernikov, E.N. Pirogov, A.D. Opolonin, D.N. Kozin, E.K. Lisetskaya // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2004. — № 2. — С. 165-166. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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2025-07-06T03:26:51Z |
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2025-07-06T03:26:51Z |
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| fulltext |
PROPERTIES UNIFORMITY STUDIES FOR SCINTILLATION
ELEMENTS OF 1D- AND 2D-MATRICES
ON THE BASIS OF CRYSTALS ZnSe(Te), CdWO4, CsI(Tl), Bi3Ge4O12
V.D.Ryzhikov, S.N.Galkin, E.F.Voronkin, O.V.Zelenskaya, V.V.Chernikov, E.N.Pirogov,
A.D.Opolonin, D.N.Kozin, E.K.Lisetskaya
STC RI of ST Complex “Institute for Single Crystals”
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Lenin Ave., 61001 Kharkov, Ukraine
E-mail: galkin@isc.kharkov.com
Results are presented on parameters of light output and uniformity of scintillation properties of 1D and 2D-ma-
trices for different conditions of their preparation. It has been shown that with grinded scintillators based on
ZnSe(Te) and CdWO4 light output is higher as compared with the polished ones. Energy resolution and light output
have been measured for 2D-scintillators on the basis of CdWO4, CsI(Tl), ZnSe(Te) for γ-radiation and α-particles
from 235Pu. Advantages of 2D-scintillators over monolithic scintillators are shown. This work has been carried out
with support under CRDF Project UE2-2484-KK-02.
PACS: 29.40.Mc
1. INTRODUCTION
In many fields of medicine, visualization methods of
internal structures of humans based on tomographic studies
are more and more extensively used. These methods of
computer graphics are known as volume visualization.
Recently, a substantial interest has been noted in
methods of image construction using γ- and X-rays.
These methods can be used in medical and technical in-
troscopy, in customs and security inspection systems, as
well as in systems for γ-image construction.
At present, several types of multi-element scintillation
matrices and detectors on their base are known. Fig.1
shows several types of scintillation matrices in the form
of mosaics made of scintillation crystals. To decrease the
probability for light from one luminescent flash coming
from one scintillation cell to another, as well as to in-
crease the emission efficiency of each element, an adhe-
sive-reflecting material is introduced into the inter-ele-
ment space. However, in the case of Compton scattering,
in order to prevent the electron transition from one cell to
another, the inter-element space is commonly filled with
metal components, e.g., Wood’s alloy.
Fig.1. General view of 1D and 2D scintillation matri-
ces
2. EXPERIMENT
Linear or 1D matrices (arrays) of scintillation crystals
are used in scanning X-ray introscopic systems for securi-
ty & customs inspection, technical defectoscopy, medical
computer tomographs. Design and size of the arrays are
determined by parameters of the scintillation crystal, ef-
fective energy of the radiation source, required spatial
resolution values of the introscopic system.
Main characteristics of scintillators that are com-
monly used for these purposes are given in Tabl.
From the data presented, it follows that the most
suitable for fast introscopic systems are BGO, CdWO4,
ZnSe(Tl) and plastics. Taking account of light output,
the best among them are ZnSe(Tl) and CdWO4.
As the use of Cd-containing materials is forbidden in
EC countries, the most widely used material is CsI(Tl),
because its light output is rather high, and its production
and applications are technologically well developed.
At present, there is a tendency towards creation of
equipment that could function on the real time scale, en-
sure obtaining of quasi-tri-dimensional images and de-
tection of substances with specified atomic mass of the
components. In this aspect, we assume that the most
promising for future applications in multi-element de-
tector systems are ZnSe(Te) – for low energies,
CsI(Tl)– medium energies, CdWO4– high energies.
Properties of scintillators used in introscopic systems
Scintillator Density,
g/см3
Maximum emis-
sion wavelength,
nm
Light yield,
photons/Me
V
Refractive
index
Decay con-
stant, ns
Afterglov,
%/3ms
CdWO4 8.00 480 15000 2.25 1,1 0.05
BGO 7.13 480 9000 2.15 0,3 0.05
CsI(Tl) 4.51 560 59000 1.84 1,0 5
NaI(Tl) 3.67 415 38000 1.85 0,23 5
ZnSe(Te) 5.42 640 45000 2.58 10 0.05
Plastics 1.03 420 ≈10000 1.58 0,02 0.05
In this work, we have studied 1D and 2D scintilla-
tion matrices made of crystals CsI(Tl), CdWO4 and
ZnSe(Te).
With the aim of studying the effects of scintillator
surface treatment quality, uniformity parameters,
channel interference under X-ray irradiation, γ- detect-
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2004. № 2.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (43), p.164-166. 164
ing properties, we have prepared samples of multi-ele-
ment 1D- and 2D-arrays. The fabrication procedure
involved cutting of monolithic crystal pieces of
ZnSe(Te), CsI(Tl) and CdWO4.
It has been shown that for ZnSe(Te) and CdWO4,
it is preferable to have all surfaces grinded. The signal
value increase could reach 15...20%. This can be ex-
plained by the substantial difference of refraction co-
efficients between the scintillator and the optical adhe-
sive connection to the photoreceiver.
Channel interference under X-ray excitation was
studied using an installation with the block diagram as
shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2. Block diagram of the installation used for
channel interference measurements
Fig.3. Mutual interference of neighboring channels
for different scintillators and types of scintillation ele-
ments: 1 - single crystal plate ZnSe(Te) with
h=0.8 mm; 2 - single crystal plate ZnSe(Te) with
h=0.6mm; 3-composite small-crystalline plate
ZnSe(Te) (grain size 0,4 mm); 4 - individual single el-
ements for each channel; 5 - single crystal plate
CsI(Tl) with h=0.8 mm
It has been shown that, to ensure channel interfer-
ence not higher than 10%, the gap between the chan-
nels, filled with a reflective-adhesive composition
(TiO2 +MgO+ epoxy adhesive), should be not less
than 0.25 mm.
For 2D-arrays, scintillation properties were studied
in the spectrometry mode (Fig.4,5).
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Канал
N,
и
мп
.
5 9 , 6 кэ В
1 7 кэ В
Fig.4. Pulse amplitude distribution spectrum for a
mosaic detector of dimensions 26.5x18.5x2.5 mm,
composed of 105 tomographic elements based on
CWO of dimensions 2.5x1.5x1.5 mm, produced by
STC RI, under gamma-excitation from 241Am.,
E=69.6 keV, R =33.6%, t=4 µs, k=1, with immersion
C=30.6 with respect to CsI(Tl)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Канал
N,
и
мп
.
1 7 k e V
5 9 , 6 k e V
Fig.5. Pulse amplitude distribution spectrum for a mo-
saic detector of dimensions 56x42x6.5 mm, composed
of 221 tomographic elements based on CsI(Tl) of di-
mensions 3x3x5 mm, produced by STC RI, under gam-
ma-excitation from 241Am. E=69.6 keV, R=28,4%,
E=17.6 keV, R=63.1%, t=4 µs, k=1, with immersion
CONCLUSIONS
As a result of theoretical calculations and experi-
mental studies of multi-element scintillators, it has
been established that:
1. to exclude channel interference above 10%, the
gap between channels filled with reflecting-ad-
hesive composition (TiO2 +MgO+ epoxy adhe-
sive) should be at least 0.25 mm thick.
2. for ZnSe(Te) and CdWO4, it is preferable to
have all surfaces grinded. The signal value in-
crease is 15...20%.
3. 2-D arrays fabricated from a monolithic piece
ensure high signal uniformity over each chan-
nel and can be used in position-sensitive detec-
tors, as well as in spectrometric detectors.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОДНОРОДНОСТИ СВОЙСТВ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ СЦИНТИЛЛЯЦИОННЫХ 1D - И
2D - МАТРИЦ, ИЗГОТОВЛЕННЫХ НА ОСНОВЕ КРИСТАЛЛОВ
ZnSe(Te), CdWO4, CsI(Tl), Bi3Ge4O12
В.Д. Рыжиков, С.Н. Галкин, Е.Ф. Воронкин, О.В. Зеленская, В.В. Черников, Е.Н.Пирогов,
А.Д.Ополонин, Д.Н. Козин, Е.К. Лисецкая
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2004. № 2.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (43), p.164-166.165
emitter
collimator
scintillator array
photodiode
matrix
1
6
11
16
1 2 3 4 5
0
40
80
120
160
I,a.u.
channel(h=0,8mm)
types
1
2
3
4
5
Представлены результаты исследований параметров светового выхода и однородности сцинтилляцион-
ных свойств 1D- и 2D-матриц в зависимости от условий их изготовления. Показано увеличение световыхода
шлифованных сцинтилляторов на основе ZnSe(Te) и CdWO4 относительно полированных элементов. Иссле-
довано энергетическое разрешение и световыход 2D-сцинтилляторов на основе ZnSe(Te) для α-частиц 235Pu.
Показано преимущество 2D-сцинтилляторов по сравнению с монолитными сцинтилляторами.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ОДНОРІДНОСТІ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ СЦИНТИЛЯЦІЙНИХ 1D - И
2D - МАТРИЦЬ, ВИГОТОВЛЕНИХ НА ОСНОВІ КРИСТАЛІВ
ZnSe(Te), CdWO4, CsI(Tl), Bi3Ge4O12
В.Д. Рижиков, С.М. Галкін, Є.Ф. Воронкін, О.В. Зеленськая, В.В. Черніков, Е.М.Пирогов,
О.Д.Ополонін, Д.М. Козін, О.К. Лисецька
Представлено результати досліджень параметрів світлового виходу й однорідності сцинтиляційних
властивостей 1D- і 2D-матриць у залежності від умов їх виготовлення. Показано збільшення світлового виходу
шліфованих сцинтиляторів на основі ZnSe(Te) і CdWO4 щодо полірованих елементів. Досліджено енергетичне
розділення та світловий вихід 2D-сцинтиляторів на основі ZnSe(Te) для α--часток 235Pu. Показано перевагу
2D-сцинтиляторів у порівнянні з монолітними сцинтиляторами.
166
PROPERTIES UNIFORMITY STUDIES FOR SCINTILLATION
ELEMENTS OF 1D- AND 2D-MATRICES
E-mail: galkin@isc.kharkov.com
Properties of scintillators used in introscopic systems
Conclusions
|