Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800
The project “FELs and LINAC-800” is being under development at JINR. It is based on an accelerator facility presented to JINR by NIKHEF, Amsterdam. Analysis has shown that it is possible to build in Dubna a universal light source with unique characteristics consisting of a complex of Free Electron...
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| Цитувати: | Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 / V.S. Alexandrov, N.I. Balalykin, V.V. Kobets, I.N. Meshkov, V.F. Minashkin, I.A. Seleznev, A.P. Sergeev, G.D. Shirkov, G.I. Sidorov, E.M. Syresin, N.A. Tokareva, S.I. Tiutiunnikov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2006. — № 3. — С. 148-150. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-798752015-04-07T03:02:05Z Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 Alexandrov, V.S. Balalykin, N.I. Kobets, V.V. Meshkov, I.N. Minashkin, V.F. Seleznev, I.A. Sergeev, A.P. Shirkov, G.D. Sidorov, G.I. Syresin, E.M. Tokareva, N.A. Tiutiunnikov, S.I. Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях The project “FELs and LINAC-800” is being under development at JINR. It is based on an accelerator facility presented to JINR by NIKHEF, Amsterdam. Analysis has shown that it is possible to build in Dubna a universal light source with unique characteristics consisting of a complex of Free Electron Lasers (FEL) covering continuously the wavelength range from far-infrared (150 µm) down to ultraviolet (150 nm). Besides, LINAC-800 could be used for different applications and as an injector for the next generation synchrotron radiation source. Проект ЛСЭ и ЛИНАК-800 реализуется в ОИЯИ. Он основан на ускорительном оборудовании, предоставленном ОИЯИ NIKHEF (Амстердам). Анализ показывает, что в Дубне станет возможным сооружение универсального источника с уникальными характеристиками, состоящего из комплекса лазеров на свободных электронах (ЛСЭ), покрывающих непрерывно длины волн от дальнего инфракрасного излучения (150 мкм) до ультрафиолета (150 нм). Проект ЛСЕ і ЛІНАК-800 реалізується в ОІЯД. Він заснований на прискорювальному устаткуванні, що було дано ОІЯД NІKHEF (Амстердам). Аналіз показує, що в Дубні стане можливим спорудження універсального джерела з унікальними характеристиками, що складається з комплексу лазерів на вільних електронах (ЛВЕ), що перекривають безперервно довжини хвиль від далекого інфрачервоного випромінювання (150 мкм) до ультрафіолету (150 нм). 2006 Article Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 / V.S. Alexandrov, N.I. Balalykin, V.V. Kobets, I.N. Meshkov, V.F. Minashkin, I.A. Seleznev, A.P. Sergeev, G.D. Shirkov, G.I. Sidorov, E.M. Syresin, N.A. Tokareva, S.I. Tiutiunnikov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2006. — № 3. — С. 148-150. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 29.17.+w; 29.20.-c; 41.60.Ap; 41.60.Cr http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/79875 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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English |
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Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях |
| spellingShingle |
Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях Alexandrov, V.S. Balalykin, N.I. Kobets, V.V. Meshkov, I.N. Minashkin, V.F. Seleznev, I.A. Sergeev, A.P. Shirkov, G.D. Sidorov, G.I. Syresin, E.M. Tokareva, N.A. Tiutiunnikov, S.I. Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The project “FELs and LINAC-800” is being under development at JINR. It is based on an accelerator facility
presented to JINR by NIKHEF, Amsterdam. Analysis has shown that it is possible to build in Dubna a universal
light source with unique characteristics consisting of a complex of Free Electron Lasers (FEL) covering continuously
the wavelength range from far-infrared (150 µm) down to ultraviolet (150 nm). Besides, LINAC-800 could be
used for different applications and as an injector for the next generation synchrotron radiation source. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Alexandrov, V.S. Balalykin, N.I. Kobets, V.V. Meshkov, I.N. Minashkin, V.F. Seleznev, I.A. Sergeev, A.P. Shirkov, G.D. Sidorov, G.I. Syresin, E.M. Tokareva, N.A. Tiutiunnikov, S.I. |
| author_facet |
Alexandrov, V.S. Balalykin, N.I. Kobets, V.V. Meshkov, I.N. Minashkin, V.F. Seleznev, I.A. Sergeev, A.P. Shirkov, G.D. Sidorov, G.I. Syresin, E.M. Tokareva, N.A. Tiutiunnikov, S.I. |
| author_sort |
Alexandrov, V.S. |
| title |
Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 |
| title_short |
Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 |
| title_full |
Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 |
| title_fullStr |
Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 |
| title_sort |
free electron lasers based on linac-800 |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2006 |
| topic_facet |
Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/79875 |
| citation_txt |
Free electron lasers based on LINAC-800 / V.S. Alexandrov, N.I. Balalykin, V.V. Kobets, I.N. Meshkov, V.F. Minashkin, I.A. Seleznev,
A.P. Sergeev, G.D. Shirkov, G.I. Sidorov, E.M. Syresin, N.A. Tokareva, S.I. Tiutiunnikov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2006. — № 3. — С. 148-150. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| fulltext |
FREE ELECTRON LASERS BASED ON LINAC-800
V.S. Alexandrov, N.I. Balalykin, V.V. Kobets, I.N. Meshkov, V.F. Minashkin, I.A. Seleznev,
A.P. Sergeev, G.D. Shirkov, G.I. Sidorov, E.M. Syresin, N.A. Tokareva, S.I. Tiutiunnikov
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow region, 141980, Russia
E-mail: shirkov@jinr.ru
The project “FELs and LINAC-800” is being under development at JINR. It is based on an accelerator facility
presented to JINR by NIKHEF, Amsterdam. Analysis has shown that it is possible to build in Dubna a universal
light source with unique characteristics consisting of a complex of Free Electron Lasers (FEL) covering continuous-
ly the wavelength range from far-infrared (150 µm) down to ultraviolet (150 nm). Besides, LINAC-800 could be
used for different applications and as an injector for the next generation synchrotron radiation source.
PACS: 29.17.+w; 29.20.-c; 41.60.Ap; 41.60.Cr
INTRODUCTION
The submitted project is based on 800-MeV linear
electron accelerator which is a component of the acceler-
ator facility donated to JINR by the Institute for Nuclear
and High Energy Physics (NIKHEF, Amsterdam) [1, 2].
The NIKHEF linear accelerator, so called MEA
(Medium Energy Accelerator), was designed by Haim-
son Research Corporation (USA) and it is analogous to
well-known “Two-mile Stanford Linear Accelerator”
SLAC in USA. In the ninetieth MEA injector was sub-
stantially modified with the assistance of Budker Insti-
tute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk. As a result of that
it was changed into the accelerator of polarized elec-
trons with the extremely improved parameters.
Over the last ten years synchrotron radiation (SR)
became one of the most important tools for investiga-
tions in a wide variety of fields of science like physics,
radiation chemistry and photochemistry, molecular biol-
ogy, science of materials, medical diagnostics and oth-
ers. This essential progress was stimulated by the devel-
opment of new, increasingly bright SR sources installed
at electron storage rings. Since eighties a number of re-
search laboratories have performed the development of
free electron lasers. Considerable advances in this direc-
tion allow realization of large-scale projects such as
MARS (BINP, Novosibirsk), X-Ray FEL (DESY, Ger-
many), FEL Jefferson Lab. (USA).
The progress in development of linear accelerators
and high-precision undulators opens up wide opportuni-
ties for creation of Free Electron Lasers (FEL) [3].
FEL generates tunable coherent high-power radia-
tion in a wide range of wavelength from 1 millimeter to
ultra-violet and X-ray radiation. It can have a quality of
optical properties of conventional lasers such as high
spatial coherence and beam divergence close to diffrac-
tion limit. FEL differs from conventional lasers in using
a relativistic beam of electrons as its active medium as
opposed to atoms or molecules in excited states. Hence
the term “free electron laser” occurs.
The FEL devices have several advantages. A reso-
nance condition that involves the energy of the electron
beam E and the periodicity of the magnetic system of
the undulator determines the radiation wavelength:
)(
2 2 BKd ⋅
γ
≈λ , 2mc
E=γ . (1)
Here d is a period of the magnetic field,
m = 511keV/c2 is the electron mass, K(B) is a coefficient
depending on the strength of the magnetic field.
It is possible to tune the wavelength easily and
rapidly over a wide range by variation of either the
beam energy or the strength of the magnetic field. The
electrons of a beam moving in a vacuum serve as an
“active medium” in FEL, so the typical problems of
conventional lasers such as working material damage or
thermal lens formation are avoided. Therefore, FELs
can generate the radiation of a high peak and average
power.
To form the basis of FEL complex the accelerator
LINAC-800 will be constructed as a modified version of
MEA accelerator [1, 2]. The accelerator design provides
beam extraction at intermediate energy between 15 and
150 MeV and at full energy of 800 MeV as well. One
can use the extracted beam of the intermediate energy
range to generate FEL radiation in the infrared and ul-
traviolet regions. The beam of the maximum energy up
to 900 MeV will enable to create FEL covering the
wavelength range of vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray.
A significant fraction of the spectrum will be covered
by several FEls providing high intensity of the output
radiation.
Technical inspection of the accelerator equipment
transferred from Amsterdam to Dubna has shown that it
has a significant operating resource and can be used for
many years in the future at an appropriate upgrade of
auxiliary equipment (mainly this concerns klystrons and
control electronics). Referring to SLAC experience one
could say that such linacs can keep operating for several
tens of years.
The detailed analysis of the problem of creation of
LINAC-800 based FEL (in view of recourses of the ex-
istent system and recent progress in accelerator technol-
ogy) has revealed that it will be quite possible to built in
Dubna a light source with the unique characteristics, in-
cluding the following component devices:
− a complex of FELs covering the wavelength range
from far-infrared (150 µm) down to UV (150 nm)
and far-infrared coherent radiation source providing
the high-power radiation (up to 100 MW of the
peak power and up to 50 W on average) in the
wavelength range between 150 µm and 1 mm;
____________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2006. № 3.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (47), p.148-150.148
− a VUV/soft X-ray free electron laser with minimal
wavelength down to 5 nm (SASE FEL − Self Am-
plified Spontaneous Emission Free Electron Laser).
− After complete commissioning of the FEL facility
we will have a unique light source covering contin-
uously the wavelength range from 1 mm down to
5 nm. The prime advantage is: a significant fraction
of the spectrum (from 1 mm down to 5 nm) will be
covered by FELs providing the output radiation of
extremely high brilliance.
IMPLEMENTATION PHASES OF FEL
PROJECT
The project is to be performed in three phases.
PHASE 1
LINAC-800. As it was specified above for the con-
struction of this part of FEL complex the equipment of
MEA-800 will be used [1, 2]. At the first stage any im-
provement of the available equipment is practically not
planned. In future modernization of separate functional
units and creation of new systems will be required to
adapt the accelerator for corresponding conditions of
FEL radiation. Creation of 15…150 MeV beam extrac-
tion area will be carried out and the following capabili-
ties will be provided:
- mounting of the devices to compress the longitudinal
size of electron bunches;
- installation of additional focusing elements and beam
adjusters to improve the parameter control of the ac-
celerated beam;
- development of the electron beam monitoring system
providing parameter measurement of the electron
bunches with small emittance and longitudinal size;
- additional setup of two injectors – a high frequency
subharmonic buncher and a high-frequency gun with
photocathode.
PHASE 2
INFRARED FEL (WAVE LENGTH OF 1…
300 μm). Development of the output device for the
electrons with the energy of 15…50 MeV is required to
fulfill this phase of the project. Installation of the high
frequency subharmonic buncher to upgrade LINAC-800
injector must also be performed [2, 4]. This FEL device
is constructed according to design of a generator with
quasioptical resonator. To create the free electron laser
we assume to use after slight redesign the undulator and
units of the optical resonator developed and delivered to
JINR in 1999 by Samara Automatic System Research-
and-Production Association.
ULTRA VIOLET FEL (WAVE LENGTH OF
200…400 nm). The output device for the electrons with
the energy of 100…150 MeV needs to be constructed to
fulfill this phase of the project. The same design of the
generator with optical resonator will be used. It is neces-
sary to develop and create an undulator, an optical res-
onator and control systems of electron beam and radia-
tion.
PHASE 3
VUV/SOFT X-RAY FEL (WAVE LENGTH OF
5…100 nm) [1, 2]. Two versions of this FEL in the
range VUF – soft X-ray are being considered:
1.SASE scheme − Self Amplification of Sponta-
neous Emission.
At this scheme an electron bunch with energy of
200…800 MeV, passing through the undulator, endures
an influence of own incoherent ("spontaneous") radia-
tion. It results in the bunch density modulation along its
length and, accordingly, an amplification of the radia-
tion level at the resonance wave length appears [see
(1)].
To create such a laser it is necessary to accelerate
electrons in the linac, up to energy of 200…800 MeV,
to construct an undulator (with high precision of me-
chanical and magnetic parameters) and to work out a
new injector that will contain:
- a high-frequency gun with photocathode,
- a laser system of electron emission initiation,
- compressors of an electron bunch longitudinal size.
2.Circular FEL-generator.
At this scheme an electron bunch, accelerated up to
energy of 200…800 MeV, as in the first version, passes
through the system of bending and focusing magnets,
which are analogous to the synchrotron focusing system
(Fig.1), and returns into the linac passing through its
high-frequency sections in a decelerating phase [5, 6].
Having lost more than 90% of their energy, the elec-
trons enter beam dump. Such schemes of the linac-recu-
perator have been already put into practice in several
laboratories in the World (BINP, Novosibirsk; Jefferson
Nat. Accelerator Lab., USA and others).
Fig. 1. The scheme of a circular FEL-generator to-
gether with an accelerator [6]
The magnetic system of the circular FEL consists of
undulator sections, separated by isochronous bending
sections. The first and the last sections are situated in
one line. The bending magnet is placed between them to
provide injection and extraction of the electron beam.
When the isochronous bend is passed, the laser radiation
is lost, but the beam density modulation is partially
kept. Due to this fact and at a big length of undulator
sections in this system the amplification of the signal
occurs as in a conventional single-pass FEL. Generated
from the last undulator, an electromagnetic wave comes
into the first undulator, where it interacts with a new
coming electron bunch that leads to the periodic electron
energy modulation in the new bunch with a period equal
to the wave length. Such a feed-back becomes a positive
one under definite conditions and the generation develops
at the beam current exceeding the threshold.
____________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2006. № 3.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (47), p.148-150.149
REALIZATION OF THE PHASE 1
- JINR Technical Project “LINAC-800 and free elec-
tron lasers” has been developed;
- The Detailed Contract Design “Linear accelerator
LINAC-800, chapter “Technological Approaches” has
been developed and approved by Russia State Spe-
cialized Design Institute (GSPI);
- Conceptual design of the unique injector providing
formation and acceleration of short bunches into
LINAC-800 has been developed in cooperation with
Research-and-Production Association “ISTOK”
(Fryazino) [2]. An agreement for production of the in-
jector has been worked out;
- Preparation of specialized building of 270 m length to
mount LINAC-800 equipment is in progress: the
hatch between accelerator and modulator halls has
been reconstructed to install the large-sized elements
of the accelerator; the floor of the modulator hall has
been renovated; external water-water and water-oil
coolers are being under reconstruction and placing;
geodetic works in the accelerator hall have been ac-
complished; support platforms for accelerating section
of three stations has been installed; all of the acceler-
ating sections have been delivered.
Summary of radiation properties from coherent radiation sources in Phase 2
Parameter FIR G1 G2 G3 G4
Radiation wavelength [µm] 150…1000 20…150 5…30 1…6 0.15…1.2
Peak output power [MW] 10…100 1…5 1…5 3…15 10…20
Micropulse energy [µJ] 500 50…200 25…100 25…100 50…100
Micropulse duration (FWHM) [ps] 5…10 10…30 10 10 3…5
Spectrum bandwidth (FWHM) [%] 0.2…0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6
Micropulse repetition rate [MHz] 19.8/39.7/59.5
Macropulse duration [µs] 5…10
Repetition rate [Hz] 1…100
Average output power (max.) [W] 10…50 0.2…1
Realization of two initial stages of the project will
not require a significant modification of JINR infras-
tructure. All the accelerator equipment and a user room
facility can be mounted inside the existing building. Ac-
tually the only initial milestones of the project will re-
sult in a user facility unique in the world. At present
none of the functioning devices provides such a wide
spectrum of coherent radiation. The parameters of co-
herent source radiation are listed in Table. The table no-
tations are as follows. Symbols “G1-G4” concern to
FEL-oscillators, “FIR” is used for a Far Infra Red co-
herent radiation source.
Successful commissioning of the Coherent Radiation
Facility will allow performing a wide range of scientific
experiments in various areas of physics, chemistry, biol-
ogy, medicine, etc.
REFERENCES
1. Dubna Electron Synchrotron (DELSY). Phase I:
Free Electron Laser. Conceptual Design Report.
Edited by G. Arzumanian, I. Meshkov,
V. Mikhailin et al. Dubna, JINR, 2001, 197p.
2. V.V. Kobets, N.I. Balalykin, I.N. Meshkov et al.
Linear Accelerator LINAC-800 of the DELSY
project. Proc. of LINAC 2004, Lübeck, Germany.
2004, p.105.
3. E.L. Saldin, E.A. Schneidmiller and M.V. Yurkov.
The Physics of Free Electron Lasers (Springer-Ver-
lag), Berlin, 2000.
4. T. Tomimasu, Y. Morii, E. Oshita et al. // Nucl. In-
str. and Methods. 1998, A407, p.370.
5. D.A. Kayran, V.N. Korchuganov, G.N. Kulipanov
et al. MARS - A Project of the Diffraction Limited
Fourth Generation X-Ray Source. Proc. of APAC
1998, Tsukuba, Japan. 1998, p.704.
6. A.N. Matveenko, O.A. Shevchenko, N.A. Vinoku-
rov. Isochronous Bend for High Gain Ring FEL.
Proc. of the 2004 FEL Conference, Triest, Italy.
2004, p.629.
ЛАЗЕРЫ НА СВОБОДНЫХ ЭЛЕКТРОНАХ НА ОСНОВЕ ЛИНАК-800
В.С. Александров, Н.И. Балалыкин, В.В. Кобец, И.Н. Мешков, В.Ф. Минашкин, И.А. Селезнев,
А.П. Сергеев, Г.Д. Ширков, Г.И. Сидоров, Е.М. Сыресин, Н.А. Токарева, С.И. Тютюнников
Проект ЛСЭ и ЛИНАК-800 реализуется в ОИЯИ. Он основан на ускорительном оборудовании, предо-
ставленном ОИЯИ NIKHEF (Амстердам). Анализ показывает, что в Дубне станет возможным сооружение
универсального источника с уникальными характеристиками, состоящего из комплекса лазеров на свобод-
ных электронах (ЛСЭ), покрывающих непрерывно длины волн от дальнего инфракрасного излучения
(150 мкм) до ультрафиолета (150 нм).
ЛАЗЕРИ НА ВІЛЬНИХ ЕЛЕКТРОНАХ НА ОСНОВІ ЛІНАК-800
В.С. Александров, Н.І. Балаликін, В.В. Кобець, І.Н. Мешков, В.Ф. Мінашкін, І.А. Селезньов,
А.П. Сергієв, Г.Д. Ширков, Г.І. Сидоров, Є.М. Сиресін, Н.А. Токарева, С.І. Тютюнников
Проект ЛСЕ і ЛІНАК-800 реалізується в ОІЯД. Він заснований на прискорювальному устаткуванні, що
було дано ОІЯД NІKHEF (Амстердам). Аналіз показує, що в Дубні стане можливим спорудження
150
універсального джерела з унікальними характеристиками, що складається з комплексу лазерів на вільних
електронах (ЛВЕ), що перекривають безперервно довжини хвиль від далекого інфрачервоного
випромінювання (150 мкм) до ультрафіолету (150 нм).
____________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2006. № 3.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (47), p.148-150.151
Лазеры на свободных электронах на основе ЛИНАК-800
ЛАЗЕРИ НА ВІЛЬНИХ ЕЛЕКТРОНАХ НА ОСНОВІ ЛІНАК-800
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