Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland
This invited lecture describes the most important results of experimental and theoretical studies in the field of plasma physics and technology, which were obtained at the IPJ in Swierk during recent two years. The main topics were as follows: Selected problems of plasma theory; Investigation of pla...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2002
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irk-123456789-803212015-04-15T03:02:05Z Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland Sadowski, M.J. Plasma dynamics and plasma-wall interaction This invited lecture describes the most important results of experimental and theoretical studies in the field of plasma physics and technology, which were obtained at the IPJ in Swierk during recent two years. The main topics were as follows: Selected problems of plasma theory; Investigation of plasma phenomena in pulse discharges of Plasma-Focus (PF) and Z-Pinch type; Development of the selected methods of plasma diagnostics; Research on experimental facilities for basic studies and industrial applications; Modification of material surfaces by means of pulse plasma-ion streams. Particular attention is paid to results obtained within a frame of the international scientific collaboration. 2002 Article Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland / M.J. Sadowski // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2002. — № 4. — С. 118-122. — Бібліогр.: 50 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.58.Lq; 52.70.-m;52.77.-j http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/80321 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Plasma dynamics and plasma-wall interaction Plasma dynamics and plasma-wall interaction Sadowski, M.J. Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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This invited lecture describes the most important results of experimental and theoretical studies in the field of plasma physics and technology, which were obtained at the IPJ in Swierk during recent two years. The main topics were as follows: Selected problems of plasma theory; Investigation of plasma phenomena in pulse discharges of Plasma-Focus (PF) and Z-Pinch type; Development of the selected methods of plasma diagnostics; Research on experimental facilities for basic studies and industrial applications; Modification of material surfaces by means of pulse plasma-ion streams. Particular attention is paid to results obtained within a frame of the international scientific collaboration. |
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Sadowski, M.J. |
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Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland |
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Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland |
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Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland |
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Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland |
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Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland |
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recent achievements of plasma research at ipj, swierk, poland |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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2002 |
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Plasma dynamics and plasma-wall interaction |
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Recent achievements of plasma research at IPJ, Swierk, Poland / M.J. Sadowski // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2002. — № 4. — С. 118-122. — Бібліогр.: 50 назв. — англ. |
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Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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AT sadowskimj recentachievementsofplasmaresearchatipjswierkpoland |
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2025-07-06T04:17:16Z |
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2025-07-06T04:17:16Z |
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PLASMA DYNAMICS AND PLASMA-WALL INTERACTION
RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS OF PLASMA RESEARCH AT IPJ,
SWIERK, POLAND
Marek J. Sadowski
The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ)
Department of Plasma Physics & Technology (P-V)
05-400 Otwock-Swierk by Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: msadowski@ipj.gov.pl
This invited lecture describes the most important results of experimental and theoretical studies in the field of plasma
physics and technology, which were obtained at the IPJ in Swierk during recent two years. The main topics were as
follows: Selected problems of plasma theory; Investigation of plasma phenomena in pulse discharges of Plasma-Focus
(PF) and Z-Pinch type; Development of the selected methods of plasma diagnostics; Research on experimental facilities
for basic studies and industrial applications; Modification of material surfaces by means of pulse plasma-ion streams.
Particular attention is paid to results obtained within a frame of the international scientific collaboration.
PACS: 52.58.Lq; 52.70.-m;52.77.-j
1. INTRODUCTION
The progress in plasma research in Poland was reported in
several papers presented at the previous Ukrainian
Conference, which was held in Alushta in 2000 [1-3], as
well as in many papers presented at the International
Symposium PLASMA-2001,which was held in Warsaw
in 2001. Recent research activities were also reported at
the 20th SPPT held in Prague and at the GPPD held in
Greifswald this year. The main aim of this paper was to
summarize the achievements of the recent two years and
to report on the newest plasma research.
2. SELECTED PROBLEMS OF PLASMA THEORY
Within a frame of theoretical studies the numerical
modeling of discharges in IPD-type coaxial plasma-
accelerators was continued, and there were found
conditions good for the evaluation of Rayleigh-Taylor
instabilities upon the current sheath surface [4].
Computational studies of plasma dynamics have
significantly increased the understanding of plasma
phenomena in the IPD accelerator [5].
Another aim of theoretical studies was a quasi-classical
model of the six-electron p-shell of noble gas atoms. On
the basis of the known laws of classical dynamics and
electrodynamics, an algorithm for the numerical
integration of moving electrons was formulated, and a
solution has been found, which is supposed to represent
collective motion of the considered p-shell [6].
In theoretical studies particular attention was paid to the
numerical modeling of ion motion in PF discharges [7].
To explain angular distributions of fast deuterons emitted
from PF discharges, as observed in numerous
experiments, it was necessary to take into account a
filamentary structure of the pinch column. Numerical
computations of deuteron trajectories, which were carried
out for the “flower-like” configuration of current
filaments, gave the deuteron angular distribution with a
local minimum in a qualitative agreement with
experimental data (Fig. 1).
Recently, in the ion-motion modeling attention has been
brought to an influence of electrical fields induced by the
radial movement of the current filaments during the radial
compression and expansion phases [8]. The computations
have been performed for various numbers and spatial
Fig. 1. Three configurations considered for modeling of
trajectories of ions emitted from a PF pinch column and
an angular distribution of deuterons, as computed for a
flower-like pinch column with 6 filaments of αz2 shape.
distributions of current filaments, and varfor different
starting points and initial velocities (energies) of protons
and deuterons. The obtained results are in a good
agreement with the observed angular distributions of ions
(Fig. 2).
Fig.2. Ion tracks upon the Y-X plane, corresponding to
angular distributions of deuterons emitted from a PF
pinch column, obtained for different filamentary
structures.
It has been proved that the 3-D model, which takes into
consideration the realistic funnel-like configuration of
current filaments as well as their motion and particle
collisions, describes behavior of different (trapped and
run-away) ions in PF discharges.
3. INVESTIGATION OF THE PLASMA-FOCUS
(PF) AND Z-PINCH DISCHARGES
Within a frame of experimental studies there were
investigated different phenomena, which occur in high-
current pulse discharges of the PF and Z-Pinch type. The
118 Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2002. № 4. Series: Plasma Physics (7). P. 118-122
mailto:msadowski@ipj.gov.pl
studies within the MAJA-PF device concerned mainly the
formation of micro-regions (hot spots) of high electron
concentration (~1020 cm-3) and relatively high electron
temperature (ranging up to several keV). Particular
attention was paid to the correlation between X-ray pulses
emitted from the hot spots and the emission of pulsed
electron beams, ion beams, and the pulsed neutron fluxes
[9-10]. The formation of many (up to dozen) hot spots in
a single discharge was observed. Also observed was their
motion with a relatively high velocity. Those phenomena
influenced a spectrum of the X-ray emission from
individual hot spots. It was found that the values of the
local electron temperature and concentration were higher
when the observed hot spots were formed close in space
and time. The measured pulsed electron beams of energy
ranging several hundreds keV were evidently emitted
from different hot spots (Fig.3).
Fig.3. Ion pinhole image, which shows tracks produced
by the pulsed ion beams, and the electron-induced
signals, which were recorded during the same PF
discharge within the MAJA-PF device.
The measured ion (deuteron) beams, as recorded with
track detectors, were emitted mostly along the z-axis.
Different groups of the ion tracks, as observed after their
etching, were identified as ion beams emitted from
different hot spots. An optical analysis of the ion tracks
showed ion fluxes ranging 1012 deuterons/stereo-radian. A
study of polarization of some X-ray lines was also
continued, and space-resolved measurements of He-like
argon lines were performed. The X-ray spectra, as
obtained with two crystal spectrometers, showed that the
He-like resonance line is polarized perpendicular to the Z-
axis, what confirmed the preferential polarization of He-
like ions during their de-excitation [11].
There were also continued experimental studies of plasma
discharges in the PF-360 facility, which was operated
with additional nuclear targets made of D2O-ice or gas-
puffed D2 (Fig.4).
Fig.4. Experimental chamber of the PF-360 facility.
The recent investigation was concentrated on the planar
solid target covered with a D2O-ice layer. The use was
made of the four-channel ultra-high speed camera, which
was equipped with two visible radiation channels and two
soft X-ray modules. It was observed that the dynamics of
the current sheath layer has not been disturbed
considerably at different target positions and various
initial gas conditions in the vacuum chamber.
Disturbances have been negligible for the optimal
position of the target at a distance of 225 mm [12-13].
Particular attention was paid to measurements of spatial
characteristics of the neutron emission from D-D
reactions. The angular distribution of fusion neutrons was
measured by means of eight silver-activation counters,
and the time-resolved measurements were performed by
means of four scintillation-based neutron probes [14-15].
To study the anisotropy the use was made of the two
neutron probes, which were placed side-on and end-on.
The measurements have enabled to determine the
anisotropy coefficient values for the subsequent neutron
peaks (Fig.5).
Fig.5. Time-resolved neutron signals from the NP3 and
NP2 probes, as registered at different experimental
conditions in the PF-360 experiment. A – without any
target, po = 8.0 mbar D2 , Uo = 30 kV, Yn = 1.82 x 1010; B
– with the D2O-ice target, po = 9.85 mbar D2 , Uo = 30
kV, Yn = 1.67 x 1010. Numbers AN give values of the
anisotropy coefficient for the subsequent neutron peaks.
Usually there were observed two distinct neutron peaks,
but (with the planar target) in some cases there were
observed three peaks. It was concluded that the second
neutron peak, which for the PF shots performed with the
use of the planar cryogenic target shows higher
anisotropy, is produced mainly by the beam-target
mechanism Recent studies within PF-360 facility
concerned dynamics of the interaction PF discharge with
the solid targets [16-17]. The optimal conditions for the
planar solid target positioning have been found.
In the frame of the collaboration with the Institute of
Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) in
Warsaw there were performed neutron and X-ray
measurements within the modernized PF-1000 facility
operated at energy of about 1 MJ [18-19]. The main aim
of those experiments was to study the neutron emission
mechanism [20]. The problem of the neutron emission
119
emerged many years ago, but some questions have been
unexplained so far [21]. Important information could be
deduced from the neutron emission characteristics.
Therefore, in the PF-1000 experiments the neutron yield,
angular distribution, energy spectra and neutron source
location were investigated as a function of discharge
parameters, e.g. the D2-filling pressure, discharge current,
initial voltage and energy supplied. For neutron
measurements there were applied four silver- and two
indium-activation counters (placed at different angles to
the z-axis). For time-resolved measurements the use was
made of three scintillation-probes, which were placed
upstream, at the discharge axis, but at different distances
(15, 40 and 85 m) from the plasma focus region. It made
possible to determine dynamics of the neutron emission
and to estimate energy spectra of the fusion neutrons
(Fig.6).
Fig.6. Neutron energy spectrum determined on the basis
of a signal from the scintillation probe placed at a
distance of 85 m from the PF-1000 electrode outlet.
In the PF-1000 experiment there were also performed
other measurements, e.g. current sheath dynamics was
studied by means of a fast two-frame camera and a high-
speed streak camera placed side-on. The time-resolved
soft X-ray signals were registered with a PIN diode with a
10-µm Be-filter, and fast ion beams were recorded with
nuclear track detectors of the PM-355 type, which were
placed inside the PF-1000 chamber. The highest neutron
yield obtained so far has been 3x1011 neutrons/shot [21].
In so-called “good shots” the current sheath had a
cylindrical symmetry along the electrode axis, and it
imploded with the radial velocity of about 1.7x107 cm/s.
When the discharge current was not adjusted to the filling
pressure (when it was too small or too high), there
appeared so-called “bad shots” with the current sheath
asymmetric and disturbed by MHD instabilities. In such
cases a considerably lower neutron emission was
obtained.
Intensity of the soft X-ray emission, recorded as a
function of the discharge current, was proportional to the
total neutron yield. It suggested that a large portion of fast
neutrons from D-D reactions was of the thermonuclear
origin. Similar conclusion could be drawn from the
observed neutron emission anisotropy; at a high discharge
pressure it appeared to be lower than that expected for the
pure acceleration mechanism. Moreover, the neutron
energy spectra, as determined at a low filling pressure,
showed the maximum at energy of 2.2–2.3 MeV, i.e. at
the value lower than that deduced from the D-D reaction
energy balance. It suggested that at low-pressure
discharge the acceleration mechanism could prevail [22-
23].
The fast ion (deuteron) beams were recorded with the
nuclear track detectors only for shots performed at a
relatively low discharge pressure value (1-2 Torr). An
optical analysis showed that the ion crater densities on the
irradiated and etched samples ranged from 106-107
craters/cm2 up to the saturation level. Taking into account
detector calibration characteristics, it was estimated that
the deuterons had energies ranging from about 100 keV to
about 1.5 MeV.
Particular attention was also paid to combined
experiments with a foam liner and a metal wire placed in
the plasma focus region [24]. It was found that XUV and
soft X-ray pulses (with FWHM = 80-200 ns) were
generated mainly at a surface of the compressed liner, and
the insertion of the wire did not influence hart X-ray and
neutron yield considerably.
Within a frame of the international collaboration detailed
measurements of the corpuscular emission from various
plasma systems were performed. The publications on the
spatial- and energetic-characteristics of ions emitted from
a small PF device in Tandil (Argentina), and on
measurements low-energy ions, were finished [25-26].
The paper on influence of diaphragms was also ended
[27]. In the collaboration with IPP in Prague (Czech
Republic) the analysis of the X-ray and ion emission was
performed within the Prague Capillary Pinch (PCP)
system [28-29]. It was demonstrated that the fast capillary
discharge emits not only the intense visible and soft X-ray
radiation, but also the strong corpuscular flux (Fig.7).
Fig.7. Images registered with a CR-39 track detector,
which was irradiated during 10 successive shots in PCP
system. Top picture - the whole detector surface after
irradiation, middle - a scanned image of the detector
surface with a thin C-layer, bottom - an enlarged image
of a central part of the detector.
Taking into account the energy threshold of the CR-39
nuclear-track detector, it was concluded that energy of the
registered ions was higher than 80 keV. From an optical
analysis of the recorded tracks it was estimated that the
time-integrated particle flux, as measured at a distance of
20 cm from the collimator outlet, was about 3.5 x 107
particles/cm2/pulse.
120
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
Cu I
569.88
Cu II
548.2
N I
465.7
O II
464.79
C III
418.00
C I
407.09
Cu I
402.77
Hbeta
Halpha
RPI-IBISEK
tdelay= 210 µ s
texp = 5 µ s
Shot 01022701
In
te
ns
ity
(a
.u
.)
Wavelength [nm]
4. DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED METHODS
FOR PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
Within a frame of plasma diagnostics development
particular attention was paid to optical spectroscopy of
pulsed plasma-ion streams and to research on an influence
of initial gas conditions on the neutron yield. The
emission of ion beams, as well as its coincidence with the
soft X-ray radiation and the emission of Hβ and Hγ spectral
lines, was studied in the RPI-IBISEK device [30]. The
studies included measurements of ion beams (as a
function of energy) and determination of the ion current
density. Simultaneously, there were performed
measurements of soft X-ray pulses, as well as of their
correlation with time-resolved waveforms of the Hβ and
Hγ lines. The studies (of a hydrogen plasma) showed the
appearance of two mechanisms of the discharge
development, producing two different types of plasma
[31]. Detailed spectroscopic measurements were carried
out by means of the MECHELLE-900 spectrometer,
operating within the wavelength range from 200 nm to
1100 nm. The measurements were performed at different
time-delays (τ = 130-320 μs) between the gas puffing and
the application of a high-voltage pulse, and recording of
the optical spectrum was carried out at different
exposition times (5 μs and 100 μs). Particular attention
has been paid to the Hα 656.279 nm, Hβ 486.133 nm, and
CIII 418 nm spectral lines (Fig.8).
Fig.8. Optical spectrum of plasma, as obtained from a
single discharge in the RPI-IBISEK device operated at U0
= 28 kV, τ = 210 μs, with the exposition 5 μs.
The main aim of the spectral measurements was to check
whether plasma achieves the LTE state and what are ion
temperatures (Ti) at different gas conditions. The
estimates of Ti have been based on the Doppler effect
measured for the selected spectral lines [32]. In the RPI-
IBISEK device the temperature, as estimated for
hydrogen- and carbon-ions, achieved 106 K [33]. More
detailed spectroscopic measurements were performed
within the IBIS-RPI device [34]. Spectral lines from the
working gas (i.e. Dα, Dβ and Dγ) as well as from the
electrode material (i.e. Mo-lines), were recorded and
analyzed.
Another direction of diagnostics was the calibration and
use of different solid-state nuclear track detectors
(SSNTD). In particular low-energy ions dosimetry by
means of such detectors was developed [35]. Studies of
responses of SSNTD, which were initiated several years
ago, were also continued [36-38]. The investigated PM-
355 detectors were applied in the PF-1000 experiments
(within a frame of the collaboration with IPPLM) in order
to determine angular distributions of the fast ions emitted
from the plasma-focus region [39-40]. For this purpose
the detector samples were fixed on a semi-circular support
at the electrode outlet (Fig.9).
Fig.9. Ion track images, as recorded during studies of ion
angular distribution within the PF-1000 facility.
The ion measurements were also performed with In
another experiment several miniature ion pinhole
cameras. The result confirmed strong anisotropy of the
ion emission from PF-1000 discharges. The detectors
covered with Al-filters registered also large numbers of
tracks, what proved that accelerated primary deuterons
could reach energies above several hundreds keV.
5. RESEARCH ON EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
FOR BASIC STUDIES AND INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS
In the frame of technological studies, investigation of
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) was continued. An
analysis of the European Union Directives and
harmonized standards was performed. Since medical and
scientific equipment is produced at IPJ also for export
purposes, the analysis was extended also to foreign
standards. A method of producing, measuring and
calibration of weak magnetic fields (at frequency of 50
Hz) has been elaborated for the EMC immunity testing
purposes [41-42]. Recent efforts have been devoted to
special requirements of EMC tests [43]
6. MODIFICATION OF MATERIAL SURFACES
BY MEANS OF PULSE PLASMA-ION STREAMS
In the collaboration with KIPT in Kharkov (Ukraine)
characteristics of TiN-coated surfaces and of plasma-
treated constructional steels were investigated [44-45].
Also investigated were shielding properties of a reversible
getter (Zr55V40Fe5 alloy) under the irradiation with high-
power plasma streams [46]. In cooperation with HCEI in
Tomsk (Russia) the use of low-pressure arc discharges for
plasma treatment of different materials was studied [47].
Within the collaboration with Tor-Vergata University in
Rome (Italy), new samples were coated with thin Nb-
layers, and the construction of a new experimental setup
(with two arc sources) was initiated [48]. A new
experimental system with a linear arc and cylindrical Nb-
121
cathode was designed in the collaboration with DESY
(Germany) [49] (Fig.10).
Fig.10. New UHV stand with cylindrical Nb-cathode.
Other studies on plasma-ion techniques applicable for
material engineering were carried out in the cooperation
with the Dept. of Material Studies (P-IX). There were
investigated metallic (Ti) ions eroded from RPI-
electrodes and thermal processes in solid targets irradiated
with pulse plasma streams [50]. Also studied were
palladium profiles in titanium foils treated by high-
intensity plasma pulses. Several research contracts were
realized for various industrial laboratories [50].
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This invited review lecture can be summarized as follows.
The most important achievements of the Dept. P-V in
2001 were: 1. Investigation of a neutron emission
anisotropy as a function of time and the proof that the
fusion neutrons are produced by different mechanisms; 2.
Collection of new information about dynamics and
emission characteristics of discharges in the PF-1000
facility operated at energy ranging 1 MJ (in collaboration
with IPPLM); 3. Deposition of high-quality super-
conducting layers by means of arc discharges, and the
construction of new technological devices (in
collaboration with partners in Italy and Germany). In
2002 evident progress was achieved in all directions of
research run at the Dept. P-V, in spite of limited funds.
The most important results were reported at the
Symposium on Plasma Physics and Technology (held in
Prague on June 10-13, 2002) and at the German-Polish
Conference on Plasma Diagnostics for Fusion and
Applications (held in Greifswald on Sept. 4-6, 2002).
Selected results were presented at other international
conferences.
One can conclude that a further development of plasma
theory is needed to explain unsolved phenomena. Also
needed are further experimental studies of PF and Z-
Pinch facilities as well as RPI (IONOTRON) devices. In
the first case particular attention should be paid to
combined experiments with the use of liners, nuclear
targets and gas-puffing. In the RPI devices particular
attention should be to space- and time-resolved studies of
X-rays and ion beams.
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