Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland
The most important results of theoretical and experimental studies of plasmas, which have been achieved at the IPJ in Swierk and IPPLM in Warsaw recently, are presented. Studies of physical phenomena in PF discharges, development of diagnostic techniques and research on new plasma technologies, as...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2006
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irk-123456789-823512016-04-15T13:37:45Z Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland Sadowski, Marek J. Skladnik-Sadowska, E. Scholz, Marek Wolowski, Jerzy Plasma diagnostics The most important results of theoretical and experimental studies of plasmas, which have been achieved at the IPJ in Swierk and IPPLM in Warsaw recently, are presented. Studies of physical phenomena in PF discharges, development of diagnostic techniques and research on new plasma technologies, as performed at IPJ, have been summarized. Studies of dense magnetized plasmas, investigation of physics and applications of laser-produced plasmas; and research on the development of advanced diagnostic techniques for the EURATOM fusion program, as performed at IPPLM, are also described. 2006 Article Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland / Marek J. Sadowski, Elzbieta Skladnik-Sadowska, Marek Scholz, Jerzy Wolowski // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2006. — № 6. — С. 231-235. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.58.-c; 52.59.-f; 52.70.-m; 52.77.-j. http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/82351 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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English |
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Plasma diagnostics Plasma diagnostics |
| spellingShingle |
Plasma diagnostics Plasma diagnostics Sadowski, Marek J. Skladnik-Sadowska, E. Scholz, Marek Wolowski, Jerzy Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The most important results of theoretical and experimental studies of plasmas, which have been achieved at the IPJ
in Swierk and IPPLM in Warsaw recently, are presented. Studies of physical phenomena in PF discharges, development
of diagnostic techniques and research on new plasma technologies, as performed at IPJ, have been summarized. Studies
of dense magnetized plasmas, investigation of physics and applications of laser-produced plasmas; and research on the
development of advanced diagnostic techniques for the EURATOM fusion program, as performed at IPPLM, are also
described. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Sadowski, Marek J. Skladnik-Sadowska, E. Scholz, Marek Wolowski, Jerzy |
| author_facet |
Sadowski, Marek J. Skladnik-Sadowska, E. Scholz, Marek Wolowski, Jerzy |
| author_sort |
Sadowski, Marek J. |
| title |
Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland |
| title_short |
Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland |
| title_full |
Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland |
| title_fullStr |
Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland |
| title_sort |
progress in plasma research at ipj and ipplm, poland |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2006 |
| topic_facet |
Plasma diagnostics |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/82351 |
| citation_txt |
Progress in plasma research at IPJ and IPPLM, Poland / Marek J. Sadowski, Elzbieta Skladnik-Sadowska, Marek Scholz, Jerzy Wolowski // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2006. — № 6. — С. 231-235. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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2025-07-06T08:51:25Z |
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2025-07-06T08:51:25Z |
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| fulltext |
PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2006, 6. Series: Plasma Physics (12), p. 231-235 231
PROGRESS IN PLASMA RESEARCH AT IPJ AND IPPLM, POLAND
Marek J. Sadowski1-2, Elzbieta Skladnik-Sadowska1, Marek Scholz2, Jerzy Wolowski2
1 The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland;
2 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM), 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
e-mail: msadowski@ipj.gov.pl
The most important results of theoretical and experimental studies of plasmas, which have been achieved at the IPJ
in Swierk and IPPLM in Warsaw recently, are presented. Studies of physical phenomena in PF discharges, development
of diagnostic techniques and research on new plasma technologies, as performed at IPJ, have been summarized. Studies
of dense magnetized plasmas, investigation of physics and applications of laser-produced plasmas; and research on the
development of advanced diagnostic techniques for the EURATOM fusion program, as performed at IPPLM, are also
described.
PACS: 52.58.-c; 52.59.-f; 52.70.-m; 52.77.-j.
1. INTRODUCTION
Studies of high-temperature plasmas were initiated in
Poland about 50 years ago, when multi-rod plasma
injectors (RPI) were built in Warsaw and Swierk. The IPJ
(initially IBJ) was established in Swierk (about 30 km
from Warsaw) in 1955. Now it is divided into 10 depts,
subordinated to Ministry of Industry (MI) and supported
by Ministry of Science and Education (MSE). Studies of
hot plasmas are performed at Dept. of Plasma Physics &
Technology (P-V). Some research on plasma technology
is carried out in Dept P-IX, and theoretical studies are
performed at Dept. P-VIII in Warsaw.
The largest plasma research center in Poland is the
IPPLM situated in Warsaw. It was established in 1976,
and currently it is carrying out research on plasma physics
and applications in cooperation with many domestic and
foreign laboratories. It is also subordinated to MI and
supported by MSE. It is now divided into two research
divisions: Magnetized Plasma Physics Division (MPPD)
and Laser Plasma Physics Division (LPPD).
Studies on dense magnetized plasmas carried out at
the both research centers were described in previous
papers [1-3]. The main aim of this talk was to report on
progress in plasma studies achieved recently in the both
institutes mentioned above.
2. PLASMA RESEARCH AT IPJ IN SWIERK
The Dept. of Plasma Physics & Technology (P-V) is
divided into several groups, as described in the IAEA
World Survey. The main research directions are as
follows: studies of physical phenomena in pulsed
discharges producing dense magnetized plasma;
development of methods and tools for high-temperature
plasma diagnostics (mainly for EURATOM fusion
program); and research on new plasma technologies,
particularly on the deposition of thin superconducting
layers by means of ultra-high vacuum arc-discharges.
2.1. STUDIES OF PHENOMENA IN PF
DISCHARGES
The main phases of PF-type discharges are well
known, but mechanisms of the acceleration of primary
ions as well as of the generation of intense pulses of X-
rays, electron beams and fusion products (fast neutrons
and protons from D-D reactions) are not explained
satisfactorily. Therefore, research on these phenomena
has been continued for many years.
At IPJ experimental studies of physical phenomena in
high-current pulse discharges of the Plasma-Focus (PF)
type are carried out within two facilities. A general view
of a 50-kJ MAJA-PF device is shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1. MAJA-PF experimental facility at IPJ in Swierk
The MAJA-PF facility has been used mainly for
studies of the fast electron-beams, which are emitted
through the tubular central electrode in the upstream
direction, and the emission of X-rays. Recently, particular
attention has been paid to the correlation of pulsed e-
beams and hot spots, as well as to temporal changes in the
polarization of different X-ray spectral lines [4].
The larger PF-360 facility of nominal energy equal to
360 kJ, operated in Swierk, is shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2. Experimental chamber of the PF-360 facility
The PF-360 facility was used for research on
dynamics of PF-type discharges and the investigation of
emission characteristics. The dynamics of discharges was
investigated by means of high-speed cameras recording
the VR or X-ray images [5]. There were also investigated
fast e-beams escaping through the tubular inner electrode,
and accelerated primary ions emitted mainly along the
z-axis [6]. Other studies concerned the microstructure of
mailto:msadowski@ipj.gov.pl
232
the ion beams. It was investigated with pinhole cameras
equipped with nuclear track detectors coated with
different absorption filters [7]. Particular attention was
paid to studies of the correlation of fast neutrons (from
D-D reactions) with other corpuscular and x-ray pulses
(emitted from plasma), because it is of great importance
for understanding physical phenomena of the PF pinch
phase. Detailed studies were performed within MAJA-PF
and PF-360 facilities [8]. An example is shown in Fig.3.
Fig.3. Time-resolved signals from the PF-360 experiment: (a)
at 121 kJ and Yn = 6.5 x 109; (b) at 113 kJ and Yn = 5.9 x 109.
Notations: N – neutrons; U – voltage;
ED – e-beams signals; I – ions; IA – 600-keV deuteron-signals
Those studies enabled a sequence of the emission
phenomena in PF discharges to be determined as a
function of the experimental conditions.
2.2. DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
In the scope of this topic particular efforts were
directed on characteristics of new nuclear track detectors
(NTD) and their application for studies of fusion protons
in PF facilities. The calibration measurements of NTDs of
the PM-355 type were performed using different proton
beams. The calibrated detectors were first used for
measurements of fast protons from D-D reactions, which
were emitted from the PF-360 facility in Swierk [9].
Using miniature ion-pinhole cameras and the calibrated
NTDs it was possible to record proton images and to
determine the proton emission sources, as shown in Fig.4.
Fig.4. End-on image of regions emitting fusion-produced
protons in the PF-360 facility [9]
Other efforts concerned the application of NTD for
measurements of fusion-reaction protons emitted from
Tokamak experiments (in a frame of the EURATOM
collaboration with ERM in Brussels and FZ in Juelich).
Samples of new PM-355 type detectors were irradiated
with mono-energetic protons from an accelerator, and the
etched proton tracks were analyzed with an optical
microscope. The obtained calibration diagrams (showing
track diameters vs. proton energy and etching time) could
be used to estimate energy spectra of fusion protons. An
ion-pinhole camera, adapted especially for the TEXTOR
facility, was designed at IPJ and used at FZ-Juelich [10].
An example is presented in Fig.5.
Fig.5. Picture of tracks produced by 3-MeV fusion
protons, as obtained in the TEXTOR experiment
The obtained results were used for analysis of fast
proton trajectories in the TEXTOR magnetic field.
Preliminary computations of proton trajectories were
performed with a so-called Gourdon code [11].
Other important diagnostic study concerned the
development of new equipment for measurements of fast-
electron beams in Tokamaks (in a frame of the
EURATOM collaboration with IPP-Praque and CEA-
Cadarache). To measure fast electrons the IPJ team
proposed to apply Cerenkov-type detectors with special
radiators. An analysis of the experimental conditions
within the CASTOR facility, operated at IPP in Prague,
was performed and a prototype Cerenkov-detector system
for this experiment was manufactured, as shown in Fig.6.
Fig.6. Cerenkov detector head mounted upon the
diagnostic port of the CASTOR device in Prague
The developed Cerenkov-type detector was used for
measurements of fast electrons during the CASTOR
experiment [12]. Possibility to measure ripple-born
electron beams by means of Cerenkov detectors was
analyzed for experimental conditions observed in TORE
SUPRA facility at CEA-Cadarache. It was known that the
spectrum of such electrons spreads from about 50 keV to
about 300 keV, and their power flux amounts up to
1 kW/cm2. A new Cerenkov detector system with four
energetic channels was designed, using diamond radiators
covered with molybdenum filters of different thickness.
Diamond radiators were chosen due to their high
refractive index (enabling to observe electrons of energy
above 50 keV) and their very good thermal conductivity
(enabling heat from the detector surface to be dissipated).
Such a detector will be manufactured until end of 2006.
Cherenkov
detector
a
b
233
2.3. RESEARCH ON NEW PLASMA TECHNOLOGIES
Separate efforts concerned the development of new
plasma technologies. For this purpose the use was made
of several experimental facilities, and in particular of the
IBIS-RPI facility, which is shown in Fig.7.
Fig.7. Experimental chamber of the IBIS-RPI facility
Recently, experimental studies have concerned
diagnostics of deuterium-plasma streams emitted from
RPI-IBIS discharges [13]. Particular attention was paid to
research on the dependence of the spatial structure of
emitted plasma-ion streams on the operational mode of
the applied experimental facility. Using a Thomson-type
analyzer, energy spectra of deuterons were determined
under different operational conditions. Using ion pinhole
cameras and NTDs covered with thin absorption filters, it
was possible to investigate the spatial structure of the
emitted plasma-ion streams, as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig.8. Structure of deuteron beams emitted along the z-
axis of RPI-IBIS in so-called fast mode (on the left) and
slow mode (on the right). Left parts of the detectors were
covered with an Al-foil eliminating deuterons < 80 keV.
Broken lines show projections of electrode ends [13]
Information collected from RPI-IBIS discharges is of
importance for physics and applications of pulsed plasma-
ion streams for modifications of different materials.
In a frame of plasma technology research other
efforts concerned the deposition of superconducting films
by means of arc discharges performed under ultra-high
vacuum (UHV) conditions, as proposed several years ago
[14]. Recent activities have been concentrated upon the
Nb-film deposition technology based on linear
(cylindrical) arc or the planar filtered arc (in collaboration
with Tor Vergata University in Rome). A general view of
the UHV facility at IPJ is shown in Fig.9.
Recently, particular attention has been paid to the
application of the UHV arc technology for the deposition
of a Pb-film needed for the formation of a photocathode
inside an RF electron-injector [15].
Fig.9. Modified UHV linear-arc facility constructed at
IPJ for the deposition of thin super-conducting layers and
the axial cut of the RF cell coated with a pure Nb-layer
3. PLASMA RESEARCH AT IPPLM
IN WARSAW
The main research directions at IPPLM are as
follows: studies of dense magnetized plasmas produced
by pulsed discharges of the PF- and Z-pinch type;
investigation of physics and applications of laser-
produced plasmas; the development of advanced
diagnostic techniques applicable for the EURATOM
fusion program; and studies of some theoretical problems
of magnetic confinement fusion (MCF).
3.1. STUDIES AT MPPD
Experimental studies at MPPD are carried out mainly
with the large mega-joule PF-1000 facility, but some
research is performed also with smaller PF-type machines
(DPF-6 and PF-150). A general view of the PF-1000
facility is shown in Fig.10.
Fig.10. Large experimental chamber of PF-1000 facility
Extensive PF studies with the PF-1000 device, which
were carried out by joint research teams of IPJ and
IPPLM, have already been reported at various
conferences and described in earlier publications [1-4].
Therefore, this paper presents only the most important
results obtained recently. Studies of pinch dynamics in
PF-1000 discharges have been performed by means of
fast-streak- and frame-cameras [16], as shown in Fig.11.
Fig.11. Examples of the streak pictures, which were taken
for PF-1000 experiments at different initial pressures
(4-8 hPa) and show a phenomenon of the double pinch
234
Particular attention was paid to the study of the neutron
emission from PF-1000 discharges [17]. Two or three peaks
in hard X-ray signals and the subtle structure of neutron-
induced signals were observed in many discharges.
The PF-1000 facility was also used for studies by
means of optical spectroscopy during the free propagation
of pulsed plasma streams and their interactions with
different targets [18]. An example is presented in Fig. 12.
Fig.12. Optical spectra recorded for different phases of
PF-1000 discharge interacting with a C-Cu target placed
15 cm from the electrode outlet
The elaboration of time-resolved spectroscopic
measurements of pulsed plasma streams in the PF-1000
facility and their interaction with various targets was
performed [19]. Spectroscopic studies of the VR emission
were also performed for PF-1000 shots with deuterium,
helium and a mixture of deuterium and helium [20-21].
3.2. STUDIES AT LPPD
Experiments at LPPD are carried out with three
Nd:glass laser systems: a single-shot terawatt system (≤ 2 J,
1.2 ps), a single-pulse system (≤ 10 J, 1 ns) and a new
repetitive system (≤ 0.6 J, 3.5 ns, the repetition ≤ 10 Hz).
The main research topics at LPPD are as follows:
study and application of plasma produced by high-power
lasers; research on interaction of ultra-short laser pulses
with matter (EC COST P14 program); development of
modern diagnostic systems (partially supported by
EURATOM), and technological applications of plasma-
matter interactions (EURATOM and STREP 6).
Study and application of plasma produced by high-
power lasers has been performed mainly within the PALS
facility operated in Prague, as shown in Fig.13.
Fig.13. Experimental chamber of the PALS facility with
some diagnostic equipment delivered by IPPLM
To determine properties of laser-produced ions the
use was made of ion collectors, a cylindrical electrostatic
ion analyzer and NTDs. The laser-produced ions were
implanted into different samples (polymers, C, Si and Ti)
placed at various angles and distances [22]. Energy
spectra of heavy (Cu, Ag and Ta) ions were investigated
with an electrostatic analyzer [23], as shown in Fig.14.
Fig.14. Highly-ionized species obtained from Ag- and Ta-
targets bombarded by 200-J laser pulses, as recorded by
means of an electrostatic analyzer and TOF method [23]
Studies of indirect interactions of a PALS beam with
solid targets were also performed [24]. An example is
shown in Fig.15.
Fig.15. Measurements of plasma produced from a thin
(11-µm) Al-disk placed in front of a solid Al target, as
performed with a laser interferometer [24]
Fig.16. Proton fast ignition (PFI) scenario proposed for a
future European High Power Laser Facility [27]
Particular attention was paid to the generation of
intense plasma streams (jets) during the interaction of a
laser beam with planar solid targets [25]. Other studies
concerned the interaction of ultra-short laser pulses with
matter and fast ion beam production (COST P14 program)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10
-5
0
time, µs
Ta49+
Ta30+
Ta7 +
C6+
Ta40 +
#2997-Ta
z
max
= 49
Ta10+
Ta20 +
H+
-20
-10
0
107Ag30+
10 7Ag36 +
#3011-Ag
z
max
= 36
107Ag25+ 107Ag20+
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235
[26]. Numerical simulations of the generation of proton
beams by laser pulses of intensity > 3 x 1018 W/cm2 were
performed and it was shown that intense particle beams
are generated, which might be used for the fast ignition of
thermonuclear fusion [27], as shown in Fig.16.
The proposed scenario assumes that high-energy ns-
laser (or X-ray) beams compress DT fuel to density about
1000 times higher than that of the solid, and penta-Watt
ps-laser beams produce high-density proton beams, which
heat a small portion of the dense DT fuel core to about
10keV, igniting the nuclear fusion reactions.
Other efforts of LPPD concerned the development of
diagnostic systems for EURATOM program, e.g. matrix
semiconductor detectors for measurement of the X-ray
emission from the MAST facility in UK. Other activities
concerned the application of laser pulses for the removal
of deposited deuterium/tritium from in-vessel components
(UT1 project Association EURATOM–IPPLM) [28].
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The most important recent achievements of IPJ have
been as follows: New valuable data about dynamics and
parameters of pulsed plasma-ion streams were collected
by means of optical spectroscopy during their free
propagation and interaction with different targets. Images
of sources emitting fusion-protons were recorded in
different PF systems and their asymmetry was explained
by the filamentary structure of high-current discharges.
The technology of the deposition of superconducting
layers by means of UHV arc-discharges was improved,
the test coating of an RF cavity was performed and
different macro-droplets filters were tested.
The most important recent achievements of the IPPLM
have been as follows: New data about dynamics and
emission characteristics of PF discharges were collected
by means of different diagnostic techniques and they were
used for a comparison with model calculations. An
interesting effect of the emission of narrow plasma-ion
jets from solid targets irradiated by intense (100 J, 400 ps)
laser pulses was observed experimentally and its
theoretical explanation has been proposed. Theoretical
computations of the interaction of PW-ps laser pulses
with matter were performed, which showed that such
pulses generate collimated proton beams of current
density reaching TA/cm2, which can be used for the fast
ignition of fusion targets.
Results obtained by researchers from IPJ-Swierk and
IPPLM-Warsaw are documented by many publications
(see IPJ and IPPLM web pages and Annual Reports).
Many studies were performed in the collaboration with
different foreign research centers, e.g. CVUT in Prague,
Tor-Vergata University in Rome, Messina University and
INFN-LNS in Catania, Kurchatov Institute in Moscow
and IPP KIPT in Kharkov. Polish teams have also been
engaged in the EURATOM fusion program in
cooperation with several foreign laboratories, and
particularly with IPP in Prague, ERM in Brussel, CEA-
Cadarache and IPP FZ-Juelich .
REFERENCES
1. M.J. Sadowski, M.Scholz// Nukleonika. 2002,v. 47, N1, p. 31.
2. M.J. Sadowski// PAST 4. Ser. „Plasma Phys.” 2002, N7, p. 118.
3. M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz//PAST1. Ser.”Plasma P.”2005, N10, p.81.
4. L. Jakubowski et al.// AIP CP. 2006, v.812, p.260.
5. M.J. Sadowski// PAST 3. Ser.” Plasma Phys.” 2001, N 5, p. 73.
6. J. Zebrowski// Ph.D. Thesis (IPJ. Swierk 2006),Chapters 3&4.
7. M.J. Sadowski, J. Zebrowski// High Temp. Mat. Proc. 2002, v.6, p.1.
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16. M. Borowiecki et al.// Czech. J. Phys. Suppl. B. 2006, v. 56, p.B184.
17. B. Bienkowska et al.// Czech. J. Phys. Suppl. B 2006,v. 56, p.B377.
18. E. Skladnik-Sadowska et al.//PAST 1.Ser.”Plasma P.”2005,v.10, p.86.
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20. A.V. Tsarenko et al.// AIP CP. 2006, v. 812, p. 214.
21. E. Sk adnik-Sadowska et al.// Cz.J.Phys. Suppl.B 2006,v.56, p.B383.
22. J. Wolowski et al.//Rad. Eff. & Deffects in Solids.2005,v160,p.477.
23. J. Wolowski et al.// PP&CF. 2002, v. 44, p. 1277.
24. S. Borodziuk et al.// European Phys. Journ. D. 2006 ( in press).
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26. J. Badziak et al.// PP&CF. 2004, v. 46, p. B541.
27. J. Badziak et al.// LPB. 2005, v.23, p.401.
28. P. Gasior et al.// Phys. Scripta. 2006, v. T123, p. 99.
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