Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels
На основании данных фрактографического анализа оценено изменение механизмов разрушения высокопрочных малолегированных сталей ARMOX 500T и ARMOX 600T в зависимости оттемпературы испытаний. В экспериментально исследованномтемпературном диапазоне -80...100°C была установлена высокая вероятность достиж...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
2011
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| Цитувати: | Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels / T. Binar, J. Kadlec, M. Rejzek, M. Vlkovsky, V. Hruby // Проблемы прочности. — 2011. — № 5. — С. 74-81. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-952092016-02-18T03:02:01Z Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels Binar, T. Kadlec, J. Rejzek, M. Vlkovsky, M. Hruby, V. Научно-технический раздел На основании данных фрактографического анализа оценено изменение механизмов разрушения высокопрочных малолегированных сталей ARMOX 500T и ARMOX 600T в зависимости оттемпературы испытаний. В экспериментально исследованномтемпературном диапазоне -80...100°C была установлена высокая вероятность достижения предельного состояния этих материалов. На основі даних фрактографічного аналізу оцінено зміну механізмів руйнування високоміцних малолегованих сталейARMOX 500T та ARMOX 600T у залежності від температури випробувань. В експериментально дослідженому температурному інтервалі-80...100°C установлено високу імовірність досягнення граничного стану цих матеріалів. 2011 Article Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels / T. Binar, J. Kadlec, M. Rejzek, M. Vlkovsky, V. Hruby // Проблемы прочности. — 2011. — № 5. — С. 74-81. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 0556-171X http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/95209 539.4 en Проблемы прочности Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Binar, T. Kadlec, J. Rejzek, M. Vlkovsky, M. Hruby, V. Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels Проблемы прочности |
| description |
На основании данных фрактографического анализа оценено изменение механизмов разрушения высокопрочных малолегированных сталей ARMOX 500T и ARMOX 600T в зависимости оттемпературы испытаний. В экспериментально исследованномтемпературном диапазоне
-80...100°C была установлена высокая вероятность достижения предельного состояния этих материалов. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Binar, T. Kadlec, J. Rejzek, M. Vlkovsky, M. Hruby, V. |
| author_facet |
Binar, T. Kadlec, J. Rejzek, M. Vlkovsky, M. Hruby, V. |
| author_sort |
Binar, T. |
| title |
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels |
| title_short |
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels |
| title_full |
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels |
| title_fullStr |
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels |
| title_sort |
evaluation of the test temperature effect on failure mechanisms and notched impact strength characteristics of ultra-hard low alloy steels |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| publishDate |
2011 |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/95209 |
| citation_txt |
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels / T. Binar, J. Kadlec, M. Rejzek, M. Vlkovsky, V. Hruby // Проблемы прочности. — 2011. — № 5. — С. 74-81. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Проблемы прочности |
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2025-07-07T01:56:31Z |
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2025-07-07T01:56:31Z |
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| fulltext |
UDC 539.4
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect on Failure Mechanisms and
Notched Impact Strength Characteristics of Ultra-Hard Low Alloy Steels
T. Binar,
a,1
J. Kadlec,
b,2
M. Rejzek,
a
M. Vlkovsky,
a
and V. Hruby
b
a Department of Logistics, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
b Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
1 tomas.binar@unob.cz
2 jaromir.kadlec@unob.cz
ÓÄÊ 539.4
Îöåíêà âëèÿíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû íà ìåõàíèçìû ðàçðóøåíèÿ è
õàðàêòåðèñòèêè óäàðíîé âÿçêîñòè îáðàçöîâ ñ íàäðåçàìè èç
âûñîêîïðî÷íûõ ìàëîëåãèðîâàííûõ ñòàëåé
Ò. Áèíàð
à
, ß. Êàäëåö
á
, Ì. Ðåéçåê
à
, Ì. Âëêîâñêè
à
, Â. Ãðóáû
á
à Îòäåëåíèå ëîãèñòèêè, Óíèâåðñèòåò Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îáîðîíû, Áðíî, ×åõèÿ
á Îòäåëåíèå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèÿ, Óíèâåðñèòåò Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îáîðîíû, Áðíî, ×åõèÿ
Íà îñíîâàíèè äàííûõ ôðàêòîãðàôè÷åñêîãî àíàëèçà îöåíåíî èçìåíåíèå ìåõàíèçìîâ ðàçðó-
øåíèÿ âûñîêîïðî÷íûõ ìàëîëåãèðîâàííûõ ñòàëåé ARMOX 500T è ARMOX 600T â çàâèñèìîñòè
îò òåìïåðàòóðû èñïûòàíèé. Â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî èññëåäîâàííîì òåìïåðàòóðíîì äèàïàçîíå
�80...100�C áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà âûñîêàÿ âåðîÿòíîñòü äîñòèæåíèÿ ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ
ýòèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñòàëè ARMOX 500T è ARMOX 600T, óäàðíàÿ âÿçêîñòü
îáðàçöîâ ñ íàäðåçîì, âÿçêîå è êâàçèõðóïêîå ðàçðóøåíèå, òåìïåðàòóðà èñïû-
òàíèé, ôðàêòîãðàôè÷åñêèé àíàëèç.
Introduction. The experimental investigation of a failure mechanism and the
values of impact energy or notched impact strength is an integral part of
comprehensive research in material limit states. The means of containerization are
more and more often utilized in temperature ranges with significant temperature
differences that can primarily cause the occurrence of degradation processes in
materials leading to the occurrence of a limit state. The occurrence of a material
limit state can be defined as a limit situation of balance between the effects of
external influences and material response. The causes of the degradation process
comprise mechanical stress and temperature. ARMOX 500T and ARMOX 600T
steels are, as per, ultra-hard low alloy steels utilized according to specific needs of
individual military and civil industrial branches.
1. Experimental. The experimental programme of the work concentrated on
the evaluation of the influence of test temperatures on fracture surface failure
mechanisms and the course of notched impact strength KCV values. The value of
© T. BINAR, J. KADLEC, M. REJZEK, M. VLKOVSKY, V. HRUBY, 2011
74 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2011, ¹ 5
notched impact strength KCV was calculated from the values of measured impact
energy KV.
1.1. Materials. Ultra-hard low alloy steel ARMOX 500T (PLATE ID NO
074218-445917) and steel ARMOX 600T (PLATE ID NO 073335-399106) were
used for the experiment. The steel was supplied finally treated (after heat treatment)
by the producer. Basic mechanical properties and chemical composition of the
above-specified steels as per the certificate are stated in Tables 1 and 2.
1.2. Impact Test. For the impact test [1], specimens sized (10 5 55� � mm)
were manufactured and fitted with a V-notch 2 mm deep, with angle 45� and radius
of the notch root �� 0.25 mm (Fig. 1, Charpy-V [1]). The tests were carried out
on WOLPERT PW 30/15 instrumented impact pendulum with nominal energy 300 J.
The impact velocity of the pendulum was 5.52 m/s. In case of measuring under
lower temperatures, a mixture of liquid nitrogen and ethanol was used as cooling
medium. Moreover, the basic characteristics, i.e., the energy consumed on the
deformation and fracture of a specimen, the instrumented pendulum enabled to
determine, during impact loading, the relation of power F and the time t. The
values of notched impact strength were calculated from the measured impact
energy values [2, 3].
The formula for the calculation of notched impact strength value is as follows:
KCV
KV
S
�
0
[J/cm2], (1)
where KV stands for impact energy and S 0 stands for the cross section of a rod
at the point of the notch (h b� in cm�2).
1.3. Fractographic Analysis. The fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces
was carried out by means of a scanning electron microscope JSM 840 (JEOL),
while photographs were taken in digital format using TS 12211 (TESCAN) device.
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect ...
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2011, ¹ 5 75
T a b l e 1
Chemical Composition (wt.%) of the Studied Steels
Steel C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo P S Al B
ARMOX 500T 0.41 0.69 0.26 0.47 1.97 0.337 0.007 0.002 – 0.002
ARMOX 600T 0.28 0.85 0.26 0.49 0.88 0.345 0.008 0.001 0.057 0.002
T a b l e 2
Values of Basic Mechanical Properties of ARMOX Steels
Steel Rp0 2. , MPa Rm , MPa As , % A50 , % HBW
(Brinell)
KC*
(� �40 C)
ARMOX 500T 1.399 1.634 min 10 min 32 533 min 23
ARMOX 600T ** ** ** ** 632 min 9
Note. * Impact test (Charpy) EN 10 045-1, test specimen 5 10� mm. ** Value is not specified in the
test certificate.
The fracture surfaces and distances were evaluated by means of a photograph
analysis also using TS 12211 device. The goal of the fractographic analysis was to
assess, in terms of quality, the influence of temperature on the character of fracture
surfaces obtained from the notched impact strength test [4, 5]. The morphology of
fracture was photographed on individual specimens in the axis of fracture
perpendicular to the notch, in the distance approx. 1/3 from the notch, applying
�1000 zoom, and the greatest depth d of the ductile fracture occurrence under the
notch was subtracted.
2. Results and Discussion.
2.1 Notched Impact Strength. If KCV values determined experimentally in
temperature range � �80 C to 0�C are compared with values obtained at temperatures
over 0�C (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100�C) in ARMOX 500T and ARMOX 600T steels
(Tables 3 and 4), it can be said that the KCV value decreases with the test
temperature being bellow 0�C. As far as ARMOX 500T steel is concerned, KCV
values apparently decrease at the temperature � �40 C (by approx. 17.6 %), � �60 C
(by approx. 25.5 %), � �80 C (by approx. 32.7 %) if compared to the value of KCV
determined at the temperature 20�C [6, 7]. Similar decrease of KCV was identified
in ARMOX 600T steel (refer to Table 4). The KCV values decreased at the
temperature � �20 C (by approx. 7.1%), � �40 C (by approx. 8.2%), � �60 C (by
approx. 12.9%), and � �80 C (by approx. 23.5%) if compared to the value determined
at the temperature 20�C.
As follows from Table 4, the KCV values decrease slightly (by approx. 2.4%)
in ARMOX 600T steel at the temperature 80�C if compared to the KCV value
determined at the temperature 20�C.
2.2. Fractographic Analysis. As discussed above, more significant decrease
of the notched impact strength KCV value was identified in ARMOX 500T steel if
compared to ARMOX 600T steel, as in ARMOX 500T steel the decrease of the
KCV value at the test temperature � �80 C was approx. 32% if compared to the
value determined at the temperature 20�C [8]. The failure mechanism in the lower
temperature range of test temperatures was transcrystalline quasi-cleavage, in both
steels. A different failure mechanism of the above-discussed steels was identified at
higher temperatures (transcrystalline ductile), but no influence on the notched
impact strength values has been proved. The results of the fractographic analysis
T. Binar, J. Kadlec, M. Rejzek, et al.
76 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2011, ¹ 5
Fig. 1. Basic dimensions of a test rod (sample).
show that in the zone under the notch and in the sphere along the edges of the test
specimens only ductile dimple fracture mostly of shear character was identified. It
follows from the below-provided fractographic analysis photographs (Figs. 2–4)
that the degree of directing of fracture micromorphology grows (rolling direction
applies more) with growing test temperature in specimens of ARMOX 500T steels.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2011, ¹ 5 77
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect ...
T a b l e 3
The Relationship between the Impact Energy KV and Notched Impact Strength KCV Values
and the Test Temperature (Steel ARMOX 500T)
Specimen
No.
Test temperature
(�C)
Impact energy KV 300
KV, J
Notched impact strength KCV 300
KCV, J/cm2
1 100 21.1 KV � 20 7. 52.8 KCV � 519.
2 20.8 52.1
3 20.3 50.8
4 80 19.9 KV � 210. 49.9 KCV � 52 6.
5 21.4 53.5
6 21.7 54.3
7 60 21.7 KV � 210. 54.3 KCV � 52 6.
8 21.2 53.5
9 20.0 50.1
10 40 21.2 KV � 216. 52.7 KCV � 53 8.
11 21.7 54.3
12 21.8 54.5
13 20 20.2 KV � 20 7. 50.5 KCV � 517.
14 21.4 53.5
15 20.4 50.9
16 0 20.6 KV � 20 4. 51.5 KCV � 50 9.
17 21.1 52.7
18 19.5 48.6
19 �20 20.4 KV � 20 4. 50.9 KCV � 50 8.
20 20.5 51.2
21 20.2 50.2
22 �40 18.4 KV �17 6. 45.8 KCV � 44 0.
23 17.4 43.4
24 17.1 42.8
25 �60 16.1 KV �15 4. 40.1 KCV � 38 5.
26 14.5 36.1
27 15.7 39.2
28 �80 11.5 KV �14 0. 28.6 KCV � 34 8.
29 14.0 35.0
30 16.5 40.9
In ARMOX 600T steel, we can observe certain structure on the fracture surface
(“the degree of directing of fracture micromorphology grows”) with growing
temperature. The ductile character of fracture is more common with growing
temperature.
78 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2011, ¹ 5
T. Binar, J. Kadlec, M. Rejzek, et al.
T a b l e 4
The Relationship between the Impact Energy KV and Notched Impact Strength KCV Values
and the Test Temperature (Steel ARMOX 600T)
Specimen
No.
Test temperature
(�C)
Impact energy KV 300
KV, J
Notched impact strength KCV 300
KCV, J/cm2
31 100 9.0 KV � 9 0. 22.3 KCV � 22 4.
32 9.2 22.8
33 8.9 22.1
34 80 8.1 KV � 8 3. 20.2 KCV � 20 7.
35 8.4 21.0
36 8.4 20.9
37 60 8.8 KV � 8 9. 21.8 KCV � 221.
38 9.3 23.1
39 8.6 21.4
40 40 8.4 KV � 8 7. 20.9 KCV � 216.
41 8.8 21.9
42 8.9 22.0
43 20 8.5 KV � 8 5. 21.1 KCV � 211.
44 8.5 21.1
45 8.5 21.1
46 0 7.2 KV � 7 7. 18.0 KCV �19 0.
47 7.7 19.1
48 8.1 20.1
49 �20 7.9 KV � 7 9. 19.6 KCV �19 6.
50 8.5 21.1
51 7.2 17.9
52 �40 8.3 KV � 7 8. 20.6 KCV �19 4.
53 7.5 18.7
54 7.6 19.0
55 �60 8.9 KV � 7 4. 22.0 KCV �18 4.
56 6.9 17.1
57 6.5 16.1
58 �80 7.0 KV � 6 5. 17.4 KCV �16 2.
59 6.5 16.1
60 6.1 15.1
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2011, ¹ 5 79
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect ...
Specimen 2
TZ � �100 C
transcrystalline ductile
d � 223 �m
Specimen 5
TZ � �80 C
transcrystalline ductile
d � 291 �m
Specimen 2
TZ �� �80 C
transcrystalline ductile
d � 280 �m
Fig. 2. Morphology of fracture in the distance approx. 1/3 from the notch ARMOX 500T steel.
Specimen 31
TZ � �100 C
transcrystalline ductile
d � 213 �m
Specimen 36
TZ � �80 C
transcrystalline quasi-cleavage
d � 244 �m
Specimen 37
TZ � �60 C
transcrystalline quasi-cleavage
d � 203 �m
Fig. 3. Morphology of fracture in the distance approx. 1/3 from the notch ARMOX 600T steel.
Specimen 59
TZ �� �80 C
transcrystalline quasi-cleavage
d �166 �m
Specimen 56
TZ �� �60 C
transcrystalline quasi-cleavage
d �133 �m
Specimen 53
TZ �� �40 C
transcrystalline quasi-cleavage
d �160 �m
Fig. 4. Morphology of fracture in the distance approx. 1/3 from the notch ARMOX 600T steel.
As shown in Fig. 5, in ARMOX 600T steel value d measured at lower
temperatures �80 to 0�C was lower as compared to values determined at the test
temperatures 40 to 100�C, and at the temperature 80�C, when the failure mechanism
is transcrystalline quasi-cleavage, there is smaller portion of ductile failure. Value
d measured at lower temperatures �80, � �40 C in ARMOX 500T steel is higher if
compared to the values measured at test temperatures 80 and 100�C. However, it
has been proved, based on the fractography, that at higher test temperatures, larger
structural formations of ductile failure occur than at negative temperatures. An
interesting phenomenon occurs at the test temperature 80�C, as there are larger
areas of ductile failure than at the test temperature 100�C, and the value d
determined is generally higher. The original hypothesis assumed that value d will
grow in direct proportion with growing temperature, but the measurements made
have disproved this hypothesis.
Conclusions. Part of the experimental programme was the determination of
impact energy and notched impact strength values for the evaluation of the share of
the above-stated quantities in the occurrence of degradation processes that directly
influence a material failure mechanism.
In the set of experimental data provided, following facts can be highlighted:
(i) the evaluation of ARMOX 500T and ARMOX 600T steels fracture
surfaces after the impact test proved the failure mechanism in steel ARMOX 600T
to be transcrystalline quasi-cleavage and in ARMOX 500T steel to be trans-
crystalline ductile;
(ii) it follows from experimentally determined KCV values that the values
decrease significantly in both steels during experiments carried out under lower
temperatures (0 to � �80 C). In ARMOX 500T steel specimens, it is by approx.
32%, in ARMOX 600T steel specimens by approx. 24%. Thus, the limits of
possible occurrence of a limit state can be assumed in temperature range �80 to
� �40 C;
(iii) based on the comparison of the results of fracture surface fractographic
analysis carried out for both steels and determined KCV values, the limit state
occurrence can be quantified in temperature range �80 to 0�C.
80 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2011, ¹ 5
T. Binar, J. Kadlec, M. Rejzek, et al.
Fig. 5. The influence of test temperature TZ on the greatest depth d of ductile fracture occurrence
under the notch.
Further research shall concentrate on the determination of brittle-fracture
characteristics under dynamic loading of ultra-hard low alloy steels. The goal of
the experiment shall be to identify the temperature ranges within which degradation
processes in the material researched evolve and develop.
Acknowledgement. The work was supported by Ministry of Defence of the
Czech Republic, Project No. FVT 0000404.
Ð å ç þ ì å
Íà îñíîâ³ äàíèõ ôðàêòîãðàô³÷íîãî àíàë³çó îö³íåíî çì³íó ìåõàí³çì³â ðóéíó-
âàííÿ âèñîêîì³öíèõ ìàëîëåãîâàíèõ ñòàëåé ARMOX 500T òà ARMOX 600T ó
çàëåæíîñò³ â³ä òåìïåðàòóðè âèïðîáóâàíü.  åêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî äîñë³äæåíîìó
òåìïåðàòóðíîìó ³íòåðâàë³ �80 ...100�C óñòàíîâëåíî âèñîêó ³ìîâ³ðí³ñòü äîñÿã-
íåííÿ ãðàíè÷íîãî ñòàíó öèõ ìàòåð³àë³â.
1. ISO 148-1:2009 – Metallic Materials – Charpy Pendulum Impact Test – Part 1:
Test Method, Geneva (2009).
2. H. L. Yu and D. Y. Jeong, “Application of stress-triaxiality dependent fracture
criteria for unnotched Charpy specimens,” in: G. C. Sih et al. (Eds.),
Transferability and Applicability of Current Mechanics Approaches, ECUST,
Shanghai (2009), pp. 41–51.
3. H. L. Yu and D. Y. Jeong, “Application of a stress triaxiality dependent
fracture criterion in the finite element analysis of unnotched Charpy
specimens,” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 54, 54–62 (2010).
4. T. A. Baser, C. Leinenbach, and H. J. Schindlet, “Fracture behaviour of
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Received 11. 02. 2011
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2011, ¹ 5 81
Evaluation of the Test Temperature Effect ...
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