POLAR GAP IN THE PULSAR FORCE-FREE MAGNETOSPHERE STRUCTURE
PACS numbers: 97.60.Gb, 97.60.Jd, 95.30.LzThe stationary axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar is considered by accounting for the polar gap and current circuit. Adjustment of the vacuum polar gap and the closing current sheet with the force-free magnetosphere of a monopolar structure is...
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Radio physics and radio astronomy |
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neutron star pulsar force-free magnetosphere; polar gap; pulsar current circuit |
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neutron star pulsar force-free magnetosphere; polar gap; pulsar current circuit Petrova, S. A. POLAR GAP IN THE PULSAR FORCE-FREE MAGNETOSPHERE STRUCTURE |
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neutron star pulsar force-free magnetosphere; polar gap; pulsar current circuit нейтронная звезда пульсар бессиловая магнитосфера; полярный зазор; токовая цепь пульсара нейтронна зірка пульсар безсилова магнітосфера; полярный зазор; струмове коло пульсара |
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Article |
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Petrova, S. A. |
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Petrova, S. A. |
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Petrova, S. A. |
| title |
POLAR GAP IN THE PULSAR FORCE-FREE MAGNETOSPHERE STRUCTURE |
| title_short |
POLAR GAP IN THE PULSAR FORCE-FREE MAGNETOSPHERE STRUCTURE |
| title_full |
POLAR GAP IN THE PULSAR FORCE-FREE MAGNETOSPHERE STRUCTURE |
| title_fullStr |
POLAR GAP IN THE PULSAR FORCE-FREE MAGNETOSPHERE STRUCTURE |
| title_full_unstemmed |
POLAR GAP IN THE PULSAR FORCE-FREE MAGNETOSPHERE STRUCTURE |
| title_sort |
polar gap in the pulsar force-free magnetosphere structure |
| title_alt |
ПОЛЯРНЫЙ ЗАЗОР В СТРУКТУРЕ БЕССИЛОВОЙ МАГНИТОСФЕРЫ ПУЛЬСАРА ПОЛЯРНИЙ ЗАЗОР У СТРУКТУРІ БЕЗСИЛОВОЇ МАГНІТОСФЕРИ ПУЛЬСАРА |
| description |
PACS numbers: 97.60.Gb, 97.60.Jd, 95.30.LzThe stationary axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar is considered by accounting for the polar gap and current circuit. Adjustment of the vacuum polar gap and the closing current sheet with the force-free magnetosphere of a monopolar structure is studied. For the transition layer between the vacuum and force-free regions, the self-consistent distributions of fields, currents and charges are analyzed, as well as the force and energetic balance examined. As is shown, in the case considered the transition layer characteristic scale is no less than the polar gap altitude, whereas the current closure is dissipation-free. The consequences of the results obtained for the interpretation of pulsar emission are discussed. In particular, the correlation between the radio and X-ray emission modes in the pulsar PSR B0943+10 is explained.Key words: neutron star, pulsar, force-free magnetosphere, polar gap, pulsar current circuitManuscript submitted 09.11.2015Radio phys. radio astron. 2015, 20(4): 275-285REFERENCES1. HARDING, A. K., TADEMARU, E. and ESPOSITO, L. W., 1978. Acurvature-radiation-pair-production model for gamma-ray pulsars. Astrophys. J. vol. 225, pp. 226-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/156486 2. DAUGHERTY, J. K. and HARDING, A. K., 1982. Electromagnetic cascades in pulsars. Astrophys. J. vol. 252, pp. 337–347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/159561 3. DAUGHERTY, J. K. and HARDING, A. K., 1996. Gamma-Ray Pulsars: Emission from Extended Polar CAP Cascades. Astrophys. J. vol. 458, pp. 278–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/176811 4. ARONS, J. and SCHARLEMANN, E. T., 1979. Pair formation above pulsar polar caps – Structure of the low altitude acceleration zone. Astrophys. J. vol. 231, pp. 854–879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/157250 5. ARONS, J., 1983. Pair creation above pulsar polar caps – Geometrical structure and energetics of slot gaps. Astrophys. J. vol. 266, pp. 215–241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/160771 6. MUSLIMOV, A. G. and HARDING, A. K., 2003. Extended Acceleration in Slot Gaps and Pulsar High-Energy Emission. Astrophys. J. vol. 588, no, 1, pp. 430–440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/368162 7. MUSLIMOV, A. G. and HARDING, A. K., 2004. High-Altitude Particle Acceleration and Radiation in Pulsar Slot Gaps. Astrophys. J. vol. 606, no. 2, pp. 1143–1153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/383079 8. DYKS, J. and RUDAK, B., 2003. Two-Pole Caustic Model for High-Energy Light Curves of Pulsars. Astrophys. J. vol. 598, no. 2, pp. 1201–1206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/379052 9. DYKS, J., HARDING, A. K. and RUDAK, B., 2004. Relativistic Effects and Polarization in Three High-Energy Pulsar Models. Astrophys. J. vol. 606, no. 2, pp. 1125–1142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/383121 10. CHENG, K. S., HO, C. and RUDERMAN, M., 1986. Energetic radiation from rapidly spinning pulsars. I - Outer magnetosphere gaps. Astrophys. J. vol. 300, pp. 500–521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/163829 11. CHENG, K. S., HO, C. and RUDERMAN, M., 1986. Energetic Radiation from Rapidly Spinning Pulsars. II. VELA and Crab. Astrophys. J. vol. 300, pp. 522–539. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/163830 12. ROMANI, R. W. and YADIGAROGLU, I.-A., 1995. Gamma-ray pulsars: Emission zones and viewing geometries. Astrophys. J. vol. 438, pp. 314–321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/175076 13. CHENG, K. S., RUDERMAN, M. and ZHANG, L., 2000. AThree-dimensional Outer Magnetospheric Gap Model for Gamma-Ray Pulsars: Geometry, Pair Production, Emission Morphologies, and Phase-resolved Spectra. Astrophys. J. vol. 537, no. 2, pp. 964–976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/309051 14. MICHEL, F. C., 1973. Rotating Magnetospheres: an Exact 3-D Solution. Astrophys. J. vol. 180, pp. L133–L136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/181169 15. SCHARLEMANN, E. T. and WAGONER, R. V., 1973. Aligned Rotating Magnetospheres. General Analysis. Astrophys. J. vol. 182, pp. 951–960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/152195 16. OKAMOTO, I., 1974. Force-free pulsar magnetosphere - I. The steady, axisymmetric theory for the charge-separa-ted plasma. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 167, pp. 457–474. 17. PETROVA, S. A., 2013. On the Global Structure of Pulsar Force-free Magnetosphere. Astrophys. J. vol. 764, no. 2, id. 129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/129 18. PETROVA, S. A. On the structure of pulsar axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere beyond the light cylinder. Radiofizika i Radioastronomia. vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 201–209 (in Russian). 19. CONTOPOULOS, I., KAZANAS, D. and FENDT, C., 1999. The Axisymmetric Pulsar Magnetosphere. Astrophys. J. vol. 511, no. 1, pp. 351–358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/306652 20. CONTOPOULOS, I., 2005. The coughing pulsar magnetosphere. Astron. Astrophys. vol. 442, no. 2, pp. 579–586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20053143 21. GRUZINOV, A., 2005. Power of an Axisymmetric Pulsar. Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 94, is. 1, id. 021101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.021101 22. SPITKOVSKY, A., 2006. Time-dependent Force-free Pulsar Magnetospheres: Axisymmetric and Oblique Rotators. Astrophys. J. vol. 648, no. 1, pp. L51–L54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/507518 23. KALAPOTHARAKOS, C. and CONTOPOULOS, I., 2009. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the pulsar magnetosphere: preliminary results. Astron. Astrophys. vol. 496, no. 2, pp. 495–502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200810281 24. BAI, X.-N. and SPITKOVSKY, A., 2010. Modeling of Gamma-ray Pulsar Light Curves Using the Force-free Magnetic Field. Astrophys. J. vol. 715, no. 2, pp. 1282–1301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/715/2/1282 25. KALAPOTHARAKOS, C., CONTOPOULOS, I. and KAZANAS, D., 2012. The extended pulsar magnetosphere. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 420, is. 4, pp. 2793–2798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19884.x 26. GRUZINOV, A., 2008. Dissipative pulsar magnetospheres. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. no. 11, id. 002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2008/11/002 27. KALAPOTHARAKOS, C., KAZANAS, D., HARDING, A. and CONTOPOULOS, I., 2012. Toward a Realistic Pulsar Magnetosphere. Astrophys. J. vol. 749, no. 1, id. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/2 28. LI, J., SPITKOVSKY, A. and TCHEKHOVSKOY, A., 2012. Resistive Solutions for Pulsar Magnetospheres. Astrophys. J. vol. 746, no. 1, id. 60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/60 29. PARFREY, K., BELOBORODOV, A. M. and HUI, L., 2012. Introducing PHAEDRA: a new spectral code for simulations of relativistic magnetospheres. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 423, is. 2, pp. 1416–1436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20969.x 30. PETRI, J., 2012. The pulsar force-free magnetosphere linked to its striped wind: time-dependent pseudo-spectral simulations. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 424, is. 1, pp. 605–619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21238.x 31. PETROVA, S. A., 2012. Axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar - I. The structure close to the magnetic axis. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 427, is. 1, pp. 514–519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21961.x 32. PETROVA, S. A, 2013. Global structure of the pulsar axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere allowing for current closure on the neutron star surface. Radiofizika i Radioastronomia. vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 193–200 (in Russian). 33. RUDERMAN, M. A. and SUTHERLAND, P. G., 1975. Theory of pulsars – Polar caps, sparks, and coherent microwave radiation. Astrophys. J. vol. 196, pp. 51–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/153393 34. HERMSEN, W., HESSELS, J. W. T., KUIPER, L., VAN LEEUWEN, J., MITRA, D., DE PLAA, J., RANKIN, J. M., STAPPERS, B. W., WRIGHT, G. A. E., BASU, R., ALEXOV, A., COENEN, T., GRIEßMEIER, J.-M., HASSALL, T. E., KARASTERGIOU, A., KEANE, E., KONDRATIEV, V. I., KRAMER, M., KUNIYOSHI, M., NOUTSOS, A., SERYLAK, M., PILIA, M., SOBEY, C., WELTEVREDE, P., ZAGKOURIS, K., ASGEKAR, A., AVRUCH, I. M., BATEJAT, F., BELL, M. E., BELL, M. R., BENTUM, M. J., BERNARDI, G., BEST, P., BÎRZAN, L., BONAFEDE, A., BREITLING, F., BRODERICK, J., BRÜGGEN, M., BUTCHER, H. R., CIARDI, B., DUSCHA, S., EISLÖFFEL, J., FALCKE, H., FENDER, R., FERRARI, C., FRIESWIJK, W., GARRETT, M. A., DE GASPERIN, F., DE GEUS, E., GUNST, A. W., HEALD, G., HOEFT, M., HORNEFFER, A., IACOBELLI, M., KUPER, G., MAAT, P., MACARIO, G., MARKOFF, S., MCKEAN, J. P., MEVIUS, M., MILLER-JONES, J. C. A., MORGANTI, R., MUNK, H., ORRÚ, E., PAAS, H., PANDEY-POMMIER, M., PANDEY, V. N., PIZZO, R., POLATIDIS, A. G., RAWLINGS, S., REICH, W., RÖTTGERING, H., SCAIFE, A. M. M., SCHOENMAKERS, A., SHULEVSKI, A., SLUMAN, J., STEINMETZ, M., TAGGER, M., TANG, Y., TASSE, C., TER VEEN, S., VERMEULEN, R., VAN DE BRINK, R. H., VAN WEEREN, R. J., WIJERS, R. A. M. J., WISE, M. W., WUCKNITZ, O., YATAWATTA, S. and ZARKA, P., 2013. Synchronous X-ray and Radio Mode Switches: A Rapid Global Transformation of the Pulsar Magnetosphere. Science. vol. 339, no. 6118, pp. 436–442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230960 |
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Видавничий дім «Академперіодика» |
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2016 |
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http://rpra-journal.org.ua/index.php/ra/article/view/1222 |
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oai:ri.kharkov.ua:article-12222017-05-03T13:20:59Z POLAR GAP IN THE PULSAR FORCE-FREE MAGNETOSPHERE STRUCTURE ПОЛЯРНЫЙ ЗАЗОР В СТРУКТУРЕ БЕССИЛОВОЙ МАГНИТОСФЕРЫ ПУЛЬСАРА ПОЛЯРНИЙ ЗАЗОР У СТРУКТУРІ БЕЗСИЛОВОЇ МАГНІТОСФЕРИ ПУЛЬСАРА Petrova, S. A. neutron star, pulsar, force-free magnetosphere; polar gap; pulsar current circuit нейтронная звезда, пульсар, бессиловая магнитосфера; полярный зазор; токовая цепь пульсара нейтронна зірка, пульсар, безсилова магнітосфера; полярный зазор; струмове коло пульсара PACS numbers: 97.60.Gb, 97.60.Jd, 95.30.LzThe stationary axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar is considered by accounting for the polar gap and current circuit. Adjustment of the vacuum polar gap and the closing current sheet with the force-free magnetosphere of a monopolar structure is studied. For the transition layer between the vacuum and force-free regions, the self-consistent distributions of fields, currents and charges are analyzed, as well as the force and energetic balance examined. As is shown, in the case considered the transition layer characteristic scale is no less than the polar gap altitude, whereas the current closure is dissipation-free. The consequences of the results obtained for the interpretation of pulsar emission are discussed. In particular, the correlation between the radio and X-ray emission modes in the pulsar PSR B0943+10 is explained.Key words: neutron star, pulsar, force-free magnetosphere, polar gap, pulsar current circuitManuscript submitted 09.11.2015Radio phys. radio astron. 2015, 20(4): 275-285REFERENCES1. HARDING, A. K., TADEMARU, E. and ESPOSITO, L. W., 1978. Acurvature-radiation-pair-production model for gamma-ray pulsars. Astrophys. J. vol. 225, pp. 226-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/156486 2. DAUGHERTY, J. K. and HARDING, A. K., 1982. Electromagnetic cascades in pulsars. Astrophys. J. vol. 252, pp. 337–347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/159561 3. DAUGHERTY, J. K. and HARDING, A. K., 1996. Gamma-Ray Pulsars: Emission from Extended Polar CAP Cascades. Astrophys. J. vol. 458, pp. 278–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/176811 4. ARONS, J. and SCHARLEMANN, E. T., 1979. Pair formation above pulsar polar caps – Structure of the low altitude acceleration zone. Astrophys. J. vol. 231, pp. 854–879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/157250 5. ARONS, J., 1983. Pair creation above pulsar polar caps – Geometrical structure and energetics of slot gaps. Astrophys. J. vol. 266, pp. 215–241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/160771 6. MUSLIMOV, A. G. and HARDING, A. K., 2003. Extended Acceleration in Slot Gaps and Pulsar High-Energy Emission. Astrophys. J. vol. 588, no, 1, pp. 430–440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/368162 7. MUSLIMOV, A. G. and HARDING, A. K., 2004. High-Altitude Particle Acceleration and Radiation in Pulsar Slot Gaps. Astrophys. J. vol. 606, no. 2, pp. 1143–1153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/383079 8. DYKS, J. and RUDAK, B., 2003. Two-Pole Caustic Model for High-Energy Light Curves of Pulsars. Astrophys. J. vol. 598, no. 2, pp. 1201–1206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/379052 9. DYKS, J., HARDING, A. K. and RUDAK, B., 2004. Relativistic Effects and Polarization in Three High-Energy Pulsar Models. Astrophys. J. vol. 606, no. 2, pp. 1125–1142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/383121 10. CHENG, K. S., HO, C. and RUDERMAN, M., 1986. Energetic radiation from rapidly spinning pulsars. I - Outer magnetosphere gaps. Astrophys. J. vol. 300, pp. 500–521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/163829 11. CHENG, K. S., HO, C. and RUDERMAN, M., 1986. Energetic Radiation from Rapidly Spinning Pulsars. II. VELA and Crab. Astrophys. J. vol. 300, pp. 522–539. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/163830 12. ROMANI, R. W. and YADIGAROGLU, I.-A., 1995. Gamma-ray pulsars: Emission zones and viewing geometries. Astrophys. J. vol. 438, pp. 314–321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/175076 13. CHENG, K. S., RUDERMAN, M. and ZHANG, L., 2000. AThree-dimensional Outer Magnetospheric Gap Model for Gamma-Ray Pulsars: Geometry, Pair Production, Emission Morphologies, and Phase-resolved Spectra. Astrophys. J. vol. 537, no. 2, pp. 964–976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/309051 14. MICHEL, F. C., 1973. Rotating Magnetospheres: an Exact 3-D Solution. Astrophys. J. vol. 180, pp. L133–L136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/181169 15. SCHARLEMANN, E. T. and WAGONER, R. V., 1973. Aligned Rotating Magnetospheres. General Analysis. Astrophys. J. vol. 182, pp. 951–960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/152195 16. OKAMOTO, I., 1974. Force-free pulsar magnetosphere - I. The steady, axisymmetric theory for the charge-separa-ted plasma. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 167, pp. 457–474. 17. PETROVA, S. A., 2013. On the Global Structure of Pulsar Force-free Magnetosphere. Astrophys. J. vol. 764, no. 2, id. 129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/129 18. PETROVA, S. A. On the structure of pulsar axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere beyond the light cylinder. Radiofizika i Radioastronomia. vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 201–209 (in Russian). 19. CONTOPOULOS, I., KAZANAS, D. and FENDT, C., 1999. The Axisymmetric Pulsar Magnetosphere. Astrophys. J. vol. 511, no. 1, pp. 351–358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/306652 20. CONTOPOULOS, I., 2005. The coughing pulsar magnetosphere. Astron. Astrophys. vol. 442, no. 2, pp. 579–586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20053143 21. GRUZINOV, A., 2005. Power of an Axisymmetric Pulsar. Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 94, is. 1, id. 021101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.021101 22. SPITKOVSKY, A., 2006. Time-dependent Force-free Pulsar Magnetospheres: Axisymmetric and Oblique Rotators. Astrophys. J. vol. 648, no. 1, pp. L51–L54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/507518 23. KALAPOTHARAKOS, C. and CONTOPOULOS, I., 2009. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the pulsar magnetosphere: preliminary results. Astron. Astrophys. vol. 496, no. 2, pp. 495–502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200810281 24. BAI, X.-N. and SPITKOVSKY, A., 2010. Modeling of Gamma-ray Pulsar Light Curves Using the Force-free Magnetic Field. Astrophys. J. vol. 715, no. 2, pp. 1282–1301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/715/2/1282 25. KALAPOTHARAKOS, C., CONTOPOULOS, I. and KAZANAS, D., 2012. The extended pulsar magnetosphere. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 420, is. 4, pp. 2793–2798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19884.x 26. GRUZINOV, A., 2008. Dissipative pulsar magnetospheres. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. no. 11, id. 002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2008/11/002 27. KALAPOTHARAKOS, C., KAZANAS, D., HARDING, A. and CONTOPOULOS, I., 2012. Toward a Realistic Pulsar Magnetosphere. Astrophys. J. vol. 749, no. 1, id. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/2 28. LI, J., SPITKOVSKY, A. and TCHEKHOVSKOY, A., 2012. Resistive Solutions for Pulsar Magnetospheres. Astrophys. J. vol. 746, no. 1, id. 60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/60 29. PARFREY, K., BELOBORODOV, A. M. and HUI, L., 2012. Introducing PHAEDRA: a new spectral code for simulations of relativistic magnetospheres. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 423, is. 2, pp. 1416–1436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20969.x 30. PETRI, J., 2012. The pulsar force-free magnetosphere linked to its striped wind: time-dependent pseudo-spectral simulations. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 424, is. 1, pp. 605–619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21238.x 31. PETROVA, S. A., 2012. Axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar - I. The structure close to the magnetic axis. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. vol. 427, is. 1, pp. 514–519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21961.x 32. PETROVA, S. A, 2013. Global structure of the pulsar axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere allowing for current closure on the neutron star surface. Radiofizika i Radioastronomia. vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 193–200 (in Russian). 33. RUDERMAN, M. A. and SUTHERLAND, P. G., 1975. Theory of pulsars – Polar caps, sparks, and coherent microwave radiation. Astrophys. J. vol. 196, pp. 51–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/153393 34. HERMSEN, W., HESSELS, J. W. T., KUIPER, L., VAN LEEUWEN, J., MITRA, D., DE PLAA, J., RANKIN, J. M., STAPPERS, B. W., WRIGHT, G. A. E., BASU, R., ALEXOV, A., COENEN, T., GRIEßMEIER, J.-M., HASSALL, T. E., KARASTERGIOU, A., KEANE, E., KONDRATIEV, V. I., KRAMER, M., KUNIYOSHI, M., NOUTSOS, A., SERYLAK, M., PILIA, M., SOBEY, C., WELTEVREDE, P., ZAGKOURIS, K., ASGEKAR, A., AVRUCH, I. M., BATEJAT, F., BELL, M. E., BELL, M. R., BENTUM, M. J., BERNARDI, G., BEST, P., BÎRZAN, L., BONAFEDE, A., BREITLING, F., BRODERICK, J., BRÜGGEN, M., BUTCHER, H. R., CIARDI, B., DUSCHA, S., EISLÖFFEL, J., FALCKE, H., FENDER, R., FERRARI, C., FRIESWIJK, W., GARRETT, M. A., DE GASPERIN, F., DE GEUS, E., GUNST, A. W., HEALD, G., HOEFT, M., HORNEFFER, A., IACOBELLI, M., KUPER, G., MAAT, P., MACARIO, G., MARKOFF, S., MCKEAN, J. P., MEVIUS, M., MILLER-JONES, J. C. A., MORGANTI, R., MUNK, H., ORRÚ, E., PAAS, H., PANDEY-POMMIER, M., PANDEY, V. N., PIZZO, R., POLATIDIS, A. G., RAWLINGS, S., REICH, W., RÖTTGERING, H., SCAIFE, A. M. M., SCHOENMAKERS, A., SHULEVSKI, A., SLUMAN, J., STEINMETZ, M., TAGGER, M., TANG, Y., TASSE, C., TER VEEN, S., VERMEULEN, R., VAN DE BRINK, R. H., VAN WEEREN, R. J., WIJERS, R. A. M. J., WISE, M. W., WUCKNITZ, O., YATAWATTA, S. and ZARKA, P., 2013. Synchronous X-ray and Radio Mode Switches: A Rapid Global Transformation of the Pulsar Magnetosphere. Science. vol. 339, no. 6118, pp. 436–442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230960 УДК 524.354.4PACS numbers: 97.60.Gb, 97.60.Jd, 95.30.LzРассмотрена стационарная осесимметричная бессиловая магнитосфера пульсара с учетом полярного зазора и токовой цепи. Изучено согласование вакуумного полярного зазора и слоя замыкающего тока с бессиловой магнитосферой монопольной структуры. Для переходного слоя между вакуумной и бессиловой областями проанализированы самосогласованные распределения полей, токов и зарядов, а также исследован силовой и энергетический баланс. Показано, что в рассматриваемом случае характерный размер переходного слоя не меньше высоты полярного зазора, а замыкание тока является недиссипативным. Обсуждены следствия полученных результатов для интерпретации излучения пульсаров. В частности, объяснена связь мод радио- и рентгеновского излучения в пульсаре PSR B0943+10.Ключевые слова: нейтронная звезда, пульсар, бессиловая магнитосфера, полярный зазор, токовая цепь пульсараСтатья поступила в редакцию 09.11.2015Radio phys. radio astron. 2015, 20(4): 275-285СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ1. Harding A. K., Tademaru E., and Esposito L. W. A curvature-radiation-pair-production model for gamma-ray pulsars // Astrophys. J. – 1978. – Vol. 225. – P. 226–236. DOI: 10.1086/1564862. Daugherty J. K. and Harding A. K. Electromagnetic cascades in pulsars // Astrophys. J. – 1982. – Vol. 252. – P. 337–347. DOI: 10.1086/1595613. Daugherty J. K. and Harding A. K. Gamma-Ray Pulsars: Emission from Extended Polar CAP Cascades // Astrophys. J. – 1996. – Vol. 458. – P. 278–292. DOI: 10.1086/1768114. Arons J. and Scharlemann E. T. Pair formation above pulsar polar caps – Structure of the low altitude acceleration zone // Astrophys. J. – 1979. – Vol. 231. – P. 854–879. DOI: 10.1086/1572505. Arons J. Pair creation above pulsar polar caps – Geometrical structure and energetics of slot gaps// Astrophys. J. – 1983. – Vol. 266. – P. 215–241. DOI: 10.1086/1607716. Muslimov A. G. and Harding A. K. Extended Acceleration in Slot Gaps and Pulsar High-Energy Emission // Astrophys. J. – 2003. – Vol. 588, No. 1. – P. 430–440. DOI: 10.1086/3681627. Muslimov A. G. and Harding A. K. High-Altitude Particle Acceleration and Radiation in Pulsar Slot Gaps // Astrophys. J. – 2004. – Vol. 606, No. 2. – P. 1143–1153. DOI: 10.1086/3830798. Dyks J. and Rudak B. Two-Pole Caustic Model for High-Energy Light Curves of Pulsars // Astrophys. J. – 2003. – Vol. 598, No. 2. – P. 1201–1206. DOI: 10.1086/3790529. Dyks J., Harding A. K., and Rudak B. Relativistic Effects and Polarization in Three High-Energy Pulsar Models// Astrophys. J. – 2004. – Vol. 606, No. 2. – P. 1125–1142. DOI: 10.1086/38312110. Cheng K. S., Ho C., and Ruderman M. Energetic radiation from rapidly spinning pulsars. I - Outer magnetosphere gaps // Astrophys. J. – 1986. – Vol. 300. – P. 500–521. DOI: 10.1086/16382911. Cheng K. S., Ho C., and Ruderman M. Energetic radiation from rapidly spinning pulsars. II. VELA and Crab // Astrophys. J. – 1986. – Vol. 300. – P. 522–539. DOI: 10.1086/16383012. Romani R. W. and Yadigaroglu I.-A. Gamma-ray pulsars: Emission zones and viewing geometries // Astrophys. J. – 1995. – Vol. 438. – P. 314–321. DOI: 10.1086/17507613. Cheng K. S., Ruderman M., and Zhang L. A Three-dimensional Outer Magnetospheric Gap Model for Gamma-Ray Pulsars: Geometry, Pair Production, Emission Morphologies, and Phase-resolved Spectra // Astrophys. J. – 2000. – Vol. 537, No. 2. – P. 964–976. DOI: 10.1086/30905114. Michel F. C. Rotating Magnetospheres: an Exact 3-D Solution // Astrophys. J. – 1973. – Vol. 180. – P. L133–L136. DOI: 10.1086/18116915. Scharlemann E. T and, Wagoner R. V. Aligned Rotating Magnetospheres. General Analysis // Astrophys. J. – 1973. – Vol. 182. – P. 951–960. DOI: 10.1086/15219516. Okamoto I. Force-free pulsar magnetosphere - I. The steady, axisymmetric theory for the charge-separated plasma // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 1974. – Vol. 167. – P. 457–474.17. Petrova S. A. On the Global Structure of Pulsar Force-free Magnetosphere // Astrophys. J. – 2013. – Vol. 764, No. 2. – id.129. DOI:10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/12918. Петрова С. А. О структуре осесимметричной бессиловой магнитосферы пульсара за световым цилиндром // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. – 2013. – Т. 18, № 3. – С. 201–209.19. Contopoulos I., Kazanas D., and Fendt C. The Axisymmetric Pulsar Magnetosphere // Astrophys. J. – 1999. – Vol. 511, No. 1. – P. 351–358. DOI: 10.1086/30665220. Contopoulos I. The coughing pulsar magnetosphere // Astron. Astrophys. – 2005. – Vol. 442, No. 2. – P. 579–586. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:2005314321. Gruzinov A. Power of an Axisymmetric Pulsar // Phys. Rev. Lett. – 2005. – Vol. 94, Is. 1. – id. 021101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.02110122. Spitkovsky A. Time-dependent Force-free Pulsar Magnetospheres: Axisymmetric and Oblique Rotators // Astrophys. J. – 2006. – Vol. 648, No. 1. – P. L51–L54. DOI: 10.1086/50751823. Kalapotharakos C. and Contopoulos I. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the pulsar magnetosphere: preliminary results // Astron. Astrophys. – 2009. – Vol. 496, No. 2. – P. 495–502. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20081028124. Bai X.-N. and Spitkovsky A. Modeling of Gamma-ray Pulsar Light Curves Using the Force-free Magnetic Field // Astrophys. J. – 2010. – Vol. 715, No. 2. – P. 1282–1301. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/715/2/128225. Kalapotharakos C., Contopoulos I., and Kazanas D. The extended pulsar magnetosphere // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 2012. – Vol. 420, Is. 4. – P. 2793–2798. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19884.x26. Gruzinov A. Dissipative pulsar magnetospheres // J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. – 2008. – No. 11. – id. 002. DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2008/11/00227. Kalapotharakos C., Kazanas D., Harding A., and Contopoulos I. Toward a Realistic Pulsar Magnetosphere // Astrophys. J. – 2012. – Vol. 749, No. 1. – id. 2. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/228. Li J., Spitkovsky A., and Tchekhovskoy A. Resistive Solutions for Pulsar Magnetospheres // Astrophys. J. – 2012. – Vol. 746, No. 1. – id. 60. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/6029. Parfrey K., Beloborodov A. M., and Hui L. Introducing PHAEDRA: a new spectral code for simulations of relativistic magnetospheres // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 2012. – Vol. 423, Is. 2. – P. 1416–1436. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20969.x30. Petri J. The pulsar force-free magnetosphere linked to its striped wind: time-dependent pseudo-spectral simulations // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 2012. – Vol. 424, Is. 1. – P. 605–619. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21238.x31. Petrova S. A. Axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar - I. The structure close to the magnetic axis // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 2012. – Vol. 427, Is. 1. – P. 514–519. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21961.x32. Петрова С. А. Глобальная структура осесимметричной бессиловой магнитосферы пульсара с учетом замыкания тока на поверхности нейтронной звезды // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. – 2013. – Т. 18, № 3. – С. 193–200.33. Ruderman M. A. and Sutherland P. G. Theory of pulsars – Polar caps, sparks, and coherent microwave radiation // Astrophys. J. – 1975. – Vol. 196. – P. 51–72. DOI: 10.1086/15339334. Hermsen W., Hessels J. W. T., Kuiper L., van Leeuwen J., Mitra D., de Plaa J., Rankin J. M., Stappers B. W., Wright G. A. E., Basu R., Alexov A., Coenen T., Grießmeier J.-M., Hassall T. E., Karastergiou A., Keane E., Kondratiev V. I., Kramer M., Kuniyoshi M., Noutsos A., Serylak M., Pilia M., Sobey C., Weltevrede P., Zagkouris K., Asgekar A., Avruch I. M., Batejat F., Bell M. E., Bell M. R., Bentum M. J., Bernardi G., Best P., Bîrzan L., Bonafede A., Breitling F., Broderick J., Brüggen M., Butcher H. R., Ciardi B., Duscha S., Eislöffel J., Falcke H., Fender R., Ferrari C., Frieswijk W., Garrett M. A., de Gasperin F., de Geus E., Gunst A. W., Heald G., Hoeft M., Horneffer A., Iacobelli M., Kuper G., Maat P., Macario G., Markoff S., McKean J. P., Mevius M., Miller-Jones J. C. A., Morganti R., Munk H., Orrú E., Paas H., Pandey-Pommier M., Pandey V. N., Pizzo R., Polatidis A. G., Rawlings S., Reich W., Röttgering H., Scaife A. M. M., Schoenmakers A., Shulevski A., Sluman J., Steinmetz M., Tagger M., Tang Y., Tasse C., ter Veen S., Vermeulen R., van de Brink R. H., van Weeren R. J., Wijers R. A. M. J., Wise M. W., Wucknitz O., Yatawatta S., and Zarka P. Synchronous X-ray and Radio Mode Switches: A Rapid Global Transformation of the Pulsar Magnetosphere // Science. – 2013. – Vol. 339, No. 6118. – P. 436–442. DOI: 10.1126/science.1230960 УДК 524.354.4PACS numbers: 97.60.Gb, 97.60.Jd, 95.30.LzРозглянуто стаціонарну вісесиметричну безсилову магнітосферу пульсара з урахуванням полярного зазору і струмового кола. Вивчено узгодження вакуумного полярного зазору і шару замикаючого струму з безсиловою магнітосферою монопольної структури. Для перехідного шару між вакуумною та безсиловою областями проаналізовано самоузгоджені розподіли полів, струмів та зарядів, а також досліджено силовий та енергетичний баланс. Показано, що у розглянутому випадку характерний розмір перехідного шару є не меншим за висоту полярного зазору, а замикання струму є недисипативним. Дискутуються наслідки отриманих результатів для інтерпретації випромінювання пульсарів. Зокрема, пояснено зв’язок мод радіо- та рентгенівського випромінювання пульсара PSR B0943+10.Ключові слова: нейтронна зірка, пульсар, безсилова магнітосфера, полярный зазор, струмове коло пульсараСтаття надійшла до редакції 09.11.2015Radio phys. radio astron. 2015, 20(4): 275-285СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ1. Harding A. K., Tademaru E., and Esposito L. W. A curvature-radiation-pair-production model for gamma-ray pulsars // Astrophys. J. – 1978. – Vol. 225. – P. 226–236. DOI: 10.1086/1564862. Daugherty J. K. and Harding A. K. Electromagnetic cascades in pulsars // Astrophys. J. – 1982. – Vol. 252. – P. 337–347. DOI: 10.1086/1595613. Daugherty J. K. and Harding A. K. Gamma-Ray Pulsars: Emission from Extended Polar CAP Cascades // Astrophys. J. – 1996. – Vol. 458. – P. 278–292. DOI: 10.1086/1768114. Arons J. and Scharlemann E. T. Pair formation above pulsar polar caps – Structure of the low altitude acceleration zone // Astrophys. J. – 1979. – Vol. 231. – P. 854–879. DOI: 10.1086/1572505. Arons J. Pair creation above pulsar polar caps – Geometrical structure and energetics of slot gaps// Astrophys. J. – 1983. – Vol. 266. – P. 215–241. DOI: 10.1086/1607716. Muslimov A. G. and Harding A. K. Extended Acceleration in Slot Gaps and Pulsar High-Energy Emission // Astrophys. J. – 2003. – Vol. 588, No. 1. – P. 430–440. DOI: 10.1086/3681627. Muslimov A. G. and Harding A. K. High-Altitude Particle Acceleration and Radiation in Pulsar Slot Gaps // Astrophys. J. – 2004. – Vol. 606, No. 2. – P. 1143–1153. DOI: 10.1086/3830798. Dyks J. and Rudak B. Two-Pole Caustic Model for High-Energy Light Curves of Pulsars // Astrophys. J. – 2003. – Vol. 598, No. 2. – P. 1201–1206. DOI: 10.1086/3790529. Dyks J., Harding A. K., and Rudak B. Relativistic Effects and Polarization in Three High-Energy Pulsar Models// Astrophys. J. – 2004. – Vol. 606, No. 2. – P. 1125–1142. DOI: 10.1086/38312110. Cheng K. S., Ho C., and Ruderman M. Energetic radiation from rapidly spinning pulsars. I - Outer magnetosphere gaps // Astrophys. J. – 1986. – Vol. 300. – P. 500–521. DOI: 10.1086/16382911. Cheng K. S., Ho C., and Ruderman M. Energetic radiation from rapidly spinning pulsars. II. VELA and Crab // Astrophys. J. – 1986. – Vol. 300. – P. 522–539. DOI: 10.1086/16383012. Romani R. W. and Yadigaroglu I.-A. Gamma-ray pulsars: Emission zones and viewing geometries // Astrophys. J. – 1995. – Vol. 438. – P. 314–321. DOI: 10.1086/17507613. Cheng K. S., Ruderman M., and Zhang L. A Three-dimensional Outer Magnetospheric Gap Model for Gamma-Ray Pulsars: Geometry, Pair Production, Emission Morphologies, and Phase-resolved Spectra // Astrophys. J. – 2000. – Vol. 537, No. 2. – P. 964–976. DOI: 10.1086/30905114. Michel F. C. Rotating Magnetospheres: an Exact 3-D Solution // Astrophys. J. – 1973. – Vol. 180. – P. L133–L136. DOI: 10.1086/18116915. Scharlemann E. T and, Wagoner R. V. Aligned Rotating Magnetospheres. General Analysis // Astrophys. J. – 1973. – Vol. 182. – P. 951–960. DOI: 10.1086/15219516. Okamoto I. Force-free pulsar magnetosphere - I. The steady, axisymmetric theory for the charge-separated plasma // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 1974. – Vol. 167. – P. 457–474.17. Petrova S. A. On the Global Structure of Pulsar Force-free Magnetosphere // Astrophys. J. – 2013. – Vol. 764, No. 2. – id.129. DOI:10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/12918. Петрова С. А. О структуре осесимметричной бессиловой магнитосферы пульсара за световым цилиндром // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. – 2013. – Т. 18, № 3. – С. 201–209.19. Contopoulos I., Kazanas D., and Fendt C. The Axisymmetric Pulsar Magnetosphere // Astrophys. J. – 1999. – Vol. 511, No. 1. – P. 351–358. DOI: 10.1086/30665220. Contopoulos I. The coughing pulsar magnetosphere // Astron. Astrophys. – 2005. – Vol. 442, No. 2. – P. 579–586. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:2005314321. Gruzinov A. Power of an Axisymmetric Pulsar // Phys. Rev. Lett. – 2005. – Vol. 94, Is. 1. – id. 021101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.02110122. Spitkovsky A. Time-dependent Force-free Pulsar Magnetospheres: Axisymmetric and Oblique Rotators // Astrophys. J. – 2006. – Vol. 648, No. 1. – P. L51–L54. DOI: 10.1086/50751823. Kalapotharakos C. and Contopoulos I. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the pulsar magnetosphere: preliminary results // Astron. Astrophys. – 2009. – Vol. 496, No. 2. – P. 495–502. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20081028124. Bai X.-N. and Spitkovsky A. Modeling of Gamma-ray Pulsar Light Curves Using the Force-free Magnetic Field // Astrophys. J. – 2010. – Vol. 715, No. 2. – P. 1282–1301. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/715/2/128225. Kalapotharakos C., Contopoulos I., and Kazanas D. The extended pulsar magnetosphere // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 2012. – Vol. 420, Is. 4. – P. 2793–2798. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19884.x26. Gruzinov A. Dissipative pulsar magnetospheres // J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. – 2008. – No. 11. – id. 002. DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2008/11/00227. Kalapotharakos C., Kazanas D., Harding A., and Contopoulos I. Toward a Realistic Pulsar Magnetosphere // Astrophys. J. – 2012. – Vol. 749, No. 1. – id. 2. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/228. Li J., Spitkovsky A., and Tchekhovskoy A. Resistive Solutions for Pulsar Magnetospheres // Astrophys. J. – 2012. – Vol. 746, No. 1. – id. 60. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/6029. Parfrey K., Beloborodov A. M., and Hui L. Introducing PHAEDRA: a new spectral code for simulations of relativistic magnetospheres // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 2012. – Vol. 423, Is. 2. – P. 1416–1436. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20969.x30. Petri J. The pulsar force-free magnetosphere linked to its striped wind: time-dependent pseudo-spectral simulations // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 2012. – Vol. 424, Is. 1. – P. 605–619. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21238.x31. Petrova S. A. Axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar - I. The structure close to the magnetic axis // Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. – 2012. – Vol. 427, Is. 1. – P. 514–519. 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DOI: 10.1126/science.1230960 Видавничий дім «Академперіодика» 2016-03-30 Article Article application/pdf http://rpra-journal.org.ua/index.php/ra/article/view/1222 10.15407/rpra20.04.275 РАДИОФИЗИКА И РАДИОАСТРОНОМИЯ; Vol 20, No 4 (2015); 275 RADIO PHYSICS AND RADIO ASTRONOMY; Vol 20, No 4 (2015); 275 РАДІОФІЗИКА І РАДІОАСТРОНОМІЯ; Vol 20, No 4 (2015); 275 2415-7007 1027-9636 10.15407/rpra20.04 rus http://rpra-journal.org.ua/index.php/ra/article/view/1222/857 Copyright (c) 2015 RADIO PHYSICS AND RADIO ASTRONOMY |